复合菌固态生物转化啤酒糟发酵条件优化的研究

利用黑曲霉、绿色木霉、热带假丝酵母三菌株对啤酒酿造下脚料———啤酒糟进行固态发酵转化,在优化的培养基基础上,通过单菌种发酵试验,对发酵接种量、培养方式、菌种配比等进行优化;确定最佳的固态生物转化啤酒糟的发酵条件:菌种配比为,黑曲霉∶绿色木霉∶酵母=2∶1∶1,接种方式为先接黑曲霉、绿色木霉,24h后接酵母。经29℃,200r/min发酵5d得到的产品,具有多种酶活性,酸性蛋白酶酶活力达3540U/g(干基)、纤维素酶活力达432U/g(干基)、糖化酶活力达190U/g(干基),真蛋白质含量升高11.8%。     

好食脉孢菌固体发酵产植酸酶条件的优化

为了扩大植酸酶的来源、优化植酸酶的廉价生产方法,试验以醋糟为培养基的主要成分,以植酸酶活性为测定指标,通过单因素和正交试验确定好食脉孢菌固体发酵产植酸酶的培养基组成和培养条件。结果表明:250 mL三角瓶装干醋糟5 g,添加8%麸皮,料水比为1∶3,培养基初始pH值为5.5,接种量为每克干物质基础接入2×10~5个孢子,培养温度为28℃,培养时间为72 h,优化后植酸酶活性达到127.13 U/g,较优化前(47.59 U/g)提高了约3倍。     

紫红曲霉M-4液态发酵产孢子工艺优化

采用单因素试验和响应面方法对紫红曲霉M-4液态发酵产孢子的培养基成分和培养条件等因素进行优化。结果表明:马铃薯浸粉为最佳氮源,其最适添加量为0.4 g/100 mL;葡萄糖为最佳碳源,其最适添加量为2.0 g/100 mL;培养基最适pH值为自然条件下的pH值(6.72);培养基最佳装液量为120 mL(500 mL锥形瓶);添加2.0 g/100 mL CaCO3的培养基中菌株发酵产孢子数提高较为明显;最佳传代次数为2代,当菌株培养时间达到72 h时,菌株产孢子数达到最大。进一步通过响应面方法分析得到影响紫红曲霉M-4液态发酵产孢子数3个主要因素的优化条件为马铃薯浸粉添加量0.38 g/100 mL、葡萄糖添加量2.2 g/100 mL、培养时间6.5 d,此条件下紫红曲霉M-4最大产孢子数为(7.47±0.15)×10~6 CFU/mL,接近理论预测值(7.53±0.31)×106 CFU/mL,实验平均误差为0.79%。优化后紫红曲霉M-4产孢子数较优化前提高30.13倍,菌株单位体积产孢子能力得到大幅度提升。     

木聚糖酶固态发酵工艺及酶学特性研究

筛选出一株高产木聚糖酶的菌株U6-5,菌体固态发酵产酶条件的研究表明,最佳发酵培养基配方为:麸皮50g、花生壳粉30g、玉米芯粉20g、NH4NO30.5g、水110ml,每克原料接种量为3.05×105个孢子,最适发酵温度28～30℃,在此培养条件下发酵26～28h,木聚糖酶酶活达到6105U/g。该木聚糖酶具有较高的耐热、耐储藏性能。     

枯草芽孢杆菌YT168-6产抗菌肽sublancin的发酵工艺优化及培养基筛选的研究

研究旨在探索枯草芽孢杆菌YT168-6产抗菌肽sublancin的最适发酵条件和最适培养基组成,以期提高发酵液中sublancin含量。试验先通过单因素试验筛选出最适发酵条件,确定发酵培养基需要的无机盐、碳源、氮源,再通过正交试验、最陡爬坡试验、Box-Behnken设计的响应面分析方法确定最适发酵培养基组成。结果表明：枯草芽孢杆菌YT168-6产抗菌肽sublancin的最适发酵条件为菌种接种量1.0%、发酵温度37℃、发酵液初始pH 7.0;最适发酵培养基为K₂HPO₄ 5 g/L、KH₂PO₄ 5 g/L、MgSO₄ 10 g/L、可溶性淀粉30.2 g/L、蛋白胨23.6 g/L、玉米浆18.2 g/L;优化后sublancin产量由756 μg/mL提到1 581 μg/mL,是优化前的2.09倍。综上所述,本研究所筛选的最适发酵条件和最适培养基可为枯草芽孢杆菌YT168-6菌株工业化生产sublancin提供技术参考。     

蘑菇下脚料中提取木霉分解啤酒糟中纤维素的试验研究

为提高啤酒糟中纤维素的利用率,以啤酒糟作为原料,利用从蘑菇下脚料中提取的木霉在不同添加量、发酵时间、温度及p H条件下分解纤维素单因素试验,在此基础上进行L9(34)正交试验优化。结果表明:在单因素试验中,木霉分别在27℃,p H 5.0,发酵时间2 d,木霉添加量0.030 g(每5 g干啤酒糟)时分解率最高。正交试验的最佳条件是:在发酵温度27℃、发酵时间3 d、发酵p H 5.0和木霉添加量为0.005 g(每5 g干啤酒糟)的组合条件下,分解纤维素的量为7.13%,影响顺序为发酵p H发酵时间发酵温度木霉添加量。试验说明,从蘑菇下脚料中提取的木霉能够较好地分解啤酒糟中的纤维素。     

混菌固态发酵啤酒糟生产蛋白饲料的研究

对啤酒糟资源的更深层开发利用,提高其饲喂效价,是缓解我国蛋白质资源短缺的有效途径之一。通过单因素试验和正交优化试验,确定混菌种发酵啤酒糟生产高蛋白饲料的最佳发酵条件啤酒糟与豆粕配比为7:3,接种量为20%,硫酸铵添加量为0.5%,尿素添加量为0.5%,发酵时间为1d。在此条件下,真蛋白达到39.13%。     

脆壁克鲁维酵母生产乳糖酶发酵条件的优化

通过试验研究了一株产乳糖酶脆壁克鲁维酵母的发酵培养基成分及培养条件,最终确定了该株酵母的最佳发酵培养条件.结果表明,此株脆壁克鲁维酵母发酵生产乳糖酶的最佳培养基成分为:乳糖4%,酵母粉3%,MnCl2 1mmol/mL;最佳培养条件:接种量10%,温度28°C,初始pH 7-7.5,摇床转数180 r/min,培养时间36 h.在此条件下培养,乳糖酶活力达1100 u/mL或4140 u/g干菌体.     

利用糖糟与啤酒糟生产蛋白饲料的研究

以糖糟和啤酒糟为原料,接入酵母菌,生产蛋白饲料。实验结果表明:在糖糟70%、啤酒糟30%的配比条件下,固态法发酵60h,发酵温度30℃,每克发酵基质中可得酵母95亿个。发酵基质粗蛋白从25%提高到36%,得到粗蛋白含量很高的优质蛋白饲料。     

以白酒糟为基质进行酵母培养物的研究

为降低酵母培养物的生产成本,并实现白酒糟的资源化无污染化利用,试验以廉价的白酒糟为主要基质,接种酿酒酵母,进行酵母高密度固体发酵后,在此固体基质上进行酵母自溶处理,摸索酵母在白酒糟固体培养基中增殖后的最佳自溶条件,最终确定了在实验室条件下以白酒糟为基质生产酵母培养物的工艺条件:调整经酵母高密度发酵的固体酒糟基质初始p H值为6,向其中添加助溶剂:6%(w/w湿糟)的Na Cl溶液,0.04%(w/w湿糟)木瓜蛋白酶溶液以及9%(v/w湿糟)体积分数为95%的助溶剂无水乙醇,控制助溶剂添加总体积与酒糟干基总质量的体积质量比为1??1,搅拌分散,保持55℃自溶36 h,而后烘干粉碎制得成品。酵母高密度发酵后的白酒糟经自溶处理后产品氨态氮含量达到3.83 mg/g干糟。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.