封育对不同草地类型土壤细菌群落特征的影响

为探究不同类型草地土壤细菌群落结构及多样性对封育的响应规律,本研究以新疆山地草甸和温性草原草地为研究对象,采用野外调查取样和室内分析方法并结合高通量测序技术,对封育区(10 a)和放牧区的退化草地土壤细菌群落结构及其多样性进行测定分析。结果表明：封育后山地草甸和温性草原草地0~10 cm土层变形菌门相对丰度均显著增加(除山地草甸草地5~10 cm土层)(P<0.05);且封育后山地草甸草地细菌Chao 1指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Simpson指数均呈极显著升高(P<0.01);冗余分析表明,山地草甸草地细菌群落组成的主要驱动因子为pH、土壤容重,但温性草原草地为电导率和植物盖度。总之,封育对不同草地类型土壤细菌群落多样性的影响存在较大差异,且山地草甸草地土壤细菌较温性草原对封育的响应更显著。因此,在对退化草地实施封育措施进行生态恢复时,应着重考虑不同草地类型对封育响应的差异。     

Rhodococcus equi: clinical manifestations, virulence, and immunity

Pneumonia is a major cause of disease and death in foals. Rhodococcus equi, a gram-positive facultative intracellular pathogen, is a common cause of pneumonia in foals. This article reviews the clinical manifestations of infection caused by R. equi in foals and summarizes current knowledge regarding mechanisms of virulence of, and immunity to, R. equi. A complementary consensus statement providing recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment, control, and prevention of infections caused by R. equi in foals can be found in the same issue of the Journal.     

细菌L型的形成机制与特性

细菌细胞壁部分缺损或完全丧失而形成的细菌称为L型,细菌L型是细菌重要的形态变异类型。本文对细菌L型的形成机制、鉴定方法、致病性及细菌L型的耐药机制进行了综述,以期对兽医临床有其参考价值。     

鲟鱼细菌性败血症研究进展

细菌性败血症是危害鲟鱼的主要疾病之一,给鲟鱼的养殖带来巨大的经济损失.文章针对鲟鱼细菌性败血症的临床症状、病原、诊断及预防、治疗方法等研究进展进行概述.     

Clinical efficacy and palatability of pradofloxacin 2.5% oral suspension for the treatment of bacterial lower urinary tract infections in cats

BACKGROUND: Pradofloxacin is a 3rd generation veterinary fluoroquinolone designed to restrict the emergence of antimicrobial resistance during therapy. HYPOTHESIS: Pradofloxacin 2.5% oral suspension is a safe, efficacious, and palatable treatment for bacterial urinary tract infections (UTI) in cats. ANIMALS: Seventy-eight cats presented with lower urinary tract signs and were positive on bacterial culture of urine. METHODS: Cats were allocated into 3 treatment groups depending on bacterial susceptibility results: pradofloxacin (n = 27), doxycycline (n = 23), or amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (n = 28). All antimicrobials were presented in palatable liquid form. Posttreatment urine specimens were collected after completion of the course of treatment and submitted for bacterial culture and sensitivity. Owners were questioned before and after treatment about their experiences with administering oral medication to their cats. RESULTS: Posttreatment urine culture was negative in all cats in the pradofloxacin group, but there were 3 treatment failures in each of the other groups. Owners' perceptions of the difficulty of administering oral medication to their cats was more positive posttreatment than pretreatment (P = .001; P < .001). There was no difference in palatability among the treatment groups (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: We conclude that pradofloxacin 2.5% oral suspension is a highly effective and safe antimicrobial treatment for bacterial lower urinary tract infection in cats, and that the palatable formulation optimizes owner compliance. These findings make pradofloxacin a useful addition to the veterinary formulary.     

盐酸诺氟沙星防治家蚕细菌病的药理学研究

盐酸诺氟沙星是一种氟喹诺酮类抗生素 ,已作为新一代蚕用抗生素应用。体外抑菌试验表明 ,在相同浓度下 ,盐酸诺氟沙星对家蚕 3种病原细菌的抑菌效果好于氯霉素和红霉素 ;生物试验表明 ,该药对家蚕常见细菌病有较好的防治效果 ,并且对家蚕的生长发育及茧质均无不良影响 ;研究其在家蚕体内的药代动力学发现 ,盐酸诺氟沙星在家蚕食下 0 2 5h后进入血液 ,0 5h后达到最大值 ,2 4h后在血液中已检测不到。     

桑树上新发生的细菌性枝枯病病原的研究

据病害症状、病原菌分离、纯化及致病性、生理生化特性、冰核活性（ＩＮＡ），血清学的试验结果，证明桑树枝枯病的病原细菌是一种丁香假单胞菌（Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓｓｙｒｉｎｇａｅ），具有冰核活性。它与桑细菌性疫病的病原细菌具有部分同源的血清学关系，但在发病症状及侵染部位，侵染时期等方面明显不同，所以认为桑细菌性枝枯病病原细菌可能是丁香假单胞菌组群中一个新的致病变种（Ｐａｔｈｏｖａｒ）。     

Detection and Control of a Nosocomial Outbreak Caused by Salmonella Newport at a Large Animal Hospital

Background: Nosocomial salmonellosis is often assumed to occur because infection control and surveillance practices are inadequate, but published evidence is lacking to support the related contention that rigorous application of these practices can impact the severity of outbreaks. Objective: Describe active surveillance, early recognition, and intensive mitigation efforts used in an effort to control an outbreak of nosocomial Salmonella enterica serotype Newport infections without hospital closure. Animals: Large animals hospitalized at a referral hospital. Methods: This prospective outbreak investigation was initiated when Salmonella Newport infections were detected among hospitalized animals by active surveillance. Data were analyzed to identify temporal and spatial patterns for epidemic spread of Salmonella in the hospital. Mitigation efforts were aggressively adjusted in response to surveillance data. Genetic relatedness of isolates was investigated by pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis. Results: Of 145 large animals sampled, 8 (5.6%) were infected with the Salmonella strain associated with this outbreak, and all but 1 shed Salmonella in the absence of or before the onset of disease. This strain was recovered from 14.2% (42/295) of environmental samples (ENV samples), indicating that widespread environmental contamination had occurred. Isolates of Salmonella Newport obtained from infected animals and the environment were genetically indistinguishable, confirming clonal dissemination. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Active surveillance allowed early detection of nosocomial Salmonella transmission and hospital contamination. Use of aggressive interventions was followed by cessation of transmission. Active surveillance can allow earlier recognition and mitigation compared with programs by only sampling of clinically affected animals.     

对桑种质资源进行抗桑疫病鉴定的研究

采用人工接种法对中国农业科学院蚕业研究所桑种质资源圃保存的２０１份桑种质进行对桑疫病抗性鉴定，初步选拔出高抗种质２９份，中抗种质４２份，感病种质１３０份。     

Development of an indirect ELISA based on whole cell Brucella abortus S99 lysates for detection of IgM anti-Brucella antibodies in human serum

BackgroundBrucellosis is the most common zoonotic diseases worldwide. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate the diagnostic performance of an indirect-ELISA (I-ELISA) method based on whole cell Brucella abortus S99 lysates for detection of IgM anti-Brucella antibodies in a human serum.Materials and methodsThe study was conducted in two species-rich endemic areas of Iran (Tehran and Lorestan provinces). Serum samples of 102 patients and 150 healthy individuals were tested by the new kit and the commercial Vircell kit for the presence of anti-Brucella IgM antibodies. The disease status was confirmed by Wright agglutination test. The difference in the mean optical densities (OD) recorded by the new and the Vircell kits for patients and healthy individuals were tested using Two-tailed Student t-test. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of the new kit were informed using Receiver operating curve analysis. The results were used to guide the choice of cutoff. Agreements in ODs recorded by the new and the Vircell kit was visually inspected using Bland-Altman plot.ResultsThe new I-ELISA showed excellent diagnostic performance (sensitivity and PPV = 95.7%, specificity and NPV = 97.8%) for the diagnosis of brucellosis. The cut-off area for the antibody index (AI) was determined to be 8–10, where AIs less than 8 and greater than 10 were considered Brucella-negative and -positive, respectively. AIs of 8–10 show equivocal results, requiring re-testing. The Vircell kit showed low (36.8%) sensitivity and perfect (100%) specificity on the same samples. The Bland-Altman plot showed low agreement between both tests in recording the OD values for the same individuals.ConclusionThe new I-ELISA based on whole cell Brucella abortus S99 showed a good performance for the detection of Brucella spp. Lack of agreement between the new and the Vircell kit suggest that the performance of ELISA kits might be dependent on the geographical area under study. Hence, validation of the new and the Vircell kits is recommended prior to their implementation in other geographical areas.     

营养菌剂对绵羊增重作用的初步研究

采用几株细菌，用活菌组成营养菌剂，给绵羊口眼后观察其绵羊的增重作用。试验结果初步表明，Ｉ号菌剂每周口服一次或每半月口服一次，可以增加绵羊体重，放牧绵羊枯草期服用可减少绵羊体重下降。在一年期间绵羊服用２６次菌剂，未发现副作用产生。     

因绦虫病引发育成牛细菌性腹泻的病例报导

本文对因绦虫病引发的育成牛细菌性腹泻的发病,临床症状,剖检结果及治疗方法进行了叙述.     

Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Carriage in Three Populations

Background: A higher prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization is reported in healthcare workers compared with nonhealthcare workers.
Hypothesis: The prevalence of MRSA colonization differed in people and pets in households with healthcare workers as compared with households without healthcare workers.
Subjects: A person and 1 dog or cat from 586 households defined as either a nonhealthcare (n = 213), veterinary healthcare (n = 211), or human healthcare (n = 162) worker household.
Methods: Prospective cross-sectional study. Samples from humans and pets were cultured in vitro. Staphylococcus aureus was identified as methicillin sensitive (MSSA) or MRSA with mec A polymerase chain reaction. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and spa -typing were used to characterize relatedness of S. aureus and MRSA and assign USA types.
Results: The prevalence of MSSA and MRSA in humans was 21.5% (126/586) and 5.63% (33/586), respectively, and 7.85% (46/586) and 3.41% (20/586), respectively, in pets. There were no differences in prevalences of either MSSA or MRSA between household types. The proportion of MRSA among all S. aureus isolates in humans and pets was 20.8% (33/159) and 30.3% (20/66), respectively. In <1.0% (4/586) of households, the same strain of MRSA was found in both a person and a pet.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance: There were no differences in the prevalences of MSSA or MRSA between healthcare worker and nonhealthcare worker households. Pets and people colonized with S. aureus were as likely to be colonized with MRSA. Colonization of a person and their pet with the same strain of MRSA was rare.     

沙拉沙星对鸡细菌病的药效学研究

用两倍试管稀释法测得沙拉沙星对鸡白痢沙门氏菌Ｃ79.13、鸡大肠杆菌Ｏ78、鸡多杀巴氏 杆菌Ｃ４８－１的最小抑菌浓度分别为０．０７８、０．０３９、０．３１２ug/ml,明显 优于对照药物诺氟消水利生及氯霉素。沙拉沙星按高剂量（１００mg．Ｌ＾－１水）、中剂量（５０mg．Ｌ＾－１）水、低剂量（２５mg．Ｌ＾－１水）混饮,连用３天,对人工感染鸡的３种常见细菌病均可取得明显的疗效,３个剂量组对鸡白痢的治愈率分别为１００＾％     

一株鸭源巴氏杆菌的分离与药敏实验

对扬州邗江区某养殖户送检的4只病死高邮麻鸭进行剖检,取病死鸭肝脏进行细菌分离,在鲜血琼脂培养基上经过37℃培养24 h后,出现灰白色、湿润、边缘整齐、露珠状、不溶血的小菌落;在麦康凯培养基上不生长。病料触片经美蓝染色后镜检发现呈蓝紫色、两端着色深、中间着色浅的球杆菌;生化特性符合多杀性巴氏杆菌特性;药敏试验该菌对头孢曲松钠、复方新诺明、多粘菌素B等药物有较强的敏感性。     

“杀菌灵”对家蚕细菌病的防治效果试验

高效、广谱家蚕细菌病防治新药剂“杀菌灵”可兼治由革兰氏阳性菌和阴性菌引起的家蚕细菌性败血病。 6 2 5 μg/mL的“杀菌灵”给药 6h可防治由黑胸败血病菌引起的黑胸败血病 ,2 5 0 μg/mL的“杀菌灵”在 3d内给药 2 4h +6h +6h ,可防治由黏质沙雷氏菌感染引起的灵菌败血病。“杀菌灵”对家蚕无明显毒副作用。农村养蚕试验也证明“杀菌灵”对家蚕细菌病具有较好的防治作用。     

日粮纤维对猪回肠微生物氮及微生物氨基酸流量的影响

采用5×5拉丁方设计,对5头大约克阉公猪(大约30kg)实施回盲肠瓣T型瘘管(PVCT)手术,用2,6 二氨基庚二酸(DAPA)标记法,测定以豆饼为基础的半纯合日粮中添加不同浓度的豌豆皮(4%、8%、12%)和纯稻壳(8%)对猪回肠微生物氮及微生物氨基酸流量的影响。结果表明:猪粪总氮中来源于微生物氮的量为74 53%～90 00%,回肠食糜氮中则为30 94%～50 26%;回肠食糜氨基酸流量中,有19 85%(脯氨酸)～51 42%(精氨酸)是来自微生物氨基酸;而微生物氨基酸在回肠内源性氨基酸流量中所占的比例较大,为30 49%(脯氨酸)～98 50%(亮氨酸)。豌豆皮与纯稻壳对猪回肠微生物的作用效果不尽相同,4%的豌豆皮与8%的纯稻壳的作用效果相似,而8%和12%的豌豆皮对猪回肠微生物的影响要高于8%的纯稻壳。     

禽源大肠杆菌L型诱导及对常用抗菌药物敏感性研究

为了研究大肠杆菌L型,以氨苄青霉素作为诱导剂,采用药物纸片法对细菌进行反复传代,革兰氏染色及细胞壁染色、镜检,观察菌落及菌体形态,对稳定的L型菌进行致病性及药物敏感性试验。结果表明,大肠杆菌经11次传代可形成稳定的L型菌,且该L菌具有致病性;L型菌对氨苄西林、头孢他啶、头孢唑啉具有一定的耐药性。本研究为开展L型菌检测及指导临床用药提供理论依据。