制剂新技术提高药物溶解性和渗透性的研究进展

本文就近年来制剂新技术在提高药物溶解性和渗透性的研究进行了回顾,介绍了各种制剂新技术改善药物溶解性和渗透性的原理,分析了各种制剂新技术的利弊和其运用到兽药领域的可行性,剖析了制剂新技术在提高药物溶解性和渗透性面临的挑战,展望了制剂新技术在提高药物溶解性和渗透性的发展方向和策略。     

浅谈无人值守变电站设备巡视与维护

在我国的电网建设和发展过程中出现了很多的新发现和新技术,同时在工作方式上也出现了很大的转变,无人值守变电站也在电网运行中得到了很好的应用和发展,因为这种变电站在运行过程中不是人工操作的,所以要想起能够更好的发挥积极的作用就要加强对相关设备的检查和维护。本文主要研究了无人值守变电站设备巡视与维护,以供参考和借鉴。     

以人为本坚持科学发展观充分发挥协会组织在生态建设中的作用(摘要)

2004年在国家林业局和中国科协、在各省(区、市)林业厅(局) 和省科协的正确领导下,在赵学敏副局长的高度关心和指导下,在保护司等兄弟单位和社会各界的大力支持下,在全体会员的共同努力下,全国各级协会紧紧围绕生态建设,特别是野生动植物保护工作在广泛开展宣传教育、科技交流、拯救濒危野生动植物和资金募集等方面,做了大量的工作,扩大了影响,在组织建设、发展会员上取得了突破性进展。     

论加快青海生态环境治理和草业可持续发展

分析了青海生态环境现状及生态环境失调的主要原因,有针对性地指出了在经济发展中忽视生态环境治理和在生态环境治理上实行重林轻草违背自然规律的失误,强调了草业在生态环境治理中的效益,并从六个方面提出了草业在社会经济发展中的地位和作用.     

百万兽医从业人员的先进典型——“哈药杯”全国十大兽医先进人物颁奖典礼侧记

2012年8月11日,"哈药杯"全国十大兽医先进人物的颁奖典礼在兽医发展高层论坛开幕式上举行,经过近四个月的紧张筹备和评选,最终花落十家。此时的颁奖典礼隆重而严肃,它凝聚了全国兽医同仁的目光,十大兽医先进人物在现场200余位兽医同行的瞩目下,在家乡几万同胞的厚望与支持下,在全国百万兽医的肯定和关注下,带着喜悦和激动的心情登上了颁奖台,举起了沉甸甸的奖杯和荣誉证书,同时获得了价值5000元的笔记本电脑奖励,记录下了这个精彩难忘     

α-2b干扰素与胸腺肽融合基因的克隆与表达

试验设计了通用干扰素与胸腺肽基因融合IFNTHY序列,在IFN之前和THY之后分别加入了EcoR Ⅰ和HindⅢ酶切位点,并在EcoR Ⅰ之后和HindⅢ之前分别加上了起始密码子和终止密码子,对所设计序列进行了合成、拼接和克隆.     

国省道公路资金筹集渠道及方法研究

在新形势下,对制约公路建设和发展的主要因素和问题进行了分析,在传统融资方法的基础上,对资金筹集渠道进行了研究,提出了招商引资等新型国省道融资方法。     

从测序到编辑:家蚕基因组研究再获突破

<正>家蚕是一种重要的经济昆虫、文化载体和模式生物,其不但在蚕丝产业的发展和丝绸之路的文化传播中做出了卓越的贡献,在蚕丝纤维新材料、生物反应器和模式生物中也逐渐凸显出广阔的应用前景。为了对家蚕进行更深入的研究和利用,西南大学夏庆友教授领衔的家蚕基因组研究团队率先开展了家蚕基因组研究,并于2004年和2009年先后在《Science》杂志上公布了家蚕基因组图谱和家蚕遗传变异图谱。在该研究的推动下,该团队在功能基因组研究、家蚕转基因和家蚕生物反应器方面取得了显著的进展,家蚕的研究也受     

抗菌肽在猪病防治中的应用

本文探讨了抗菌肽的抗病毒作用和免疫调节作用以及抗菌肽的类型,抗菌肽作为一种具有很强的抗真菌、抗细菌和抗病毒能力的药物,在猪病的防治中具有重要意义。它不仅在生猪的日常养殖中降低了生猪发生腹泻和呼吸道感染的发病率,还在很大程度上提高了生猪的生长能力和抵抗病菌的免疫力,使生猪的肉质更佳,给养殖户带来了极大的经济收益。     

矿山井下螺杆压风机烟雾自动断电

近年来,随着人们生活质量的提高,在生活和生产中对能源需求量也在不断增加,促使了各种矿产资源的开采工作的日益复杂和频繁.在矿山开采工作中,矿井的深度变的越来越深,给开采和生产工作带来了新的技术难题.有关企业和单位在工作中为了提高生产率和经营效益,不断采用了新技术、新设备和新方法来进行工作,为矿山工作的安全、可靠进行提供了扎实的保证基础.矿山井下螺杆压风机的应用是当前矿山企业工作中采用最多的工作环节之一,为工作人员安全和工作的顺利进行提供了扎实的基础保障.本文就螺杆压风机概念、工作原理和特点入手分析,提出了其在矿山工作中的自动断电作用,以供业内同行工作参考.     

Disease and destiny-mystery and mastery

When early people made their appearance, zoonotic infectious diseases were already waiting, but epidemic diseases did not appear in human history until people began to live in large numbers under conditions of close contact, mainly during the last 10,000 years. Disease has decimated urban populations, conquered armies, and disrupted society. The focus here is on (1) the plague of Athens and the Black Death; (2) smallpox, influenza, and rabies; (3) avian influenza prion diseases, and foot & mouth disease; and (4) emerging and re-emerging diseases. All have veterinary public health associations. In Athens, Greece, in 430 BC, when the Spartans ravaged the countryside, hordes crowded into Athens so that orderly movements, space in which to live, and adequate supplies of food became impossible. Crowding of any population fosters disease transmission; chaos and disorder enhance it all the more. Out of northern Egypt came a terrible plague from across the Mediterranean Sea. The identity of the plague of Athens remains unsure, but the well-considered conclusion is Rift Valley Fever, a mosquito borne, viral zoonosis. The Black Death, also called the Plague, raged in Asia for centuries. In 1347, the Black Death was brought by a ship out of Asia to Sicily. The scenes of devastation were repeated throughout Europe, with 90% or more of the people dying in city after city. Influenza, too, has been a cause of periodic human epidemics, but the great pandemic of influenza occurred in the last months of World War I. In the years of highest occurrence, more than half the world's population became clinically infected. If veterinary public health had been born earlier, it could have led to elucidating the epidemiology of influenza and the plagues of Athens, Europe, and Asia. In turn, smallpox had also caused continual tragedy. In 1796, Edward Jenner began to harvest pustules of cowpox from children or infected cows and inject them into susceptible children. In 1980, the World Health Organization declared that smallpox had been eliminated from the world. Rabies, though, still strikes terror. A number of animal diseases, broadly termed emerging and re-emerging diseases, need surveillance because they have the potential to impact human health. From late in 2003 to 2007, the highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus in poultry infected at least 121 people and caused 62 deaths in four countries. The prion diseases, too, all have very high numbers in concentrated contacts. To control these diseases, veterinary public health is essential, with diagnosis, epidemiological surveillance, clinical manifestations, and prevention as primary measures.     

Tissue and intracellular distribution of rhodanese and mercaptopyruvate sulphurtransferase in ruminants and birds

Cyanide detoxification is catalysed by two enzymes: rhodanese [thiosulphate: cyanide sulphurtransferase, E.C. 2.8.1.1], and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulphurtransferase [3-MST, EC. 2.8.1.2]. In the present work, the activity of the two enzymes in the crude extracts of different tissues and in the mitochondrial and cytosolic fractions of tissues from some ruminants (camels, cattle and sheep) and birds (chickens and pigeons) have been compared. Rhodanese activity was almost exclusively present in the mitochondrial fraction. In ruminants and chickens the highest activity of rhodanese was found in the liver, followed by the kidney. In pigeons, however, the enzyme activity was the highest in the kidneys. In camels' tissues, the rhodanese activity was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than in cattle or sheep, and the enzyme activities in the two latter species were similar. The activity of 3-MST in the crude extract of tissues from camels was similar to that in sheep, but higher than that in cattle. The enzyme activity was equally distributed between the mitochondrial and cytosolic fractions in the liver and kidneys of camels, cattle and sheep.     

Foot and mouth disease and bluetongue: differences and similarities

On 26th of july 2007 a new case of bluetongue was notified in the Netherlands and on 2nd of august 2007 foot-and-mouth disease was diagnosed in Surrey, England, which raised the threat of having both infections simultaniously in one area. Bluetongue and foot-and-mouth disease have a different pathogenesis, but symptoms may resemble each other at a later stage of infection. The pathogenesis and possible clinical symptoms of both infections are discussed and illustrated with pictures.     

锌硒对后备猪繁殖性能及仔猪发育的影响

本试验研究了锌硒对后备公母猪繁殖性能和哺乳仔猪成活率的影响。在２月龄公母猪和哺３乳仔猪日粮中添加不同剂量的锌和硒,试验与对照组比较,后备母猪排卵率和产仔性能均有明显提高;后备公母初次采精时间提前,睾丸大小,射精量,精子活率和精子密度均显著提高,精子畸形率降低;     

Local and general anesthetic effects on behavior and performance of two- and seven-week-old castrated and uncastrated piglets

Four experiments were conducted to examine the effects of general and local anesthetics given prior to castration on piglet behavior and weight gain. The first experiment showed that use of general anesthesia by xylazine, ketamine hydrochloride and glyceryl guaiacolate for 2-wk-old piglets resulted in the death of 28% of the piglets and, for those that survived, suppressed nursing behavior. In the second experiment, using 2-wk-old piglets, local anesthesia by lidocaine hydrochloride prevented the slight (30 min) castration-induced nursing behavior suppression. In the third and fourth studies, using 7-wk-old pigs, local or general anesthetic did not overcome castration-induced changes in behavior. Castration affected behavior of 7-wk-old pigs for 6 to 8 h. None of the treatments in any of the studies influenced weight gain. We conclude that castration is painful for 2-wk-old and 7-wk-old pigs. The 2-wk-old pig seems behaviorally less affected by castration than does the 7-wk-old pig. Local anesthetic prevented pain-induced behavior changes for 2-wk-old, but not for 7-wk-old, pigs. At present, the FDA does not permit use of these anesthetics in meat-producing animals.     

畜禽氧化应激与炎症及多酚的干预作用

氧化应激是畜禽体内活性氧产生与保护机制消除的失衡,可导致组织产生氧化损伤,最终诱发炎性疾病。氧化应激可激活多种转录因子,导致炎症途径相关基因的差异表达,由氧化应激引起的炎症是许多慢性疾病的病因。多酚作为植物次生代谢产物,被认为是有效的辅助治疗佐剂,在人和动物中发挥潜在的抗氧化和抗炎作用。多酚也被认为是具有应用潜力的畜禽饲料添加剂。综述了畜禽氧化应激与炎症的关系及机制、多酚对畜禽的抗氧化和抗炎作用及机制,以期为动物疾病抗氧化疗法的应用和新型抗炎药物的开发提供参考。     

Coccidiosis and cryptosporidiosis in sheep and goats

The protozoan diseases, coccidiosis and cryptosporidiosis, are important enteric diseases of sheep and goats, resulting in diarrhea, inefficient weight gains, and occasionally death. Coccidiosis is a widespread, serious economic disease affecting animals who are preweaned, recently weaned, or in unsanitary, stressful, or crowded conditions, as well as after entering feedlots. The Eimeria species in sheep and goats are relatively host specific. Control is accomplished through sanitation and by incorporating one of the modern coccidiostats, such as lasalocid or decoquinate, in feed or salt to ensure an intake of approximately 1 mg of drug per kg of body weight per day for at least 30 consecutive days. Prevention and control of coccidiosis results in significantly greater weight gains and production, whereas disease with or without treatment is likely to result in inefficient production and economic loss to the producer. Cryptosporidiosis, caused by Cryptosporidium parvum, is primarily a disease of lambs and kids less than 30 days of age and is usually a milder disease than coccidiosis. Infective oocysts are passed in feces and are transmitted by oral ingestion. Oocysts readily infect a variety of animals, including humans. Cryptosporidiosis is a prevalent disease in neonatal ruminants and in humans. Effective treatments are not available, but because the disease is usually mild and self-limited, supportive care, primarily hydration, is important. Control is strict sanitation and quarantine of sick animals. Disinfection of contaminated housing with ammonia or formalin will kill the oocysts. The cyst-forming coccidia diseases, toxoplasmosis and sarcocystosis, utilize two hosts in their life cycles: sheep or goats and carnivores. Abortions and reproductive failures are major manifestations of disease. Control is through elimination of carnivore feces from the premises through management.     

再探草坪的起源与演化及其概念——中文·汉语的“草坪”一词及其他

初步考证中文·汉语的“草坪”一词及相关文史资料。再次证明中国自古分布有天然草坪。文字记载早在西汉武帝建元年间 (公元前 138年 )已大面积栽培草坪 ,于今至少有 2 139年历史。当时的草坪科学技术水平已有相当高度 ,发现并选用了结缕草 (Zoysiaspp .) [或狗牙根 (Cynodondactylon) ]和“戾莎 (Carexspp .)”等草坪草 ;发明了大面积整理地形、地貌及平整土地 ,针对不同生活型的草坪草采取“布”或“攒”等不同的建植草坪方式。嗣后 2 0 0 0年 ,处于移植天然草坪为“人工草坪” ,向人工草坪演化的过渡阶段。期间 ,于南齐·昏侯 (499～ 5 0 1)又发明了“满铺草坯”建植草坪等技术。所有的发现、发明不仅沿用至今 ,而且导致清道光朝 (182 1～ 185 1)诞生了中国式人工草坪。现代草坪缘鸦片战争 (184 0 )而传入。相伴近、现代草坪的普及 ,于清道光、咸丰年间 (184 0～ 186 1) ,市郊农村已有“草坪专业户”与“草坯专业户” ,至 2 0世纪 5 0～ 70年代 ,“草坪”一词先后被列入“词 (辞 )典”和“百科全书”等。　　中文·汉语自古以来的草坪概念“平的草地” ,“长草若毛 ,‘剥’取似皮的草地表层”都清楚地规定了 :草坪是一类特殊的草地     

Diagnosis and management of food allergy and intolerance in dogs and cats

SUMMARY This paper reviews food allergy and intolerance in dogs and cats. Adverse reactions to ingested food components can affect many systems and can produce signs involving the skin, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract and central nervous system, and these clinical signs are reviewed. Most basic food ingredients have the potential to induce an allergic response, although most reactions are caused by proteins. In particular, dogs and cats can become sensitive to cow's milk, beef, fish or cereal. Food allergy and intolerance is rare in dogs and cats, although the incidence in practice is difficult to establish. Clinical signs are quite variable, depending on the individual response, although the major clinical sign is pruritus. Diagnosis can be difficult, as there is no single test available to help the clinician to confirm or refute the presence of food sensitivity. Diagnosis is based on dietary investigation in the form of elimination diets and test meals. Elimination diets for dogs include lamb, chicken, rabbit, horse meat and fish as sources of protein, with rice or potatoes. Successful elimination diets for cats include lamb, chicken, rabbit or venison, with rice. Improvement in clinical signs while on the elimination diet is suggestive of food allergy. The diagnosis should be confirmed by feeding the original diet, with the development of clinical signs within 7 to 14 days of feeding.