小型鹿类长途运输应注意的问题

我国鹿类有20种之多，除了广为人知的梅花鹿、马鹿等具有经济价值的鹿之外，还不乏有经济性能很高的小型鹿，比如麝、狍、獐、黄麂等。随着这些特种养殖业的发展，引进或改良等工作日益频繁。对于这些警惕性高、胆小易惊的小型鹿来说，如何在运输中减少动物受伤和死亡，安全运输就显得特别重要。2004年10-11月，北京麋鹿苑从浙江舟山分2次引进20只河麂和10只黄麂，其中只有河麂和黄麂各1只，在释放时因受惊撞网死亡，     

塔里木马鹿发情控制及血浆E2、P4及LH含量变化

对于鹿的繁殖调控技术和基础理论的研究国外开展较多，而且也取得了一定的进展。但国内相关方面报道极少，有对梅花鹿进行的发情调控试验，但效果并不理想。对母鹿情期生殖内分泌的研究报道，国内仅见赵世臻等对梅花鹿。李春旺等对梅花鹿、麋鹿和黇鹿的研究报道，有关对马鹿的发情控制及生殖内分泌的研究还未见报道。因此，应用外源性孕激素对野生驯养的塔里木马鹿进行发情调控，     

利用微卫星标记分析五个家兔群体的遗传多样性

利用15个微卫星座位,分析了新西兰白兔、德系安哥拉兔、美系獭兔、齐卡G系肉兔、福建黄兔5个家兔群体的遗传多样性。结果表明：15个微卫星位点的平均等位基因数和平均有效等位基因数分别为7．400±1．639个和5．694±1．470个;5个家兔群体的平均基因杂合度和平均多态信息含量分别为0．7367和0．6994;新西兰白的平均基因杂合度和平均多态信息含量最高,福建黄兔最低。5个家兔群体的平均总近交系数（F_is）为-0．03,群体内平均近交系数（F_is）为-0．151,群体平均分化系数（F_is）为0．105（P〈0．001）。采用UPGMA法进行聚类分析,5个家兔群体聚为三类：新西兰白兔和德系安哥拉兔聚为一类;齐卡兔G系和美系獭兔聚为一类,福建黄兔独自为一类。     

中西医结合治疗野生草食兽四肢骨折

1998年3月份以来,笔者先后以中西医结合方法治疗野生草食兽四肢骨折10例,其中印度黑羚羊3例、黄麂3例、马鹿2例、黇鹿1例、坡鹿1例(内含开放性骨折5例),痊愈9例,治愈率90%.现将诊治情况报道如下:     

中国茸鹿育种的成就与展望

中国养鹿业历史悠久。中华人民共和国成立 40多年来 ,逐步建立起一支宏大的茸鹿种质资源保护和利用、茸鹿育种及推广的专业队伍 ,培育出双阳梅花鹿、西丰梅花鹿新品种和长白山梅花鹿、天山马鹿清原品系 ,使梅花鹿成品茸平均单产由选育前 0 .50～ 0 .74kg提高到1 .2 3～ 1 .30 kg,马鹿鲜茸平均单产由选育前的 2 .70 kg提高到 7.1 5kg,推广优良种鹿 1 80 0 0余头 ;“高产马鹿选育”和“塔里木马鹿品种选育”等方面的研究也取得了突破性的进展     

新西兰养鹿业概况

18世纪中叶,新西兰首次从欧洲引入马鹿,在南北二岛的森林中繁殖。从19世纪中期以来,新西兰已成功地引进了红鹿、黄占鹿、梅花鹿、马鹿、弗吉尼亚鹿、鼠鹿和麋鹿等7种鹿。在南北二岛的森林中开辟有用来养鹿的高山牧场。喔达哥大学里还专门设置养鹿和鹿病防治专业。现在新西兰约有1000个养鹿场,养鹿总头数达15万余头,成立了养鹿协会。养鹿业成为60年代后期发展起来的新兴行业。     

黇鹿幼仔沙门菌与蜡样芽胞杆菌混合感染病例报告

<正>黇鹿原产于欧洲,近年来作为观赏鹿类动物在国内广泛养殖。2014年6月10日,北京麋鹿生态实验中心的圈养黇鹿中,4只新生黇鹿幼仔突然表现精神沉郁、腹泻、呼吸急促等症状,其中2只于当日夜间死亡,经剖检和实验室诊断为沙门菌和蜡样芽孢杆菌混合感染引起的仔鹿肺炎和下痢,现报道如下。     

鹿的品种分类及生产性能

鹿是珍贵的药用动物，全身是宝，尤以鹿茸、鹿角最为贵重。凡茸角有药用价值的鹿，都称为茸用鹿或茸鹿。茸用鹿种类多，分布广，野生资源丰富。现在已经驯养的茸用鹿有梅花鹿、马鹿、白唇鹿、水鹿等。我国驯养的茸鹿主要是梅花鹿和马鹿两种。在梅花鹿中，共有６个野生亚种，其中以东北梅花鹿与人工培育成功的双阳梅花鹿称著于世界。在马鹿的各亚种和类型群中，以天山马鹿和叶尔羌马鹿及东北马鹿的品质最好。１东北梅花鹿（梅花鹿或花鹿）１－１养殖地区分布：几乎遍布全国各省区，其中吉林省最多，约占２／３。１－２外貌形态特征：东北梅花…     

明光小耳猪遗传多样性分析

为深入了解明光小耳猪群体遗传结构,使之得到更好的保护和利用,采用分布在家猪19对染色体上的76个微卫星标记对该猪种65个样品进行群体遗传变异分析.共检测到343个等位基因,每个座位的等位基因数从2到9不等,有效等位基因数在1.223 9～4.807 9之间,平均每个座位等位基因数为(4.513 2±1.205 5)个,有效等位基因数为(3.216 9±0.773 6)个,群体平均表观杂合度、期望杂合度及平均多态信息含量分别为0.944 2±0.159 5、0.668 5±0.094 5和0.610 3±0.108 3.结果表明,明光小耳猪群体遗传变异丰富.     

山西省六个地方羊品种微卫星位点多态性研究

利用5个微卫星标记对山西省6个地方羊品种微卫星DNA多态性进行检测,结果为：6个羊品种平均杂合度在0.6711-0.8316之间,平均多态信息含量在0.6152-0.7982之间,平均等位基因数在6.4-9.2之间,平均有效等位基因数在3.81-6.05之间;总群体在5个微卫星位点的平均遗传分化系数是0.1507。根据标准遗传距离,采用UPGMA方法对6个地方羊品种绘制亲缘关系聚类图,聚类图分为两支,黎城大青羊与阳城白山羊先聚在一起,又与吕梁黑山羊聚在一起,再与洪洞奶山羊聚在一起形成一类,本地绵羊与广灵大尾羊聚在一起形成另一类,最后两类聚为一大类。     

A 12-month survey of gastrointestinal helminth infections of cervids kept in two zoos in Belgium.

Infections with helminths are a major health issue in captive and wild deer. In this study, fecal egg count patterns and clinical signs associated with gastrointestinal nematodes were assessed for 12 mo in nine cervid herds kept under different husbandry conditions at two sites. At site 1, an urban zoo, fecal egg counts remained low and no clinical signs of parasitic gastroenteritis were seen in the herds of fallow deer (Dama dama), Dybowski's deer (Cervus nippon dybowski), pudu (Pudu pudu), and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus). Helminth infection at this site may have been successfully prevented by daily dung removal of the small sandy-soil enclosures, and applying routine anthelmintic treatment was not justified. At site 2, a wild animal park, involved species were red deer (Cervus elaphus hippelaphus), Nelson's elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni), Père David's deer (Elaphurus davidianus), European elk (Alces alces alces), and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus). Nematode eggs were frequently encountered in herds of red deer, Nelson's elk, and European elk, which were kept on larger, grassy enclosures that were irregularly cleaned. The trimodal pattern of fecal egg counts in herds from the wild animal park, consisting of a small spring rise in June, a peak in October, and a small rise in February, indicates that infective larvae on pastures are the main source of infection. In addition, routine anthelmintic treatment with fenbendazole in April and July limited egg shedding, but reinfection rapidly occurred. In two European elk and one reindeer, increasing fecal egg counts were associated with loss of fecal consistency and reduced appetite. Three genera and three species of nematodes were recovered at necropsy of one red deer and three Nelson's elk: Spiculopteragia spiculoptera, Trichostrongylus spp., Nematodirus filicollis, Capillaria spp., Oesophagostomum radiatum, and Trichuris spp., with total worm counts between 950 and 8,700.     

新疆塔里木马鹿遗传多样性的微卫星分析

利用5个微卫星标记对新疆塔里木马鹿遗传多样性进行了检测。统计了塔里木马鹿3个群体的等位基因组成、平均有效等位基因数(E)和平均基因纯合率(Rh),利用等位基因频率计算出各群体的平均遗传杂合度(h)、多态信息含量(PIC)。结果表明5个微卫星位点在库尔勒、阿拉尔和沙雅县塔里木马鹿3个群体的平均多态信息含量分别为0.5884、0.5754、0.5344,除微卫星位点BM5004外均为高度多态,可作为有效的遗传标记用于塔里木马鹿遗传多样性分析;塔里木马鹿三个群体总平均PIC、h、Rh和E分别为:0.5661、0.5995、0.4474和2.7。分析认为塔里木马鹿遗传变异度较高,遗传多样性相对丰富,具有较大的遗传潜力。     

基于SRY基因分析梅花鹿的遗传多样性及父系类型

试验旨在研究梅花鹿SRY基因的遗传多样性及其父系类型。选取东北亚种、北海道亚种、本州亚种、指名亚种、屋久岛亚种5个亚种的144个个体,利用试剂盒和传统酚/仿(1∶1)法进行DNA的提取,采用PCR扩增和直接测序法分析梅花鹿的核苷酸多样性(Pi)、单倍型多样性(Hd)、遗传距离及系统进化关系。结果显示,试验所获序列长度为1 613bp,在第47、62、602、1 148、1 569、1 604bp处共检测到6个SNPs多态位点,占核苷酸总数的0.3%,碱基替换以碱基转换为主。通过6个SNPs多态位点确立了6种单倍型:Hap-1、Hap-2、Hap-3、Hap-4、Hap-5和Hap-6,其中Hap-4、Hap-5和Hap-6为新发现单倍型。遗传多样性由高至低依次为:指名亚种、屋久岛亚种、东北亚种、本州亚种、北海道亚种。各亚种间遗传距离最小为北海道亚种与本州亚种的距离(0.000056),最大为东北亚种与指名亚种的距离(0.001733)。基于单倍型利用邻接法构建系统进化树,结果显示,与日本梅花鹿相比,东北亚种与马鹿关系更近,东北亚种存在两大分支,日本梅花鹿各亚种间无明显分支,其他单倍型均是由Hap-3进化而来,单倍型最小跨度网络图与系统进化树一致。结果表明,东北梅花鹿存在两大父系类型,日本梅花鹿存在一个父系类型,单倍型Hap-3是日本梅花鹿的原始单倍型。     

A preliminary study of the genetic diversity of Xinjiang Tarim red deer (Cervus elaphus yarkandensis) using the microsatellite DNA method.

To evaluate the genetic diversity of the Xinjiang Tarim red deer (Cervus elaphus yarkandensis) population, we analyzed the frequencies of microsatellite alleles. Samples were collected from 3 isolated populations in Xaya, Lopnur and Qarqan of Xinjiang. Although 10 microsatellite loci were examined, alleles of 133 to 190 base-pairs were detected for only 3 loci: BM5004, BM4208 and BM888. The average observed multilocus heterozygosity was 0.08 +/- 0.04 for the Xaya, 0 for the Lopnur, and 0.17 +/- 0.08 for the Qarqan population. The average heterozygosity of all populations was 0.08 +/- 0.02. The observed heterozygosities were significantly lower than the expected values. The present results suggest that the bottleneck effect has occurred in the populations of the Xinjiang Tarim red deer.     

Genetic variation in domestic and wild elk (Cervus elaphus)

Elk (Cervus elaphus) have recently been established as domestic livestock derived from extant wild populations and may provide insights into changes in genetic variation during domestication. We compared genetic variation at 10 microsatellite DNA loci and the mitochondrial DNA D-loop in 2 herds of domestic elk in Alaska and Canada and wild elk from 8 locations in western North America and Asia. Average individual heterozygosity was 0.55 in domestic elk and 0.47 in wild elk, average number of alleles per locus was 4.1 in domestic elk and 3.9 in wild elk, and 4 mitochondrial DNA haplotypes were observed in domestic elk and 3 in wild elk. Levels of genetic variation were not significantly different among the domestic elk and wild elk we analyzed. Our results are consistent with other studies showing that genetic variation can be maintained in domestic and wild populations of elk and other deer with appropriate management.     

麇鹿生长三支角罕见案例的剖析

2010年3月-2013年3月,在江苏大丰麋鹿野放区及北京南海子麋鹿苑观察麋鹿行为时,发现有2头麋鹿头上分别长出3支角。通过对这一麋鹿发展史上罕见的案例剖析,认为它对今后开展麇鹿近亲繁殖、种群遗传多样性保护、种群的健康发展等相关研究可能具有启迪作用。     

东方白鹳微卫星遗传标记的筛选及其在种群遗传分析中的应用

东方白鹳(Ciconia boyciana)是分布于东亚的大型濒危涉禽,亟待深入开展其种群的保护遗传学研究.本研究采用微卫星标记技术筛选东方白鹤的微卫星位点,并进行种群的遗传多样性分析.所用的36对微卫星引物7对来自白鹳(Ciconia ciconia),12对来自朱鹮(Nipponia nippon),17对来自大蓝...     

中国麋鹿种群发展现状及其研究进展

麋鹿(Elaphurus davidianus)是国家Ⅰ级重点保护动物,为中国特有种。由于人类的猎捕和环境的变迁,在1900年左右该种群在中国基本灭绝。麋鹿重引入是中国第一个重大物种重引入项目,目前已经建立了北京南海子麋鹿苑、江苏大丰麋鹿国家级自然保护区和湖北石首麋鹿国家级自然保护区,分别代表了中国麋鹿的人工圈养、半人工圈养和自然放养3种方式。作者从麋鹿的生物学特征、生境、种群、遗传繁殖、饲养管理及药用价值等方面进行了归纳分析,详细阐述了中国麋鹿种群发展现状及其研究方面取得的成果,为促进麋鹿种群的健康繁衍和保护提供理论依据。     

Seroprevalences of antibodies to Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in zoo animals

Neospora caninum is an apicomplexan parasite that causes neuromuscular disease in dogs and abortions in cattle. Little is known about the prevalence of antibodies to this parasite in zoo animals. Sera from 556 animals, from 13 Czech and Slovak zoos were tested for antibodies to N. caninum and Toxoplasma gondii by indirect fluorescent antibody test. Antibodies to N. caninum were found in 31 of 556 zoo animals (5.6%), representing 18 of 114 species tested: Eurasian wolf (Canis lupus lupus), Maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus), fennec (Vulpes zerda), cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), jaguarundi (Herpailurus yaguarondi), Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), Indian lion (Panthera leo goojratensis), fisher (Martes pennanti), blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra), European bison (Bison bonasus), lechwe (Kobus leche), African buffalo (Syncerus caffer caffer), eland (Taurotragus oryx), sitatunga (Tragelaphus spekei gratus), Thorold's deer (Cervus albirostris), Eastern elk (C. elaphus canadensis), Vietnam sika deer (C. nippon pseudaxis) and Père David's deer (Elaphurus davidianus). Titres ranged from 1:40 to 1:2560. The highest prevalence 50% was found in family mustelidae of the order carnivora. Antibodies to T. gondii were detected in 193 of 556 zoo animals (34.7%) representing 72 of 114 species tested, with titres ranging from 1:40 to 1:40960. The highest prevalence 100% was found in families: hyaenidae, mustelidae, ursidae and viveridae of the order carnivora. The results of this study indicate that zoo animals have more exposure to T. gondii than to N. caninum. It is the first report of seroprevalence of antibodies to N. caninum in European zoo animals.     

黑龙江省完达山东部林区马鹿微卫星位点的筛选

利用黑尾鹿、白尾鹿等近缘物种的18对微卫星引物,对2个东北马鹿肌肉DNA样品和176个粪便DNA样品进行扩增,通过毛细管电泳法筛选适合东北马鹿的微卫星位点。结果表明,其中3个位点为高度多态性位点（PIC〉0.5）,1个为中度多态性位点（0.5〉PIC〉0.25）。共检测到26个等位基因片段,平均每个位点6.5个等位基因。多态信息含量0.393～0.827,个体识别率0.643～0.958,累积个体识别率为0.9999,累积非父排除率为0.9976。这4个多态性微卫星位点为东北马鹿的遗传研究提供了理论依据。