中国圈养野生动物疫苗使用调查

2005年对中国动物园协会单位中的18家动物园饲养野生动物疫苗免疫情况进行调查。受调查动物园在野生动物疫苗使用和动物种类方面具有一定的代表性。调查结果显示动物园动物现共使用18类36种疫苗,预防31种疫病。其中哺乳动物使用14类24种疫苗,预防24种疫病;禽类使用4类12种疫苗,预防7种疫病。使用范围最广的有禽流感、犬瘟热疫苗等、新城疫疫苗、猫瘟热疫苗等。共有24目58科动物接种疫苗,其中食肉动物类1目8科,食草动物类3目9科,杂食动物类2目3科,禽类18目38科。研究结果提示应加强动物园之间疫病信息交流、防疫资源的利用、疫病监测和研究,加大对动物园动物疫病的研究投入,逐步建立动物园动物统一的防疫规程。     

Comparison of in vitro and in situ methods in evaluation of forage digestibility in ruminants

The objective of this study was to compare the application of different in vitro and in situ methods in empirical and mechanistic predictions of in vivo OM digestibility (OMD) and their associations to near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy spectra for a variety of forages. Apparent in vivo OMD of silages made from alfalfa (n = 2), corn (n = 9), corn stover (n = 2), grass (n = 11), whole crops of wheat and barley (n = 8) and red clover (n = 7), and fresh alfalfa (n = 1), grass hays (n = 5), and wheat straws (n = 5) had previously been determined in sheep. Concentrations of indigestible NDF (iNDF) in all forage samples were determined by a 288-h ruminal in situ incubation. Gas production of isolated forage NDF was measured by in vitro incubations for 72 h. In vitro pepsin-cellulase OM solubility (OMS) of the forages was determined by a 2-step gravimetric digestion method. Samples were also subjected to a 2-step determination of in vitro OMD based on buffered rumen fluid and pepsin. Further, rumen fluid digestible OM was determined from a single 96-h incubation at 38°C. Digestibility of OM from the in situ and the in vitro incubations was calculated according to published empirical equations, which were either forage specific or general (1 equation for all forages) within method. Indigestible NDF was also used in a mechanistic model to predict OMD. Predictions of OMD were evaluated by residual analysis using the GLM procedure in SAS. In vitro OMS in a general prediction equation of OMD did not display a significant forage-type effect on the residuals (observed - predicted OMD; P = 0.10). Predictions of OMD within forage types were consistent between iNDF and the 2-step in vitro method based on rumen fluid. Root mean square error of OMD was least (0.032) when the prediction was based on a general forage equation of OMS. However, regenerating a simple regression for iNDF by omitting alfalfa and wheat straw reduced the root mean square error of OMD to 0.025. Indigestible NDF in a general forage equation predicted OMD without any bias (P ≥ 0.16), and root mean square error of prediction was smallest among all methods when alfalfa and wheat straw samples were excluded. Our study suggests that compared with the in vitro laboratory methods, iNDF used in forage-specific equations will improve overall predictions of forage in vivo OMD. The in vitro and in situ methods performed equally well in calibrations of iNDF or OMD by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy.     

湖南山羊附红细胞体病的感染调查

对湖南省2个规模化山羊养殖场进行附红细胞体病的感染调查,结果表明:山羊附红细胞体总感染率为51.4%,其中A场感染率为53.4%,B场感染率为0。将镜检阳性山羊血液人工感染小白鼠,10d后小白鼠体内出现附红细胞体。     

昆明小鼠卵母细胞体外成熟培养条件优化

对不同的培养液（M199、mDPBS、TYH）和培养液添加物对小鼠C级卵母细胞体外发育和成熟的影响进行了研究。结果表明,mDPBS培养液的培养效果（GVBD：19．8％,PBI：12．3％）好于（P〈0．05）M199培养液（GVBD：13．3％,PBI：8．9％）和TYH培养液（GVBD：12．3％,PBI：7．4％）;mDPBS中添加丙酮酸钠和FCS（GVBD：100％,PBI：86．3％）明显优于（P〈0.01）单纯添加丙酮酸钠（GVBD：42．9％,PBI：23．8％）,也明显优于（P〈0．01）添加丙酮酸钠＋BSA（GVBD：63．2％,PBI：53．8％）;就A、B和C级3种卵母细胞相比,C级卵母细胞的成熟发育最佳,GVBD的发生率为100．0％,PBI的排出率为86．2％。     

精原干细胞体外培养研究进展

精原干细胞（SSCs）是指位于睾丸生精小管基膜上既能自我更新维持自身群体数量恒定,又能定向分化形成精母细胞,最终形成精子的一类原始干细胞。其体外培养以及近年来兴起的移植、基因转染的深入研究,为探讨精子的发生机制、重建不育个体的精子发生、生产转基因动物提供了新的途径。文章综述了精原干细胞体外培养的研究现状,并对其体外的纯化、鉴定,以及未来的应用进行了介绍,旨在为精原干细胞的研究提供借鉴。     

细胞因子在禽传染病防治中的应用

细胞因子是一类小分子多肽,通过自分泌和旁分泌传递细胞应答.细胞因子间复杂的相互作用控制着为保护机体免受病原体侵害而发生的炎症反应和特异性免疫应答,它是启动和维持机体防御功能的调节器,最终决定传递性应答反应类型和作用机制,作为效应分子暂时的、局部的来控制反应的发生范围和持续时间.文章介绍了细胞因子在禽传染病防治中的应用.     

Metabolism of carbohydrate in alimentary tract of reindeer in winter

The study was conducted on six reindeers in December. It was established that concentration of reducing sugars in the chyme of jejunum increases substantially (6 times in comparison with abomasum), whereas concentration cellulose, on the contrary, decreases (4.5 times). The maximal increase of monosaccharides in the small intestine testifies to formation of metabolic fund of sugars in this part of the alimentary tract due to high degree of polysaccharides hydrolysis of exogenous, as well as endogenous, microbial formation. Obtained data assume that the need of the reindeer for glucose is provided for not only by gluconeogenesis as it was considered before, but also by absorption of monosaccharides from the alimentary tract.     

PACS法在鸡基因差异表达中的应用

利用PACS(preferential amplification of cod ing sequence)法鉴别鸡中的差异表达基因。结果表明,该方法具有操作简单、假阳性率低、能选择性扩增mRNA编码区等优点,可作为禽类基因差异表达研究中的首选方法。     

中国野生动物驯养与繁殖法律制度的缺陷与完善

野生动物驯养繁殖在世界野生动物资源保护中具有重要作用，有关野生动物驯养繁殖的法律制度也成为各国野生动物资源保护立法的主要内容。本文针对目前中国野生动物驯养繁殖的立法现状与存在问题，提出完善中国野生动物驯养繁殖的国内法对策，以推进中国野生动物资源保护立法的发展。     

大庆市羊东毕吸虫病流行病学调查

对大庆市羊东毕吸虫病的流行病学进行了调查研究。结果表明，大庆有3种东毕吸虫，即程氏东毕吸虫（O.cheni)、土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫（O.turkestanica)和土耳斯坦东毕吸虫结节变种（O.turkestanican var.thuberculata)；中间宿主螺类有1种，即卵萝卜螺；东毕吸虫病在大庆分布很广，所调查的4区2县均有发生，羊东毕吸虫平均感染率分别为50．33％，平均死亡率为21．12％，大庆羊急性病例发病时间为8月上旬至10月下旬，慢性病例为11月上旬至翌年2月中旬。     

黑龙江省旋毛虫分类研究进展

近年来,随着遗传学、生物学和分子生物技术的发展及其在寄生虫学方面的应用,国内学者认为黑龙江省旋毛虫有2个种和1个分类地位尚未定的基因型.文章根据黑龙江省旋毛虫形态学、生物学、遗传学、分子生物学等方面表现的不同特性,对其分类学方面的研究加以综述.     

ELISA试验在防制猪伪狂犬病中的应用

猪伪狂犬病是由伪狂病病毒(Pseudorabies virus PRV)引起的急性传染病。其特征是成年猪常为隐性感染，可有流产、死胎、呼吸系统症状，新生仔猪除神经症状外还可侵害消化系统，并伴大批死亡。本病已经给全世界的养猪业造成严重的损失，我国许多地区已报道该病。为进一步探讨该病的控制、净化措施，我们对12个养猪场共856分血清采用美国嗍公司的ELISA试剂盒进行了抗体检测。     

新型广谱杀虫药沙罗拉纳在国外伴侣动物体外寄生虫防治中的应用

沙罗拉纳(sarolaner)属异恶唑啉类化合物,是一种新型广谱杀虫药。沙罗拉纳已被证实通过特异性阻断昆虫γ-氨基丁酸受体和谷氨酸门控氯离子通道而显示出抗寄生虫活性。本文综述了近年来沙罗拉纳在国外伴侣动物体外寄生虫防治中的开发及临床应用情况,旨在为该药的深入研究和国内开发应用提供参考。近年来,该药主要用于犬猫等伴侣动物体外寄生虫的临床预防和治疗,对蜱类、蚤类、螨类等体外寄生虫有高效的杀灭作用。与其他杀虫药相比,该药在分子结构、作用位点和选择性等方面有显著差异,具有杀虫活性强、治疗剂量低、安全性高等优点。此外,该药通过与多种药物联合应用,可提高治疗效果,扩大治疗范围。就国外研究来看,沙罗拉纳是一种安全广谱的高效杀虫剂,拥有广阔的应用前景。     

河南省南阳地区黄牛狂犬病防制研究

由河南省南阳地区患“怪叫病”黄牛脑组织分离鉴定了5株狂犬病病毒,建立了检测狂犬病病毒抗原的夹心间接斑点酶联免疫吸附试验、检测狂犬病病毒抗体和中和抗体的夹心阻断酶联免疫吸附试验和微量免疫酶试验.应用所建立的方法,结合小鼠中和试验,对疫区牛、马、猪、羊、犬、猫、鸡、鼠和蝙蝠9种动物的1138份血清标本进行了检测,结果发现阳性率达12.65%,其中疫点内牛、猪、犬、猫和鼠的阳性率更高,为20%左右.根据动物群中较高阳性率,亦即隐性感染动物的存在,提出了南阳地区黄牛狂大病除因疯犬或带毒犬咬伤所致者外,可能还有因其他动物如鼠等咬伤甚至非咬伤感染途径的存在.在确定病性以及上述流行病学调查的基础上,实施了以管(制)、免(疫)、灭(扑杀)为中心的综合防制措施,经3年的工作,收到了明显的防制效果.     

Application of Three Kinds of Dyes in Gastrointestinal Propulsion in Mice

In order to select the best tracer dye for gastric emptying and intestinal propulsion experiment,three kinds of dyes including of dextran blue 2000,direct blue 53 and ink were selected.The absorbance values of the series of concentration of dyes were tested in a range of wavelength by micro double dilution method.Moreover,the maximum absorption wavelength and measurable concentration range of three dyes were determined.According to measurable range of three kinds of dyes,the optimal gavage doses were obtained in mice.The gastric residual rates,small intestinal propulsion rates and residual rates in four parts of equal small intestine were tested.The results showed that the maximum absorption wavelengths of dextran blue 2000,direct blue 53 and ink were 630,630 and 405 nm,respectively.Their measurable concentration ranges were 0.16 to 5.00 mg/mL (R²=0.9863),0.78 to 6.25 μg/mL (R²=0.9984) and 0.02% to 0.16% (R²=0.9979).The difference of gastric emptying rates among the three dyes was not significant (P > 0.05),and intestinal propulsion rate of direct blue was significantly higher than those of the other two dyes (P < 0.05).Total residual rates of dextran blue 2000,ink and direct blue were 93.6%±4.5%,71.5%±8.5% and 18.7%±2.8%,respectively.The results suggested that ink was the best tracer dye if only the intestinal propulsion rate in vivo needed to be determined,while dextran blue 2000 is appropriate if a precise determination of the gastric and intestinal emptying needed to be done.     

Use of cyclocryotherapy in management of glaucoma in dogs

In 5 cases of glaucoma (2 from trauma, 2 from narrowed drainage angles, 1 secondary to lens extraction), cyclocryotherapy was used to control intraocular pressure. In all cases the intraocular pressure decreased, with the usual result being a cosmetic and painless but blind eye.     

己酮可可碱在哺乳动物辅助生殖技术方面的应用进展

本文综述了己酮可可碱在哺乳动物辅助生殖技术方面的应用情况,阐述了己酮可可碱在精子细胞浆内注射、人工授精、体外处理精液和口服使用对生殖细胞的改善作用等方面的应用情况,并概述了己酮可可碱对生殖细胞可能产生的毒性作用。     

上海地区野生蛇类隐孢子虫感染情况的调查

用改良抗酸性染色法对采自上海地区野生蛇类的胃内容物进行了隐孢子虫感染情况调查。结果表明,上海地区野生蛇类隐孢子虫的感染率高达45.2%,显著高于动物园驯养的爬行动物的感染率(4.5%)。同时揭示了野生蛇类驯养死亡率极高的重要原因,并给喜食蛇类等野生动物者提出了严重的警示。     

哈尔滨市不同生境类型春季麻雀种群密度差异分析

城市中不同功能区内的生境环境各不相同,常见的功能区为景区、人工林、校园及居民区,研究城市不同生境类型对麻雀种群数量的影响可以对城市进一步建设和管理提供参考。本试验选取哈尔滨市太阳岛部分景区、东北林业大学林场、哈尔滨医科大学校园及哈尔滨市南岗区大众新城居民小区作为研究点。通过样方与样线法采集不同生境下的麻雀数量,使用SPSS 19. 1软件进行分析得到麻雀的种群密度。通过t检验得出结论为:城市不同功能区内的同一绿地种类中麻雀种群密度之间差异极显著,就均值来看麻雀种群密度大小依次为:太阳岛、大众新城、哈医大校园、东北林业大学林场,因此相对来说麻雀更喜欢太阳岛(风景区),其次是大众新城(居民区),然后是哈医大(高校校园),最后是校林场(人工林)。同时,通过t检验得到高校校园功能区中不同绿地种类的麻雀种群密度间差异也极显著,结果中均值显示麻雀种群密度从大到小依次为:林草混合地、林荫路、草地,因此相对来说麻雀更喜欢林草混合地,其次是林荫路,最后是草地。