围产期饲喂过瘤胃胆碱对奶牛生产性能及血液生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究围产期奶牛饲喂过瘤胃胆碱(RPC)对泌乳性能、血液生化指标及繁殖性能的影响。试验采用单因素试验设计,选用60头年龄、胎次、预产期、上一胎次产奶量相近的健康围产期奶牛,随机分为3组,每组20头。Ⅰ组饲喂基础日粮,Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组在基础日粮上分别添加25 g/d和50 g/d RPC,饲喂期从产前3周至产后3周,共42 d。结果表明:Ⅱ组产奶量在产后1~8周显著高于Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组(P0.05);在产后第2周,Ⅲ组的乳脂率、乳蛋白率显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05);在整个试验期,Ⅱ组的谷丙转氨酶含量显著低于Ⅰ组(P0.05),Ⅲ组的天门冬氨酸转氨酶显著含量低于Ⅰ组(P0.05);产后第1周和第2周,Ⅱ组的β-羟丁酸、非酯化脂肪酸含量显著低于Ⅰ组(P0.05);Ⅱ组的甘油三酯含量显著高于Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组(P0.05),Ⅲ组的总胆固醇含量显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05);日粮中添加RPC可以显著提高情期受胎率(P0.05),显著缩减奶牛空怀天数(P0.05),也对产后初次配种时间的缩短和配种次数的降低有影响。日粮中添加RPC可提高围产期奶牛生产性能,对血液生化指标和繁殖性能产生有利影响,本试验条件下RPC最佳添加剂量为每头牛25 g/d。     

过瘤胃胆碱对围产期奶牛泌乳性能及部分血液生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究不同过瘤胃胆碱(RPC)添加量对围产期奶牛泌乳性能及部分血液生化指标的影响。依据年龄、胎次、体重、预产期及上一胎次泌乳量相近原则,选取36头健康围产期荷斯坦牛,随机分为3组,每组12头,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组在基础日粮上分别添加RPC 20g/(头·d)和40g/(头·d)。RPC饲喂期为预产期前3周至产后3周,此后继续监测相应生产指标至产后12周。结果表明,日粮中添加RPC可显著提高围产期奶牛平均产量奶,还可显著降低血液中的NEFA和BHBA浓度,改善奶牛围产期能量负平衡。本试验条件下,该牧场的RPC最佳添加量为20g/(头·d)。     

日粮中添加肉豆蔻酸对反刍动物甲烷产量和乳脂脂肪酸组成的影响

本研究的目的在于探讨奶牛日粮中添加肉豆蔻酸对反刍动物甲烷产量和乳脂脂肪酸组成的影响。试验选用12头体重710±17.3 kg、泌乳日龄290±41.9d经产奶牛于拴系式牛舍中饲养。根据胎次和泌乳天数随机分为两个处理组:①饲喂泌乳奶牛全混合日粮(对照组),②饲喂泌乳奶牛全混合日粮,并额外添加5%肉豆蔻酸(以干物质计)。奶牛08:30和13:00饲喂2次/d、0:500和15:00挤奶2次/d。试验为完全随机设计模型,奶牛通过7 d预饲期饲喂对照日粮,获得处理测定的本底值;接着进入10 d的适应期,最后进入1d、8 h的试验测定期。试验结果显示,与对照组相比日粮添加肉豆蔻酸甲烷产量降低了36%(608.2 vs 390.6±56.46 L/d),乳脂率降低2.4%(4.2 vs 4.1±0.006%)。日粮添加肉豆蔻酸使乳脂肪酸中C14∶0和cis-9 C14∶1分别降低了139%和195%;甲烷产量与乳脂中C14∶0含量呈负相关(r=-0.58),与cis-9 C14∶1也呈负相关(r=-0.47)。添加肉豆蔻酸对乳脂中CLA,trans-10C18∶1,trans-11C18∶1含量无显著影响。因此通过本研究表明:日粮中添加肉豆蔻酸可以抑制反刍动物产甲烷菌的活性,降低甲烷产量;但并不影响乳脂中CLA和transC18∶1脂肪酸的组成。     

甘露寡糖对泌乳早期奶牛瘤胃发酵及生产性能影响的研究

试验旨在研究甘露寡糖(mannan-oligosaccharides MOS)对泌乳早期奶牛瘤胃发酵及生产性能的影响。选择4头泌乳天数为20 d,日产奶量30 kg左右,体重550 kg左右的经产(二胎)中国荷斯坦泌乳奶牛,随机分为两组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组饲喂在基础日粮中添加60 g的试验日粮,采用2×2交叉试验设计,每期21 d。结果表明:添加甘露寡糖可以显著提高奶牛瘤胃中总的挥发酸和氨态氮的含量(P<0.05),其中瘤胃液中乙酸含量有极显著差异(P<0.01),丙酸、丁酸的含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。对奶样进行分析,添加甘露寡糖可以显著提高乳脂率(P<0.05),并且明显降低乳中体细胞数(P<0.05),产奶量、乳蛋白和乳中尿素氮浓度均无显著差异(P>0.05)。试验表明,在日粮中添加甘露寡糖有助于提高奶牛瘤胃乙酸发酵比例,提高奶牛乳脂率。     

半胱胺盐酸盐对泌乳中期热应激奶牛生产性能的影响

本试验旨在研究散栏式饲养方式下,饲喂半胱胺盐酸盐对泌乳中期热应激奶牛生产性能的影响。选择48头健康荷斯坦奶牛[体重(562.25±37.85)kg,泌乳天数(123.64±10.67)d,胎次(1.23±0.42)胎,日产奶量(26.58±1.58)kg],根据体重、泌乳天数、产奶量相同或相近的原则,随机分成4组(每组12头),对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加半胱胺盐酸盐3、15、30 g/kg。预试期12 d,正试期30 d。结果显示:随半胱胺盐酸盐添加剂量的增加,奶牛呼吸频率和直肠温度呈显著的线性降低(P0.05);干物质采食量、乳脂较正乳产量、能量校正乳产量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率均呈先升高后降低的显著的二次曲线变化(P0.05),并且以添加3 g/kg组的效果较好;正试期末,3、15 g/kg组血清甲状腺素浓度显著低于对照组(P0.05),15 g/kg组血清皮质醇浓度显著高于对照组(P0.05)。结果提示,半胱胺盐酸盐能有效缓解散栏饲养的泌乳中期奶牛热应激,提高产奶量和乳品质,本试验条件下,饲粮中添加3 g/kg半胱胺盐酸盐较为适宜。     

酵母培养物对泌乳期荷斯坦奶牛生产性能及乳品质的影响

为了研究酵母培养物对泌乳期荷斯坦奶牛生产性能及乳品质的影响,探讨酵母培养物在改良饲料风味、提高奶产量与乳品质方面的应用效果.本试验选取20头体况接近的奶牛配对分成两组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组用1.38%酵母培养物替代等量精料,预试期9 d,正试期30 d,测定试验组与对照组的采食量、产奶量及乳品质变化情况.结果表明:奶牛日粮中添加酵母培养物30 d后采食量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率、非脂固形物和乳密度分别提高了2.90%、0.61%、0.66%、1.25%、0.80%和2.69%(P>0.05),标准乳产量显著提高了3.70%(P<0.05).奶牛日粮中添加酵母培养物对促进奶牛采食及泌乳效果明显,能一定程度提高泌乳奶牛的生产效益.     

泌乳期奶牛饲喂不同量紫花苜蓿对生产性能的影响

选取产奶量、胎次相近的健康荷斯坦牛20头,统一驱虫,经15d预试期后进入试验期,试验期63d。在试验期基础日粮中添加等量的微量元素添加剂,依次饲喂不同量鲜紫花苜蓿青草3周。试验分3个阶段,试验Ⅰ期,每日饲喂10.0kg;试验Ⅱ期,每日饲喂15.0kg;试验Ⅲ期,每日饲喂20.0kg。结果表明,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ期的日均泌乳量分别为19.36kg、22.12kg、23.07kg,较试验前每日平均增收21.233元,1胎、2胎、3胎、4胎奶牛分别增收18.291元、17.199元、24.671元和23.261元。试验表明在奶牛泌乳期饲粮中添加紫花苜蓿青草可有效提高奶牛泌乳量,明显改善乳成分。     

日粮添加不同比例籽粒苋对泌乳牛采食量和产奶量的影响

为探索在奶牛日粮中添加不同比例籽粒苋对泌乳牛采食量和产奶量的影响。随机挑选体况、产奶性能和胎次相近的24头泌乳早期的荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为3组,每组8头,对照组奶牛饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ组籽粒苋干草粉代替10.0%全株青贮玉米,试验Ⅱ组籽粒苋干草粉代替20.0%全株青贮玉米,预试期10天,正试期60天。结果表明,与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组奶牛的日采食量、日产奶量均有所提升,且试验Ⅰ组,即添加量为10.0%组效果最好。     

复合酶与复合酶菌制剂对日粮体外降解率及不同泌乳阶段奶牛产奶性能的影响

本试验旨在研究复合酶及复合酶菌制剂对奶牛日粮体外降解率及不同阶段奶牛产奶性能的影响。在体外试验中,分别以基础日粮（Ⅰ组）及基础日粮中分别添加复合酶制剂（Ⅱ组）、复合酶菌制剂（Ⅲ组）的日粮作为发酵底物,体外培养72 h,测定不同时间点（6、12、24、36、48、72 h）日粮干物质降解率（DMD）和粗蛋白质降解率（CPD）。在饲养试验中,分别选取体重、胎次、体况相近的泌乳前期（30 d±5 d）、泌乳中期（100 d±5 d）和泌乳后期（250 d±5 d）奶牛各24头,平均分成3组,其中对照组（Ⅰ组）奶牛饲喂全混合日粮（TMR）,复合酶制剂组（Ⅱ组）和复合酶菌制剂组（Ⅲ组）奶牛在TMR中分别添加1 kg/t的复合酶制剂和复合酶菌制剂。每期试验持续74 d,其中预试期14 d,正试期60 d,每天记录产奶量。结果显示：①体外试验中,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的DMD、CPD均随处理时间的延长而增加。在各个时间点,Ⅲ组的DMD、CPD均高于Ⅱ组,其中DMD在6、72 h时差异显著（P<0.05）,CPD在36、72 h时差异显著（P<0.05）,在其他时间点差异均不显著（P>0.05）。②在泌乳前期,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的平均日产奶量与Ⅰ组相比分别提高了3.68%和4.10%,差异显著（P<0.05）,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组之间差异不显著（P>0.05）;泌乳中期,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的平均日产奶量与Ⅰ组相比分别提高了7.53%和10.66%,差异显著（P<0.05）,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组之间差异不显著（P>0.05）;泌乳后期,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的平均日产奶量与Ⅰ组相比分别提高了7.06%和5.16%,差异显著（P<0.05）,Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组之间差异不显著（P>0.05）。综上,复合酶与复合酶菌制剂均能在一定程度上提高日粮体外DMD和CPD以及奶牛在不同时期的产奶量,其中,复合酶制剂对提高泌乳后期奶牛产奶量效果更好,复合酶菌制剂对提高泌乳中期奶牛产奶量效果更好。     

添喂两种植物雌激素对奶牛乳成分、血液生化指标和抗氧化性能的影响

试验旨在研究日粮中添喂两种植物雌激素及其组合物对奶牛乳成分、血液生化指标和抗氧化性能的影响。选取健康、年龄及泌乳期相近的40头荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为4组：1个对照组、3个试验组,每组10头。对照组饲喂全混合日粮,试验组在饲喂全混合日粮的基础上添加2.5 g大豆黄酮（试验Ⅰ组）、35 g芒柄花素（试验Ⅱ组）、1.25 g大豆黄酮和17.5 g芒柄花素（试验Ⅲ组）。预试期7 d,正试期120 d。分别于试验的第0、30、60、90、120天采集乳样,测定乳成分;颈静脉采集血液样品,3 500 r/min离心15 min,分离血浆,－20 ℃保存备用。结果表明,与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ、Ⅲ组产奶量、乳蛋白产量均显著提高（P< 0.05）;试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组乳糖产量显著提高（P< 0.05）;试验Ⅲ组T-AOC显著提高（P< 0.05）;试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组GSH-Px活性显著提高（P< 0.05）;试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组MDA含量极显著降低（P< 0.05）;乳脂产量、乳糖率及TP、ALB、GLB含量均无显著差异（P> 0.05）;CAT、SOD活性均有一定程度的提高。由此可见,日粮中添喂两种植物雌激素及其组合物能够在一定程度上提高荷斯坦奶牛的产奶量、乳蛋白含量和乳糖含量,能够提高奶牛机体抗氧化能力,增强免疫功能。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.