烟碱对大鼠心电图的影响

烟碱对心率的作用具有阶段性,初期引起心率短暂性减弱,紧接着发生瞬时增加。为进一步确定烟碱对大鼠心脏的作用,对描记烟碱作用后大鼠心电图进行分析,发现烟碱能引起大鼠心电图显示较长的QT间期,增加了PR间期及T波面积,与肾上腺素或去甲肾上腺素引起的QT间期延长相似,且能被M受体阻断剂阿托品所阻断,说明烟碱能够诱导局部释放乙酰胆碱或者作用于部分副交感神经控制的毒蕈碱受体。     

烟碱对LPS诱导的兔子宫内膜上皮细胞炎症因子及前列腺素分泌的影响

试验旨在探索α7烟碱乙酰胆碱受体（α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor,α7nAChR）的高亲和力激动剂烟碱对脂多糖（lipopolysaccharides,LPS）诱导的兔子宫内膜上皮炎症的作用机制。分离发情后期兔的子宫内膜上皮细胞,用100 ng/mL LPS对细胞进行炎性刺激12 h。用CCK8法检测不同浓度烟碱（5、10和20 μg/mL）对细胞存活率的影响,筛选合适浓度的烟碱进行后续试验。将细胞分为对照组（CON）、LPS、LPS+烟碱、LPS+烟碱+甲基牛扁碱（MLA）（α7nAChR的特异性颉颃剂）组,通过ELISA法检测细胞培养上清液中白细胞介素-1β（interleukin 1β,IL-1β）、IL-6、IL-8、肿瘤坏死因子-α（tumor necrosis factor,TNF-α）、前列腺素E₂（prostaglandin E₂,PGE₂）和前列腺素F_2α（PGF_2α）的含量。试验成功分离兔子宫内膜上皮细胞,且传至第5代仍保持良好的生长状态。CCK8检测结果显示,20 μg/mL烟碱组细胞存活率显著降低（P<0.05）,10 μg/mL烟碱对细胞存活率无显著影响（P>0.05）,所以选择10 μg/mL烟碱进行后续试验。ELISA结果显示,与对照组相比,LPS组IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α、PGE₂和PGF_2α的含量显著增加（P<0.05）;与LPS组相比,LPS+烟碱组显著降低IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α、PGE₂和PGF_2α的含量（P<0.05）,LPS+烟碱+MLA组炎性因子和前列腺素的含量差异不显著（P<0.05）。以上结果表明,烟碱对LPS诱导的兔子宫内膜上皮细胞分泌IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α、PGE₂和PGF_2α具有下调作用,推测烟碱通过α7nAChR介导炎性因子和前列腺素分泌下调而发挥抗炎作用,该结果可为研究α7nAChR作为子宫内膜炎治疗靶点的药物选择提供参考。     

机械牵拉对胚胎鸡心肌细胞大电导钾通道生物物理特性的影响

为了研究鸡心肌细胞BK通道对持续外加牵拉力的生物物理敏感性,从而了解心肌肥大和心力衰竭的发病机制,试验采用基底牵拉装置,对表达有克隆于胚胎鸡心肌细胞BK通道α亚基和共表达α、β亚基的胚胎鸡心肌细胞CHO-K1分别持续施加10%的拉伸应变24 h,应用单通道记录分析β亚基和钙离子在拉伸应变对BK通道生物物理特性影响中的作用。结果表明:拉伸应变作用于CHO-K1细胞后使通道的力敏感性明显增加,但牵拉对通道的钙离子依赖性影响不明显,而在此过程中β亚基并不起显著的作用。说明心脏在收缩、舒张时,心肌细胞由于遭受大的变形而产生力学作用,当这个力的作用超负荷时,会造成心肌肥大、心率不齐等一系列病变。     

乳化异氟醚对大鼠不同脑区nAChRs表达的影响

为探讨乳化异氟醚对大鼠不同脑区nAChRs表达的影响,采用18只Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组、麻醉组和恢复组,应用乳化异氟醚通过尾静脉途径给药,对大鼠进行麻醉,采用免疫组织化学的方法,观察鉴别不同脑区中nAChRs表达的阳性细胞,并作阳性细胞计数。结果显示,大鼠注射乳化异氟醚后大脑皮层和海马的nAChRs的阳性细胞数显著下降,而小脑和脑干的nAChRs阳性细胞数显著增加,提示乳化异氟醚能够抑制大脑皮层和海马nAChRs的表达,诱导小脑和脑干nAChRs的表达,nAChRs可能是乳化异氟醚产生全麻作用的靶位之一。     

老鹳草膏对大鼠佐剂性关节炎疗效观察及血清IL-1β和TNF-α表达的影响

为了观察老鹳草膏对大鼠佐剂性关节炎(AA)的治疗效果,测定其对血清白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)含量的影响,探讨老鹳草对类风湿性关节炎(RA)的作用机理,试验采用SD大鼠60只,随机分为4组,即空白对照组、试验对照组、老鹳草组和甲氨喋呤(MTX)组,模型组尾根部皮内注射完全弗氏佐剂(CFA),定时测定关节肿胀度,第10天开始药物干预试验,第45天乙醚麻醉后眼底采血,采用ELISA方法检测血清中各细胞因子的浓度。结果表明:老鹳草可降低AA大鼠血清高浓度的IL-1β、TNF-α水平,与试验对照组相比差异极显著(P0.01),与MTX组相比差异显著(P0.05),有助于恢复机体免疫稳定状态。说明老鹳草能降低大鼠足关节肿胀度,可在免疫水平进行保护性调节,提示对治疗人RA有一定作用。     

烟碱酰胺合成酶基因的原核表达及多克隆抗体制备

以重组克隆质粒p0390-MF-NASHOR1为模板,通过聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)扩增出烟碱酰胺合成酶基因(nas)片段并将其克隆到原核表达载体pGEM-KG中,获得重组表达质粒pKG-NAS。将此重组表达载体质粒转化到大肠杆菌DH5α中,经异丙基-β-D硫代半乳糖苷(isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside,IPTG)诱导表达。聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(sodium dodecyl sulfate-poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE)结果显示,烟碱酰胺合成酶基因在大肠杆菌中成功表达,表达的烟碱酰胺合成酶融合蛋白分子量大约为61 kDa。将初步的纯化产物作为免疫原去免疫新西兰大白兔制备兔抗烟碱酰胺合成酶血清,用蛋白免疫印迹法(western blot-ting)对制备的兔抗血清中的多克隆抗体进行了鉴定,显示该抗体具有较好的特异性。烟碱酰胺合成酶基因多克隆抗体的成功制备为检测该基因在草坪草中的表达提供了可靠的手段和技术平台,为进一步阐明该基因的作用机理奠定了基础。     

牛整合素β1亚基在COS-7细胞中的真核表达

整合素是由18种α亚基和8种β亚基在细胞表面形成的异型二聚体。研究发现,整合素β1亚基是粘附分子家族主要成员,对多种细胞的存活、扩增、迁移有重要作用。本研究通过设计针对牛整合素β1亚基的特异性引物,将其克隆到真核表达载体pEYFP-C1上,构建p EYFP-C1-β1重组表达质粒,经PCR和酶切鉴定符合试验预期的阳性重组质粒与脂质体按照1:1.5比例共转染COS-7细胞,48 h后可见阳性重组质粒共转染COS-7细胞出现荧光信号。结果表明,本研究成功构建出具有生物学活性的牛整合素β1亚基,为研究牛整合素β1亚基的生物学功能奠定基础。     

奶牛子宫内膜组织α7-nAChR介导的抗炎效应

产后奶牛子宫内膜炎高发并导致严重的繁殖机能障碍使该病防治成为当前研究重点。胆碱能抗炎症通路为新药开发提供新的靶点,主要通过烟碱乙酰胆碱受体(α7-nAChR)发挥抗炎作用,但α7-nAChR能否成为治疗奶牛子宫内膜炎的潜在药物靶点尚无数据报道。本研究的目的是调查奶牛子宫内膜组织α7-nAChR是否参与抗炎效应。结果表明,LPS刺激子宫内膜组织8和12 h il-6 mRNA表达量最高,因此选择8和12 h作为本研究炎症模型最佳LPS作用时间;α7-nAChR特异性激动剂PNU-282987在5,10和15mmol/L浓度下可显著下调促炎细胞因子il-1β、il-6、tnf-α及炎症趋化因子il-8 mRNA表达,同时环氧合酶-2(cox-2)和微粒体前列腺素E合成酶-1(mpges-1)表达水平明显下降,这种效应可被α7-nAChR特异性拮抗剂甲基牛扁碱(MLA)逆转。上述结果初步表明激动子宫内膜α7-nAChR具有抑制炎症效应。     

苯恶唑和狄普诺啡对麻醉大鼠血浆、垂体和下丘脑β-内啡肽的影响

用二甲苯胺噻嗪(xylazine)+双氢埃托啡(DHE)腹腔注射麻醉大鼠,30 m in时再腹腔注射苯恶唑(Rx781094)+狄普诺啡(M5050),重新记时,放射免疫分析法测定给药后0、5、10、60、120 m in时大鼠血浆、垂体和下丘脑β-内啡肽(β-EP)的含量。结果表明,Rx781094+M5050能够颉颃xylazine+DHE麻醉大鼠引起血浆β-EP的升高,垂体β-EP的下降和下丘脑β-EP的升高。这3种改变均从5 m in开始,持续至60m in。提示:α2-肾上腺素受体(α2-AR)和阿片受体激动剂组成的麻醉合剂xylazine+DHE对大鼠的镇痛和麻醉过程中,激发了内源性阿片肽β-EP的参与。     

FSHβ亚基基因多态性对猪产仔性能的影响

FSH是一种重要的生殖激素,在动物繁殖过程中起重要作用,由β和α两个亚基组成,激素功能的特异性由α亚基决定.本文综述了猪FSH β亚基基因调控区、编码区、内含子区域内发生的遗传变异及对产仔性能的影响,并就FSHβ亚基基因在猪育种实践中的应用提出建议.     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.     

优质肉鸡S3系体重与体尺性状指标的主成分分析

为研究地方优质肉鸡S3系体重和体尺性状之间的内在相关性,12周龄时选取同一饲养条件下的150只鸡(公母各半)进行体重和体尺性状等7个指标的测定。结果表明:S3系公鸡的体重、体斜长、龙骨长、胸角均显著高于母鸡(P0.05);公母鸡体重、体斜长、胸宽、胫围这4项指标变异系数较大,有较大选育空间;体重与体斜长、龙骨长、胸宽、胸角、胫围呈极显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.57、0.52、0.51、0.49和0.47,与胸深、胫长呈显著相关(P0.05),相关系数分别为0.44和0.39;其他各体尺指标间也存在不同程度的正负相关性(P0.05或P0.01);体重和7个体尺性能指标综合成5个复合指标,累计贡献率达92.6355%,其中第l、2、3、4、5主成分分别解释总变异的36.5353%、22.8642%、13.3115%、10.4535%和8.4710%;各主成分的特征根分布较广,经统计计算入选的5个主成分所包含信息的侧重点各有相同,分别都在一定程度上反映了S3鸡的体型特征和生长发育规律,为今后选育出更加符合市场需求的屠宰加工优质型肉鸡指明了的方向。     

Efficacy of tropicamide,homatropine, cyclopentolate,atropine and hyoscine as mydriatics in Angora goats

Abstract

AIM: To document the efficacy of five commercially available mydriatics for their potential for diagnostic and therapeutic use in Angora goats.

METHODS: Over 8 weeks, the mydriatic effects of 1% tropicamide, 2% homatropine, 1% cyclopentolate, 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine were evaluated. Given as block treatments, drugs were applied randomly to one eye of 10 Angora goats, and the contralateral eye served as a control. Vertical and horizontal pupil diameters were measured to document onset ofeffect, time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical/horizontal pupil diameter between eyes, time to maximum pupillary dilation, and duration of mydriatic action.

RESULTS: Onset of mydriasis for all drugs occurred within 15 minutes. Time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical pupil diameter between eyes was shortest for 1% tropicamide and 0.25% hyoscine (0.5 h), then 2% homatropine and 1% atropine (0.75 h), and longest for 1% cyclopentolate (1.5 h). The maximum vertical pupillary dilation occurred earliest with 1% tropicamide and 1% atropine (2 h), followed by 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (4 h), and latest with 1% cyclopentolate (8 h). The duration of vertical dilation of the pupil was shortest with 1% tropicamide (6 h), then 2% homatropine (12 h), 1% cyclopentolate (12 h), 1% atropine (24 h), and longest for 0.25% hyoscine (96 h).

The time to reach maximum horizontal dilation of the pupil in treated eyes was shortest with 1% cyclopentolate (1 h), followed by 1% tropicamide (1.5 h), 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (3.5 h), and 1% atropine (4 h). The duration of horizontal pupil dilation was shortest with 1% tropicamide (4.5 h), and longest with 0.25% hyoscine (48 h).

CONCLUSION: All five mydriatics induced clinical dilation. Tropicamide (1%) had the shortest duration of effect, but gave incomplete dilation. Good dilation was achieved with 1% cyclopentolate and 2% homatropine, but took too long to reach maximum dilation for routine mydriasis. The largest vertical dilation of the pupil was achieved with 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine, but pupils remained dilated for more than 24 h.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: For routine mydriasis in goats, it is recommended that 1% tropicamide be used, though there may be incomplete dilation. For a longer duration of mydriasis, such as in the treatment of anterior uveitis, 1% atropine or 0.25% hyoscine would be the drugs of choice.