2012年美国农业部公布的越桔属新品种及其特点

2012年美国农业部（USDA-ARS）公布了一些越桔属新品种，其中包括蓝莓新品种34个，具体包括北高丛蓝莓新品种14个，南高丛蓝莓新品种11个，兔眼蓝莓新品种9个；除公布蓝莓新品种外，还公布了蔓越桔新品种2个。从公布的这些数据中可以看出，北高丛蓝莓育出新品种的数量最多，南高丛次之，兔眼最少，从这些数据中还可以发现，近年来的育种趋势是蓝莓育种研究者逐渐在提高南高丛蓝莓和兔眼蓝莓的育种数量，同时也有更多的育种研究者越来越重视蔓越桔新品种的开发。将主要介绍这些越桔属新品种以及特点。     

近10年北美蓝莓新品种资源及其特征

蓝莓杂交育种工作的目标主要集中在改善蓝莓的果实品质、提高产量、增强抗病性和耐贮性、提早或延迟果实成熟期等方面，北美在近10年开发出很多新的蓝莓品种，其中开发出北高丛蓝莓新品种31个，南高丛蓝莓新品种53个，兔眼蓝莓新品种24个，半高从蓝莓新品种3个，矮丛蓝莓新品种5个。从公布的这些数据可以看出，开发出的南高丛蓝莓新品种最多，北高丛次之，半高从最少，说明越来越多的蓝莓育种者越来越重视南高丛新品种的开发，这样可以将南高丛蓝莓的优良基因更好地开发出来，并将其逐步渗入到北高丛蓝莓品种中，以改善北高丛蓝莓的性状。随着现代生物技术的不断发展，将为蓝莓杂交育种工作开辟新的领域，也将加快蓝莓的育种进程。本文综述了近10年北美蓝莓新品种资源及其特征。     

2020年全球蓝莓新品种特征及其育种趋势分析

2020年由美国农业部(USDA-ARS)等单位联合公布了全球41个蓝莓新品种,其中包括北高丛18个,南高丛13个,观赏类3个,未知类型7个。从公布数据可以看出,北高丛和南高丛蓝莓新品种数量相对居多,观赏类型数量最少,同时还增加了一些未知类型的蓝莓新品种。北高丛蓝莓新品种具有成熟期早、果实质地硬、果蒂痕小而干、树势旺盛等特性;南高丛蓝莓新品种具有果个大、需冷量低、风味口感佳等特性;观赏类蓝莓新品种具有花朵、叶片颜色多样化,树冠呈圆形且紧密的特性,可做苗圃景观和家庭盆栽等用途。从公布数据还可以看出,中国蓝莓新品种的数量增加幅度较大,占总数24%。本文阐述了2020年最新公布的全球蓝莓新品种数量及其特点,同时结合近几年蓝莓育种概况分析了未来全球蓝莓新品种的育种趋势,以期为我国蓝莓育种工作提供科学依据。     

高丛蓝莓和兔眼蓝莓在湖北省引种试验

对引进的14个蓝莓品种的植物学、生物学及园艺性状观测，通过综合评价，筛选出表现好的蓝莓品种8个。其中，北高丛蓝莓 蓝丰、公爵、伯克利果实较大，品质佳，成熟期在5月中下旬，可以作为早熟鲜食品种发展。兔眼蓝莓粉蓝、顶峰、梯芙蓝、芭尔德温、果个较大，味道甜，果实品质中上，产量较高，成熟期在6月中下旬，可以作为中熟鲜食品种发展。园蓝虽然果实较小，但可溶性固形物和花色素含量高，产量较高，可以发展为加工品种。     

广东河源地区蓝莓优良品种引进及栽培研究初报

为推动广东省蓝莓产业化发展，在广东省河源地区首次引进9个南高丛蓝莓和兔眼蓝莓品种进行栽培试验研究。南高丛蓝莓品种为LM1号（Misty）、LM2号（Bluerain）、LM3号（O′Neal）、LM4号（Sharpblue）；兔眼蓝莓品种为LM5号（Brightwell）、LM6号（Climax）、LM7号（Powderblue）、LM8号（Gardenblue）、LM9号（Baldwin）。结果表明，LM1号（Misty）、LM3号（O′Neal）、LM4号（Sharpblue）表现为不适宜当地气候，受到夏季高温伤害，栽培2年后大部分苗木死亡；LM8号（Gardenblue）虽植株生长正常，但果实产量过低，单株均产仅为0.45kg。LM2号（Bluerain）、LM5号（Brightwell）、LM6号（Climax）、LM7号（Powderblue）和LM9号（Baldwin）能够适应当地高温高湿条件，生长正常，栽培后4a幼树单株均产在1.6kg~4kg之间。试验中就地取材的土壤改良配方能够满足蓝莓的生长需要。     

越桔新品种斯巴坦引种试验

辽宁省果树科学研究所2002年从美国引进北高丛越桔品种斯巴坦(Earliblue×US11-93),经5年试验观察,此品种在辽宁营口、丹东、大连地区表现     

遮阳网对越桔产量和果实品质的影响

据《Scientia Horticulturae》(2013.02.012)的一篇研究报道,来自智利德塔尔卡大学农业科学学院的研究人员研究了埃利奥特高丛越桔在选择透光性遮阳网下的产量和果实品质。对不同选择透光性遮阳网(黑色、红色和白色)和不同遮光程度(25%、50%和75%)对美国密歇根州北高丛蓝莓植株(埃利奥特品种)两个生长季度的产量和生长发育状况的影响进行了研究。遮     

土壤覆盖可提高越桔果实抗氧化活性成分含量

据《果树学报》2013年第1期《土壤覆盖提高越桔抗氧化成分含量效应与抗氧化能力分析》(作者张慧琴等)报道,以南高丛越桔品种"奥尼尔"和兔眼越桔品种"杰兔"为试材,设置透湿性反光膜、秸秆和对照(空白)3种处理,测定越桔整个发育期间果实花色苷、总酚、类黄酮的含量和抗氧化活性变化。结果表明,透湿性反光膜覆盖处理可显著提高果实花色苷含量,其中"奥尼尔"品种果实     

福建·长汀蓝莓上市畅销

<正>本刊讯(特约通讯员陈世平)4月底以来,长汀县濯田镇蓝莓陆续成熟上市,呈现销售顺畅态势。该镇蓝莓基地今年投产50多hm2,预计产量可达5 00 t左右。由于所产蓝莓果形美、香味浓,因此颇受消费者欢迎,畅销价高,今年产值预计逾5 000万元。据悉,2011年,长汀县通过招商引资,在濯田镇建立蓝莓基地26.67 hm2,引种美国兔眼和南高丛等10余个蓝莓品种(系),经过1年多的     

果梅新品种新白梅

辽宁省果树科学研究所2002年从美国引进北高从越桔品种斯巴坦（Earliblue xUS11．93），经5年试验观察,此品种在辽宁营口、丹东、大连地区表现良好。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Prevalence and Intensity of Helminth and Coccidial Infections in Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

A survey of gastrointestinal parasite infections of young (<6 months old), immature (6–12 months old) and adult (>12 months old) dairy cattle on 16 farms in Kiambu District, Kenya was conducted during a dry season (September 1991 to January 1992) and during a wet season (March to July 1992). The survey was based on monthly coproparasitological examination of cohorts and worm counts in tracer calves. The effects of age, sex, farm and season on the prevalence and intensity of helminth and coccidial infections were determined. Faecal egg and oocyst counts revealed that the overall prevalences were: strongyles (including trichostrongyles) (85.5%), liver flukes (Fasciola gigantica) (34.0%), coccidia (30.9%) and tapeworms (9.6%). Eight species of the protozoan Eimeria were identified, the most prevalent species being E. bovis and E. zuernii. The most prevalent nematode genera were Haemonchus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus. Season, farm and age of the animals had a significant (p<0.05) influence on the intensity of infection with strongyles, liver flukes and coccidia, whereas the sex of the animals had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the prevalence or intensity of infections. A higher intensity of infection with strongyles and coccidia was found in the wet season than in the dry season (p<0.05). The age-specific intensity was in the following order: for strongyles, immature animals of 6–12 months of age had the highest egg counts, followed by young calves and adults. Calves had significantly (p<0.05) higher oocyst counts than immatures or adults. Liver fluke egg counts did not differ significant (p>0.05) between immatures and adult cattle.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。