猪圆环病毒2型环介导等温扩增(LAMP)检测方法的研究

本研究介绍了一种便捷、灵敏而又特异的环介导逆转录等温扩增(LAMP)基因检测技术,该技术分别使用特异对应于靶序列中2对特殊引物,并在Bst DNA聚合酶的作用下对靶序列进行等温核酸扩增反应.本研究对LAMP反应体系和反应条件的优化,结果表明PCV-2 LAMP在63℃1 h内能够成功的检测猪圆环病毒2型基因;敏感性和特异性试验表明,本研究能够特异的检测PCV-2并且其敏感度可以达到10个拷贝的DNA分子,初步研究LAMP的阳性检出率与PCR的阳性检出率比较结果为94%符合.以上结果证明,LAMP扩增技术是一种检测程序简便、灵敏度和特异性较高的基因检测手段,在猪圆环病毒2型的快速检测方面具有一定的开发潜力.     

非洲猪瘟病毒LAMP可视化快速检测方法的建立与应用

旨在建立一种适用于现场快速检测非洲猪瘟病毒(ASFV)的可视化环介导等温扩增(LAMP)方法。采用针对非洲猪瘟病毒的p72基因编码区序列,设计合成2组引物,对引物进行筛选和反应条件优化,确定敏感性与特异性,并与荧光定量PCR方法进行比较。结果:建立的LAMP方法在63℃50 min内对ASFV的检测灵敏度为10 copies/μL,与猪伪狂犬病毒(PRV)、猪瘟病毒(CSFV)、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)、猪细小病毒(PPV)、猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)、猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)均无交叉反应;利用该方法对300份送检的临床样品进行检测,检出阳性样品8份,与荧光定量PCR检测结果一致。综上表明,本研究建立的方法具有特异性好、灵敏度高、快速、结果可视、设备适用范围广等优点,适用于ASFV现场快速检测。     

基于荧光显色的环介导等温扩增技术(LAMP)检测禽呼肠孤病毒

建立了一种基于荧光显色的禽呼肠孤病毒(ARV)环介导等温扩增(LAMP)检测方法.该检测方法使用针对ARV的p10基因8个区域的6条LAMP引物,能够在等温(63℃)条件下1h内完成反应,具有良好的敏感性和特异性,最低能够检出102个拷贝的病毒,敏感性比普通PCR高100倍,而对其他病毒检测结果为阴性.在荧光显色中分别应用SYBR Green Ⅰ和钙黄绿素作为显色剂,其结果与琼脂糖凝胶电泳一致.在对80份临床样本的检测中,使用LAMP和PCR检测出阳性样本的数量分别为68份和55份.因此,基于荧光显色的LAMP方法可以应用于ARV的快速检测,具有在科研机构、基层实验室特别是检测现场推广和应用的潜力.     

鸭瘟病毒环介导等温扩增(LAMP)快速检测方法的建立与应用

为建立一种简便、快速、灵敏、特异的鸭瘟病毒(DPV)检测方法,本研究根据GenBank中登录的DPV基因组序列,设计3对特异性的环介导等温扩增(LAMP)引物,经优化反应体系,建立了LAMP快速检测方法.结果表明,LAMP方法能够在63℃恒温下,1h内实现目的核酸的大量扩增.结果判定时只需要在扩增产物中加入SYBRGreen Ⅰ染料,就可以直接在可见光或紫外光下观察颜色变化.该方法敏感性可达0.245 μg/L,比普通PCR灵敏性高10倍;对鸭病毒性肝炎病毒、H9N2亚型禽流感病毒、鸭副黏病毒、鸭源偏肺病毒等的核酸无交叉反应;利用建立的LAMP检测方法对40份临床样品的阳性检出率为30％.该方法简便快捷,省时省力,是一种适用于基层实验室快速、准确检测DPV的方法.     

布鲁氏菌环介导等温扩增（LAMP）可视化检测方法的建立

应用环介导等温扩增(LAMP)技术建立了布鲁氏菌可视化快速检测方法。针对布鲁氏菌外膜蛋白OMP25基因保守区设计6条特异引物,反应前加入染料羟基萘芬蓝(HNB)作为LAMP扩增的指示剂,63℃恒温反应60min,根据HNB的颜色变化进行结果判定。分别评价所建立LAMP方法的特异性和灵敏性,并对60份牛布鲁氏菌病虎红平板凝集试验(RBT)阳性血清样本,经LAMP和B4/B5-PCR方法进行平行检测。结果显示,本方法最低检出限约为17fg布鲁氏菌基因组DNA。本方法特异性良好,布鲁氏菌反应管均出现特异性LAMP扩增反应,而猪大肠杆菌K99、巴氏杆菌C48-1、猪链球菌ST171、绿脓杆菌等对照组均未出现扩增。针对60份RBT阳性血清的平行检测结果显示,LAMP和B4/B5-PCR这两种方法间的结果符合率为85.0%。B4/B5-PCR检测为阳性的43份样品,经本方法检测全部为阳性;B4/B5-PCR检测为阴性的17份样品,经本方法检测,9份为阳性,8份为阴性。LAMP的敏感性高于B4/B5-PCR方法。实验表明,本文所建立的基于颜色判定的布鲁氏菌LAMP检测方法具有特异、灵敏、设备要求简单等特点,适用于基层兽医部门进行布鲁氏菌的快速检测。     

基于钙黄绿素显色的可视化LAMP检测猪流行性腹泻病毒的研究

针对猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)的NP基因设计1套环介导等温扩增(LAMP)引物,在反应体系中添加钙黄绿素/氯化锰指示剂代替传统的反应后添加SYBR Green Ⅰ染料,建立了基于钙黄绿素的可视化LAMP检测PEDV的方法。该方法能在65 ℃ 1 h内特异性扩增PEDV,与猪瘟病毒(CSFV)、猪传染性胃肠炎病毒(TGEV)、猪轮状病毒(PoRV)及大肠杆菌等均无交叉反应,检测下限为3.73 pg/μL,其结果可用肉眼判断,快捷方便。用该方法对龙岩学院动物医学研究所接诊的93份腹泻病例进行检测,结果表明,LAMP方法检测PEDV的阳性率为43.01%(40/93),高于普通PCR的检出率(38.7%,36/93)。本试验建立的可视化LAMP检测方法能用于PED诊断。     

猪细小病毒、猪伪狂犬病病毒和猪圆环病毒2型多重PCR检测方法的建立与应用

根据GenBank中已发表的猪细小病毒(porcine parvovirus,PPV)、猪伪狂犬病病毒(pseudorabies virus,PRV)和猪圆环病毒2型 (porcine circovirus type 2,PCV2)基因序列,对各病毒基因区进行同源性分析,确定PPV 的VP2、PRV的 gD、和PCV2的ORF2基因为各病毒的诊断靶序列,设计特异性引物,在建立各病毒单项PCR技术的基础上,优化多重PCR反应条件,建立了3种病毒的多重PCR技术,可同时扩增PPV 313 bp、 PRV 217 bp和PCV2 447 bp的特异性片段。用多重PCR技术与单项PCR技术对比检测试验证明两者的符合率为100％,表明建立的多重PCR检测方法,具有特异、快速、准确的特点,可同时鉴别诊断这3种病毒。从10个发病猪场和门诊病例的病猪采集的211份样品,用建立的多重PCR检测方法,检出PPV阳性42份,阳性率为19.91%;PRV阳性26份,阳性率为12.32%;PCV2阳性56份,阳性率为26.54%;2种以上病毒混合感染25份,混合感染阳性率为11.85%。检测结果表明,山西省猪群已感染这3种疫病。     

SYBR Green Ⅰ实时定量PCR方法检测猪细小病毒

为建立特异敏感的猪细小病毒(PPV)的SYBR Green I实时定量PCR检测方法,本研究根据GenBank上PPV NS1保守序列设计合成了1对引物,利用本实验室构建的重组质粒(pMD18-T-PPV NS1)为标准模板,对反应条件进行优化,绘制标准曲线,并进行熔解曲线分析,建立了PPV的SYBR Green Ⅰ实时定量PCR检测方法.分别进行了特异性、敏感性及重复性检验,结果表明,本方法具有良好的特异性,与PRRSV、CSFV、PRV、PCV-2、SIV及阴性对照均为阴性;其最低检出量为7copies/μL,比PCR敏感100倍,且批内和批间重复性良好.用该方法对15份临床病料进行检测,并与常规PCR、环介导等温扩增(LAMP)方法进行对比,显示该方法灵敏度高、成本低,能够对样品组织中病毒进行定量检测,为快速检测PPV提供了有效的技术手段.     

猪细小病毒 LAMP检测方法的建立

猪细小病毒（PorcineParvoviru，PPV）属于细小病毒科细小病毒属，通常感染初产母猪后会发生流产、不孕、产死胎、畸形胎、木乃伊胎及弱仔等病状。该病广泛存在于世界各地并在大多数猪场流行，中国PPV的感染也很广泛，因此本研究针对VP2基因作为靶序列设计引物，旨在建立一种可快速、灵敏、特异地检测PPV的LAMP检测方法。     

猪细环病毒2型环介导等温扩增检测方法的建立

为了能快速、特异的检测猪细环病毒2型(TTSuV2),本研究针对TTSuV2全基因序列的非编码区域和第1个开放性阅读框前端设计了2对引物,建立了TTSuV2的环介导等温扩增(LAMP)检测方法并对反应成分和条件进行了梯度摸索。试验结果显示,该LAMP检测方法最佳反应条件为64 ℃恒温90 min,可特异性检测TTSuV2,与猪细环病毒1型、猪圆环病毒2型、猪瘟病毒、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒和猪博卡病毒无交叉反应,病毒最低检出限为100拷贝/μL。结果表明,建立的LAMP方法具有快速、特异且灵敏的特点,可在TTSuV2快速检测方面提供一定的技术支持。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Prevalence and Intensity of Helminth and Coccidial Infections in Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

A survey of gastrointestinal parasite infections of young (<6 months old), immature (6–12 months old) and adult (>12 months old) dairy cattle on 16 farms in Kiambu District, Kenya was conducted during a dry season (September 1991 to January 1992) and during a wet season (March to July 1992). The survey was based on monthly coproparasitological examination of cohorts and worm counts in tracer calves. The effects of age, sex, farm and season on the prevalence and intensity of helminth and coccidial infections were determined. Faecal egg and oocyst counts revealed that the overall prevalences were: strongyles (including trichostrongyles) (85.5%), liver flukes (Fasciola gigantica) (34.0%), coccidia (30.9%) and tapeworms (9.6%). Eight species of the protozoan Eimeria were identified, the most prevalent species being E. bovis and E. zuernii. The most prevalent nematode genera were Haemonchus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus. Season, farm and age of the animals had a significant (p<0.05) influence on the intensity of infection with strongyles, liver flukes and coccidia, whereas the sex of the animals had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the prevalence or intensity of infections. A higher intensity of infection with strongyles and coccidia was found in the wet season than in the dry season (p<0.05). The age-specific intensity was in the following order: for strongyles, immature animals of 6–12 months of age had the highest egg counts, followed by young calves and adults. Calves had significantly (p<0.05) higher oocyst counts than immatures or adults. Liver fluke egg counts did not differ significant (p>0.05) between immatures and adult cattle.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。