马的咽气癖及其防制措施研究进展

在动物的异常行为中以刻板行为最为常见,而咽气癖又是马最常见的口部刻板行为之一。作者就咽气癖在生理方面和心智方面对马体产生的影响、行为基础、诱因的研究进展及常见的防治措施进行综述。     

奶牛肢蹄病及其防治

简介常见奶牛肢蹄病种类及其症状,从日粮营养、运动场地面结构、环境卫生、饲养管理、遗传育种、疾病管理等方面简析奶牛肢蹄病的病因,并提出相应的预防措施。     

RFLP和PCR-RFLP标记与牦牛遗传育种研究

在归纳总结RFLP和PCR-RFLP标记技术的原理、优缺点的基础上,系统论述了其在牦牛遗传育种研究中的应用现状,并提出了个人的建议和看法。     

广西芒果主要病虫害及其防治

广西是我国主要的芒果生产基地。随着基地建设的发展,芒果病虫害已成为目前栽培管理的主要问题。为此,在调查、研究的基础了介绍了当前芒果生产中常见的病虫害,并提出了防治措施,以期为生产上提供技术参考。     

再探草坪的起源与演化及其概念——中文·汉语的“草坪”一词及其他

初步考证中文·汉语的“草坪”一词及相关文史资料。再次证明中国自古分布有天然草坪。文字记载早在西汉武帝建元年间 (公元前 138年 )已大面积栽培草坪 ,于今至少有 2 139年历史。当时的草坪科学技术水平已有相当高度 ,发现并选用了结缕草 (Zoysiaspp .) [或狗牙根 (Cynodondactylon) ]和“戾莎 (Carexspp .)”等草坪草 ;发明了大面积整理地形、地貌及平整土地 ,针对不同生活型的草坪草采取“布”或“攒”等不同的建植草坪方式。嗣后 2 0 0 0年 ,处于移植天然草坪为“人工草坪” ,向人工草坪演化的过渡阶段。期间 ,于南齐·昏侯 (499～ 5 0 1)又发明了“满铺草坯”建植草坪等技术。所有的发现、发明不仅沿用至今 ,而且导致清道光朝 (182 1～ 185 1)诞生了中国式人工草坪。现代草坪缘鸦片战争 (184 0 )而传入。相伴近、现代草坪的普及 ,于清道光、咸丰年间 (184 0～ 186 1) ,市郊农村已有“草坪专业户”与“草坯专业户” ,至 2 0世纪 5 0～ 70年代 ,“草坪”一词先后被列入“词 (辞 )典”和“百科全书”等。　　中文·汉语自古以来的草坪概念“平的草地” ,“长草若毛 ,‘剥’取似皮的草地表层”都清楚地规定了 :草坪是一类特殊的草地     

鸡禽霍乱疾病流行病学特点及防控措施

鸡养殖中禽霍乱疾病的出现主要是由于多杀性巴氏杆菌感染的一种传染性疾病,主要会导致鸡只出现急性败血症和机体炎症反应等,慢性型感染会导致鸡只出现皮下及机体内脏器官、关节等的化脓性炎症反应。禽霍乱疾病在鸡养殖全年均会出现,尤其是在气温变化较大的时期疾病爆发的可能性更高。禽霍乱疾病在急性爆发的情况下病死率相对较高,同时短期内即会出现死亡的情况,难以进行有效的治疗,易导致鸡养殖户出现严重的经济损失。该文主要对鸡禽霍乱疾病的流行病学特点、临床症状及相关的防治措施进行论述。     

微卫星标记及其在羊遗传育种中的应用

微卫星DNA (Microsatellite DNA)与其他DNA分子标记相比较,具有数量多、分布广且均匀、多态性丰 富、呈孟德尔共显性遗传、易于检测、分析快速方便等一系列优点,并在动植物遗传多样性评估、遗传连锁图谱构建、 绘制系统发生树、QTL定位、标记辅助选择、疾病诊断及血缘关系鉴定等研究领域中得到广泛应用。本文就微卫星标记 及其在羊品种遗传育种中的应用作一综述。     

锌硒对后备猪繁殖性能及仔猪发育的影响

本试验研究了锌硒对后备公母猪繁殖性能和哺乳仔猪成活率的影响。在２月龄公母猪和哺３乳仔猪日粮中添加不同剂量的锌和硒,试验与对照组比较,后备母猪排卵率和产仔性能均有明显提高;后备公母初次采精时间提前,睾丸大小,射精量,精子活率和精子密度均显著提高,精子畸形率降低;     

安静型和紧张型湖羊行为和生长及屠宰性能指标的比较和关联分析

本研究旨在比较安静型和紧张型湖羊在行为和生长及屠宰性能上的差异,并进行生长及屠宰性能和行为指标的关联分析。试验通过Pen Score法筛选安静型和紧张型各5只湖羊进行试验。结果表明:安静型湖羊的采食时间(3.17 h/d)显著高于紧张型湖羊(2.63 h/d)(P<0.05),但舔毛次数(0.33次/d)却显著低于紧张型湖羊(0.73次/d)(P<0.05)。安静型湖羊的胴体重(21.68 kg)显著高于紧张型湖羊(19.44 kg)(P=0.05),且眼肌面积(21.11 cm^2)也显著高于紧张型湖羊(14.63 cm^2)(P<0.05)。进一步相关性分析发现,试验羊的采食时长与胴体重、干物质采食量、眼肌面积、平均日增重均存在显著正相关关系(P<0.05);而料重比与舔毛次数存在显著负相关关系(P<0.05)。综上所述,安静型湖羊较紧张型湖羊具有更好的生长及产肉潜力,而且采食时长和舔毛次数等行为与生长及屠宰性能有一定的关联,可用于进一步探究动物性情与生长及屠宰性能的关联。     

Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas in humans and dogs

Pheochromocytomas (PCCs) and paragangliomas (PGLs) are described in several species. In humans and dogs they have many similarities: the excessive catecholamine release in hormonally active PCC causes similar clinical signs, the frequency of metastasis is similar, and they are histopathologically almost identical. Surgery is curative when PCC and PGL have not metastasized, while only palliative treatment is possible for patients with metastatic disease. Mutations in succinate dehydrogenase subunit B (SDHB) are associated with metastatic behaviour in human PCC/PGL and the same mutation has been described in dogs. The dog might therefore be a suitable model for study of the pathogenesis of metastatic PCC and PGL in humans. Further molecular studies of common tumourigenic pathways and comparative studies of histopathology of human and canine PCC and PGL are warranted.     

Disease and destiny-mystery and mastery

When early people made their appearance, zoonotic infectious diseases were already waiting, but epidemic diseases did not appear in human history until people began to live in large numbers under conditions of close contact, mainly during the last 10,000 years. Disease has decimated urban populations, conquered armies, and disrupted society. The focus here is on (1) the plague of Athens and the Black Death; (2) smallpox, influenza, and rabies; (3) avian influenza prion diseases, and foot & mouth disease; and (4) emerging and re-emerging diseases. All have veterinary public health associations. In Athens, Greece, in 430 BC, when the Spartans ravaged the countryside, hordes crowded into Athens so that orderly movements, space in which to live, and adequate supplies of food became impossible. Crowding of any population fosters disease transmission; chaos and disorder enhance it all the more. Out of northern Egypt came a terrible plague from across the Mediterranean Sea. The identity of the plague of Athens remains unsure, but the well-considered conclusion is Rift Valley Fever, a mosquito borne, viral zoonosis. The Black Death, also called the Plague, raged in Asia for centuries. In 1347, the Black Death was brought by a ship out of Asia to Sicily. The scenes of devastation were repeated throughout Europe, with 90% or more of the people dying in city after city. Influenza, too, has been a cause of periodic human epidemics, but the great pandemic of influenza occurred in the last months of World War I. In the years of highest occurrence, more than half the world's population became clinically infected. If veterinary public health had been born earlier, it could have led to elucidating the epidemiology of influenza and the plagues of Athens, Europe, and Asia. In turn, smallpox had also caused continual tragedy. In 1796, Edward Jenner began to harvest pustules of cowpox from children or infected cows and inject them into susceptible children. In 1980, the World Health Organization declared that smallpox had been eliminated from the world. Rabies, though, still strikes terror. A number of animal diseases, broadly termed emerging and re-emerging diseases, need surveillance because they have the potential to impact human health. From late in 2003 to 2007, the highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus in poultry infected at least 121 people and caused 62 deaths in four countries. The prion diseases, too, all have very high numbers in concentrated contacts. To control these diseases, veterinary public health is essential, with diagnosis, epidemiological surveillance, clinical manifestations, and prevention as primary measures.     

微卫星标记与牛的遗传育种

微卫星标记技术由于其众多的优点在目前的动物遗传标记研究中已经成为一种应用较广泛的分子标记技术。本文在简介微卫星标记技术的原理和微卫星标记结构的基础上，对其在牛遗传育种中的应用作了概述。     

微卫星标记与动物遗传育种

微卫星技术是20世纪80年代末期发展起来的一种能有效区别不同物种，不同群体及不同基因型个体的分子标记。微卫星标记广泛分布于各真核生物基因组中，且随机分布，本文就微卫星标记的结构特点及其在动物遗传育种中的应用作一综述。     

葡萄上杀虫、杀菌剂登记和使用现状分析及建议

基于我国农药信息网数据和新修订的《食品安全国家标准 食品中农药最大残留限量》（GB 2763 — 2021）中葡萄相关指标,结合葡萄生产实际,对我国葡萄上农药登记的现状及生产中农药的应用情况进行梳理,指出了存在的问题,分析了产生问题的原因,提出了相应建议,以期为我国葡萄的安全生产提供参考。