盐酸阿苯达哩亚砜化学结构分析

建立了药物盐酸阿苯达唑亚砜的化学结构确证方法.通过高效液相色谱(HPLC)测定盐酸阿苯达唑亚砜纯度,采用紫外光谱(UV)、红外光谱(IR)、核磁共振(NMR)以及质谱(MS)等分析方法对盐酸阿苯达唑亚砜样品进行了结构测定.结果确证盐酸阿苯达唑亚砜的结构为[5-(丙亚砜基)-1H-苯并咪唑-2-基]氨基甲酸甲醋盐酸.本方...     

盐酸阿苯达哩亚砜化学结构分析

建立了药物盐酸阿苯达唑亚砜的化学结构确证方法.通过高效液相色谱(HPLC)测定盐酸阿苯达唑亚砜纯度,采用紫外光谱(UV)、红外光谱(IR)、核磁共振(NMR)以及质谱(MS)等分析方法对盐酸阿苯达唑亚砜样品进行了结构测定.结果确证盐酸阿苯达唑亚砜的结构为[5-(丙亚砜基)-1H-苯并咪唑-2-基]氨基甲酸甲醋盐酸.本方法测定结果准确全面,为盐酸阿苯达唑亚砜的生产和鉴定提供了较为全面的参考数据.     

玉米粉蛋白质二级结构的红外光谱研究

通过测定不同温度下市售玉米粉酰胺Ⅲ带的红外光谱(一维红外光谱、二阶导数红外光谱、四阶导数红外光谱和去卷积红外光谱)进一步研究温度对玉米粉蛋白质二级结构的影响。研究发现,玉米粉的一维红外光谱的分辨率不高;玉米粉的二阶导数红外光谱的分辨率优于一维红外光谱,其中1260cm-1处的吸收峰归属于蛋白质无规卷曲结构,1285cm-1处的吸收峰归属于蛋白质β-转角结构;四阶导数红外光谱的分辨率要进一步优于二阶导数红外光谱,其中1225cm-1处的吸收峰归属于蛋白质β-折叠结构,而1315cm-1处的吸收峰归属于蛋白质α-螺旋结构;玉米粉去卷积红外光谱中,随着测定温度的升高,α-螺旋结构、β-转角结构、无规卷曲结构和β-折叠结构的红外吸收强度均有所增加。最后研究了玉米粉酰胺Ⅲ带的二维红外光谱(同步二维红外光谱和异步二维红外光谱)。研究发现,随着测定温度的升高,玉米粉蛋白质二级结构的红外吸收强度变化快慢趋势是:1285cm-1(β-转角结构)1260cm-1(无规卷曲结构)1225cm-1(β-折叠结构)1315cm-1(α-螺旋结构)。结果表明,玉米粉蛋白质的二级结构中,β-转角结构对于温度比较敏感,而α-螺旋结构则相对稳定。采用红外光谱研究玉米粉蛋白质二级结构可行,并为研究玉米粉的热稳定性提供了一个新的研究方法。     

N-乙酰-L-酪氨酸甲酯合成工艺研究

以L-酪氨酸和乙酰氯为主要原料合成了N-乙酰-L-酪氨酸,再和甲醇与氯化亚砜反应得到的氯化亚硫酸甲酯反应得到N-乙酰-L-酪氨酸甲酯,产物结构经红外光谱(IR)和1H NMR化学位移确证。通过单因素试验和正交试验结果表明,N-乙酰-L-酪氨酸甲酯合成的最佳工艺条件为物料摩尔比mol(L-酪氨酸)∶mol(氯化亚砜)∶mol(甲醇)=1∶1.3∶10,加热温度65℃,加热时间2 h。该工艺具有原料价廉易得、反应周期短及产物易分离的特点,适于工业化大规模生产。     

盐酸多西环素壳聚糖微球的制备与评价

制备盐酸多西环素(doxycycline hydrochloride,DH)缓释微球,并对其进行评价。通过Design-expert软件进行试验设计,以载药量和包封率为考察标准进行优化,采用乳化交联的方法制备壳聚糖包载DH缓释微球,运用紫外-可见分光光度计(UV-VIS Spectrophotometer)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、热重分析(TGA)、X射线衍射(XRD)及拉曼光谱(Raman spectra)对微球的结构、性能和形态进行评价。结果显示,在最佳制备条件下,即壳聚糖为20 g/L,体系内DH质量为0.3 g,转速为910 r/min,液体石蜡12 mL时,所制备载药微球的载药量为56.49%,包封率为61.41%。FT-IR表明壳聚糖包载DH主要以物理作用为主;热失重表明微球物理包合后热稳定性较差;XRD结果表明DH被包载后晶体结构未发生变化。结果表明,本试验成功制备表面光滑、粒径整齐、载药量和包封率较高的DH壳聚糖微球。     

两种川芎嗪新盐的制备及特性评价

利用盐酸川芎嗪(Lig-HCl)分别与安赛蜜钾(Ace-K)和糖精钠(Sac-Na)进行离子交换制得2种川芎嗪新盐安赛蜜川芎嗪(Lig-Ace)和糖精川芎嗪一水合物(Lig-Sac),并通过X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱扫描(IR)、热失重分析(TG)、差示扫描量热分析(DSC)对其进行结构表征和热分析;以磷酸川芎嗪(TMPP)作为参比,测定2种新盐的溶解度和体外粉末溶出,口服顺应性(口感)以及升华特性。XRD和IR结构表征显示成功制备出Lig-Ace和Lig-Sac 2种川芎嗪新盐,其中Lig-Sac热不稳定,易分解,Lig-Ace相对较稳定,熔点为227℃;Lig-Ace的稳定性相对较好,不易升华。Lig-Ace比Lig-Sac的溶解度高,TMPP溶解度处于两者之间,而2种新盐的口感均为甜的。结果表明,通过离子交换法制得了适用于口服的2种稳定的甜的川芎嗪新盐,丰富了川芎嗪临床用药的选择性。     

恩诺沙星新盐的制备、表征及溶解性研究

【目的】制备恩诺沙星(enrofloxacin,ENR)新盐并考察其溶解性,旨在提高ENR的溶解度,丰富其晶体形式。【方法】采用混悬法制备ENR新盐,并通过溶剂挥发法培养其单晶。利用粉末X射线衍射(PXRD)、单晶X射线衍射(SXRD)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)、差示扫描量热分析(DSC)、热失重分析(TGA)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对新盐进行一系列表征分析。通过粉末溶解速率试验考察ENR和新盐在37 ℃、pH 6.8磷酸盐缓冲液中的溶解速率。【结果】制备的ENR新盐为ENR-2,6-二羟基苯甲酸半水合物(ENR-2,6-DHBA·1/2H₂O)。经单晶结构分析可知,ENR-2,6-DHBA·1/2H₂O属于三斜晶系,P-1空间群,晶胞参数为:a=13.2495(7)Å;b=13.8266(11)Å;c=16.0672(8)Å;α=114.301°(6);β=90.322°(4);γ=114.438°(7)。不对称单元中包含2个ENR阳离子、2个2,6-DHBA阴离子和1个水分子。2,6-DHBA羧酸基团的质子转移到ENR哌嗪环的N原子上,形成N⁺-H…O^-,证实形成的是盐,ENR与H₂O通过O-H…O氢键连接。FTIR结果证实,2,6-DHBA上的C=O吸收峰由于质子的转移由1 680 cm^-1移动到1 725 cm^-1。新盐的熔点不同于ENR和2,6-DHBA,为253 ℃。新盐的外貌形态为光滑的棒状。粉末溶解速率曲线显示,ENR-2,6-DHBA·1/2H₂O平衡时的表观溶解度为0.65 mg/mL,是ENR的1.86倍。【结论】试验成功制备了ENR-2,6二羟基苯甲酸半水合物盐,该盐提高了ENR的溶解度,为提高ENR的生物利用度、增强抗菌效应提供了参考依据。     

抗梨形虫新药咪唑苯脲合成与结构确证的研究

以苯甲腈为起始原料,经硝化、环化、还原、缩合等四步反应(总收率约50％),在国内首次合成了抗梨形虫新药咪唑苯脲二盐酸盐和咪唑苯脲二丙酸盐,并以红外光谱、紫外光谱、核磁共振~(13)C谱、~1H谱、质谱和元素分析等对其化学结构进行了确证。     

环丙沙星人工抗原的合成及鉴定

为了合成环丙沙星抗原,试验应用3-溴丙氨氢溴酸盐制备半抗原环丙沙星-溴丙氨衍生物,采用戊二醛方法与碳二亚胺法合成环丙沙星免疫抗原(CIP-NH2-BSA)与环丙沙星包被抗原(CIP-NH2-OVA),其中环丙沙星-溴丙氨衍生物采用红外光谱(IR)、电喷雾电离质谱(ESI-MS)和核磁共振(1H-NMR、13C-NMR)进行结构确证,CIP-NH2-BSA与CIP-NH2-OVA采用紫外扫描法进行鉴定。结果表明:环丙沙星-溴丙氨衍生物合成成功,环丙沙星-溴丙氨衍生物与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)和卵清白蛋白(OVA)耦联成功。说明通过制备环丙沙星衍生物可以合成高效的抗原。     

帕那珠利的合成、精制及纯度研究

为制备帕那珠利色谱纯品,以托曲珠利为原料合成了帕那珠利粗品,用冰乙酸、丙酮和乙醇为溶剂四次重结晶制得帕那珠利精制品,研究首次采用HPLC(紫外和蒸发光检测器)、DSC(示差扫描热分析)和凯氏定氮测定法检验纯度,并用制备型HPLC制得帕那珠利的色谱纯品。经检验帕那珠利精制品纯度为98.3%,帕那珠利色谱纯品DSC为单一峰,获得了较好的结果。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Prevalence and Intensity of Helminth and Coccidial Infections in Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

A survey of gastrointestinal parasite infections of young (<6 months old), immature (6–12 months old) and adult (>12 months old) dairy cattle on 16 farms in Kiambu District, Kenya was conducted during a dry season (September 1991 to January 1992) and during a wet season (March to July 1992). The survey was based on monthly coproparasitological examination of cohorts and worm counts in tracer calves. The effects of age, sex, farm and season on the prevalence and intensity of helminth and coccidial infections were determined. Faecal egg and oocyst counts revealed that the overall prevalences were: strongyles (including trichostrongyles) (85.5%), liver flukes (Fasciola gigantica) (34.0%), coccidia (30.9%) and tapeworms (9.6%). Eight species of the protozoan Eimeria were identified, the most prevalent species being E. bovis and E. zuernii. The most prevalent nematode genera were Haemonchus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus. Season, farm and age of the animals had a significant (p<0.05) influence on the intensity of infection with strongyles, liver flukes and coccidia, whereas the sex of the animals had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the prevalence or intensity of infections. A higher intensity of infection with strongyles and coccidia was found in the wet season than in the dry season (p<0.05). The age-specific intensity was in the following order: for strongyles, immature animals of 6–12 months of age had the highest egg counts, followed by young calves and adults. Calves had significantly (p<0.05) higher oocyst counts than immatures or adults. Liver fluke egg counts did not differ significant (p>0.05) between immatures and adult cattle.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。