比格犬排卵时间预测

本实验通过采用阴道涂片、排卵测定仪、母犬发情的特征和公犬试情、对排卵期前后血清中促黄体素(LH)、雌二醇(E2)及孕酮(P)等生殖激素的含量进行检测,对发情母犬进行排卵检查。根据文献资料,母犬角质化细胞达到90%～100%、排卵测定仪数值达到最高值(一般为1 500)后1～2 d、母犬从开始接受公犬爬跨到第3 d左右、LH峰值之后2～3 d为母犬的排卵时间。本实验中,当母犬滴血第11 d,阴道涂片细胞角质化率达到91%,排卵测定仪达到最高值,所有母犬愿意接受交配,LH值在峰值后2～3 d范围内,综合预测比格犬的排卵时间为阴道滴血第11～13 d。     

硒对STZ诱发糖尿病大鼠骨密度影响的研究初报

比较了在低硒饲料的基础上补充不同形态硒对糖尿病大鼠骨密度的影响。健康SD大鼠 1 2 8只 ,体重 50～ 60 g,随机分为 4组 ,每组 32只 ,雌雄各半 ,其中Ⅰ组为低硒对照组 (饲料含硒量 0 0 37mg/kg) ;Ⅱ组为补充亚硒酸钠组 (饲料含硒量 0 3mg/kg) ;Ⅲ组为补充富硒麦芽组(饲料含硒量 0 3mg/kg) ;Ⅳ组为补充富硒酵母组 (饲料含硒量 0 3mg/kg)。Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组的饲料均是在Ⅰ组低硒饲料的基础上分别添加适量的亚硒酸钠、富硒麦芽、富硒酵母后配制而成。喂饲 5周后 ,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组用链脲佐菌素 (streptozotocin ,STZ)按 60mg/kg腹腔注射诱发糖尿病 ,继续饲喂 6周。用单光子吸收法测定各组大鼠的肱骨、股骨、胫骨、桡骨的骨密度。结果表明 :①STZ致糖尿病大鼠的骨密度随时间的延长有逐渐下降的趋势。Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ补硒组大鼠可以在一定时间内延缓STZ致糖尿病大鼠的骨密度下降。在此期间骨密度的下降以肱骨出现最早 ,股骨次之 ,桡骨、胫骨再次之。②饲料补硒组糖尿病大鼠的肱骨、股骨中硒的含量较饲料低硒组糖尿病大鼠的肱骨、股骨中硒的含量显著提高。③补充硒的形态 ,即有机硒 (富硒麦芽、富硒酵母 )或无机硒 (亚硒酸钠 )对糖尿病大鼠肱骨、股骨、胫骨、桡骨的骨密度影响差异不显著。     

紫外——可见分光光度法测定蛇毒中精氨酸酯酶的含量

应用建立的紫外 -可见分光光度法测定蛇毒中精氨酸酯酶含量的方法 ,检测波长 λ=4 91nm处 ,在 Na-甲苯磺酰 - L -精氨酸盐酸盐甲酯浓度 2～ 10μmol· ml-1范围内 ,线性关系良好 (r=0 .9999) ;测定结果是每 1mg蛇毒中精氨酸酯酶的平均酶活力单位为 0 .6 76± 0 .0 35 (n=5 ) ;高、中、低三种浓度水平的蛇毒在淀粉中的平均回收率依次为 99.4 2± 0 .0 32 %、92 .81± 0 .0 16 %、10 0 .95± 0 .0 4 2 % (n=5 ) ;日内和日间相对标准偏差均小于 15 %。     

河曲藏獒犬品种保护与选育研究

按照公母比例1:3选择公犬50只,母犬150只组建河曲藏獒犬育种核心群,从体型、外貌、体尺、毛色、适应性与气质等方面提出河曲藏獒犬评定的标准与要求,实施各家系等数留种法,使核心群体有效含量达到239.8,世代间隔2.5年,世代近交系数的增量控制在0.2%以下.通过选育核心群公犬平均体高72.1 cm、管围16.3 cm,母犬平均体高70.2 cm、管围15.2 cm,为同步开展河曲藏獒犬品种资源保护与选育奠定了基础.     

PGF2αeCG及hCG 3种生殖激素联用对母犬发情、卵泡发育及胚胎着床的影响

给休情期性成熟母犬肌注 PGF2α(0 .5 m g/ kg) ,2 4 h后肌注 e CG(5 0 IU/ kg) ,再经 12 0 h后肌注 h CG(2 0 U/ kg) ,诱导其发情。将诱导发情的母犬与公犬交配 ,于交配后 16 d,摘取卵巢、子宫 ,观察其卵泡发育和胚胎着床情况。结果表明 ,药物处理可明显促使母犬提前结束休情期而进入发情期 (9/ 10 ) ,促进卵巢内卵泡发育 (P<0 .0 1) ,并使更多的胚胎着床 ,每只母犬子宫胚胎着床点为 (17.4± 2 .2 )个 ,提示 3种生殖激素联合应用可提高母犬繁殖率     

河曲藏獒犬品种保护与选育研究

按照公母比例1:3选择公犬50只,母犬150只组建河曲藏獒犬育种核心群,从体型、外貌、体尺、毛色、适应性与气质等方面提出河曲藏獒犬评定的标准与要求,实施各家系等数留种法,使核心群体有效含量达到239.8,世代间隔2.5年,世代近交系数的增量控制在0.2%以下。通过选育核心群公犬平均体高72.1 cm、管围16.3 cm,母犬平均体高70.2 cm、管围15.2 cm,为同步开展河曲藏獒犬品种资源保护与选育奠定了基础。     

肉犬的配种技术

根据大连普兰店市饲养肉犬专业户王建伟等的实践经验 ,掌握肉犬养殖技术 ,采取科学配种 ,可提高受胎率 ,每胎可产仔 8～ 1 2只 ,多的可达 1 5只 ,其技术要点如下 :1　适期配种　正确掌握犬的适期配种是有效提高母犬受胎率和产仔数的关键。一般来说 ,从母犬阴道流出第一滴血之日起的第 1 0～ 1 3天是最适宜配种期。准确地判断母犬的最佳配种时间可依据以下外观行为特征判断 :①外阴继续肿胀、变软 ,流出的粘液变淡 ,滴血减少或停止 ;②用手按压母犬的腰部或抚摸尾部 ,犬则站立不动 ,尾巴抬起偏向一侧 ;③母犬主动接近公犬 ,当公犬爬跨时 ,母…     

种公犬营养需求及其饲养管理关键技术

正对种犬群而言,种公犬的影响远远大于种母犬,如果种公犬繁育性能低下,不仅造成母犬不能受孕,而且可能直接影响其后代品质。因此,重视种公犬的营养需要,并科学开展饲养管理,对于提高种公犬体质,延长其使用年限,提高种犬繁育性能具有重要的意义。一、种公犬的营养需求(一)能量需要犬的能量以代谢能(ME)来衡量,食物的来源不同,代谢能值也不一样。碳水化合物和蛋白质的代谢能值平均为16.74KJME/g,脂肪的ME平均为38.56KJME/g。种公犬的饲料总能量过高易引起种公犬肥胖,性欲减退,不愿配种,甚至造成睾丸脂肪变性,射出的精子不健全,不能受胎,而能量供给不足则使会推迟后备种犬的性成熟     

体尺细分法在竞赛用伊犁马选择上的应用研究

本文采用体尺细分法 ,测定了乌鲁木齐马术俱乐部 2 4匹伊犁马 1 9个细分体尺及 1 0 0 0m速度成绩。分析细分体尺与速度的相关性 ,结果为 :颈长、肩长、肱骨长、股骨长、胫骨长、肩倾角、股骨倾角、髋骨倾角与速度呈显著 (P <0 0 5)或极显著 (P <0 0 1 )相关     

Regulation of bone phosphorus retention and bone development possibly by related hormones and local bone-derived regulators in broiler chicks

Background:Phosphorus is essential for bone mineralization in broilers,however,the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.We aimed to investigate whether bone phosphorus retention and bone development might be regulated by related hormones and local bone-derived regulators in broilers.Methods:Broilers were fed diets containing different levels of non-phytate phosphorus(NPP)0.15%,0.25%,0.35%,0.45% and 0.55% or 0.15%,0.22%,0.29%,0.36% and 0.43% from 1 to 21 or 22 to 42 days of age.Serum and tibia samples were collected for determinations of bone phosphorus retention and bone development parameters,related hormones and local bone-derived regulators of broiler chickens on d 14,28 and 42,respectively.Results:Tibia ash phosphorus,total phosphorus accumulation in tibia ash(TP_TA),bone mineral concentration(BMC),bone mineral density(BMD),bone breaking strength(BBS),and ash on d 14,28 or 42,serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃(1,25(OH)₂D₃)on d 28 and 42,mRNA expressions of tibia fibroblast growth factor 23(FGF23)and dentin matrix protein 1(DMP1)on d 14 and 28 increased linearly or quadratically(P<0.05),while serum parathyroid hormone(PTH)on d 28,tibia alkaline phosphatase(ALP)on d 14,28 and 42,bone gal protein(BGP)on d 14,and mRNA expression of tibia phosphate-regulating gene with homologies to endopeptidases on the X chromosome(PHEX)on d 14 and 28 decreased linearly or quadratically(P<0.04)as dietary NPP level increased.TPTA,BMC,BMD,and ash on d 28 and 42,BBS on d 28,and ash phosphorus on d 42 were positively correlated(r=0.389 to 0.486,P<0.03)with serum 1,25(OH)₂D₃.All of the above parameters were positively correlated(r=0.380 to 0.689,P<0.05)with tibia DMP1 mRNA expression on d 14,28 and 42,but negatively correlated(r=?0.609 to?0.538,P<0.02)with serum PTH on d 28,tibia ALP on d 14,28 and 42,and BGP on d 14.TP_TA,BMC and ash on d 14 and BMD on d 28 were negatively correlated(r=?0.397 to?0.362,P<0.03)with tibia PHEX mRNA expression,and BMD on d 28 was positively correlated(r=0.384,P=0.04)with tibia FGF23 mRNA expression.Conclusions:These results suggested that bone phosphorus retention and bone development parameters had moderate to strong correlations with serum PTH and 1,25(OH)2D3 and tibia DMP1,PHEX,FGF23,ALP and BGP in broilers during the whole growth period,and thus they might be partly regulated by these related hormones and local bone-derived regulators.     

Signalment differences in bone mineral content and bone mineral density in canine appendicular bones. A cadaveric study.

The objective was to determine signalment-related differences in bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) in dogs. Unilateral appendicular bones were harvested from 62 canine cadavers. Mid-diaphyseal regions of interest (ROIs) were scanned using a Hologic DXA device Braincon, Vienna, Austria). BMC and BMD were calculated within this region. Middle-aged dogs (3-10 years) revealed the highest BMC and BMD levels. Mean BMC and BMD were higher in males compared to females. Furthermore, body-weight of the male dogs was significantly higher compared to the females (P < 0.0001). Body weight and bone length were significantly associated with BMC and BMD (P < or = 0.023) in all bones but the radius. These data suggest that BMC and BMD appear to be highest in male large-breed dogs with a body weight greater than 30 kg. These results may help determine risk factors in fracture development and healing.     

Comparative assessment of bone mineral measurements obtained by use of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, peripheral quantitative computed tomography, and chemical-physical analyses in femurs of juvenile and adult dogs

OBJECTIVE: To compare bone mineral measurements obtained by use of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT), and chemical-physical analyses and determine effects of age and femur size on values obtained for the various techniques. SAMPLE POPULATION: Femurs obtained from 15 juvenile and 15 adult large-breed dogs. PROCEDURE: n each femur, 7 regions of interest were examined by use of DEXA to measure the bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD), and 5 were examined by use of pQCT to measure BMD. Among these, 1 region was examined by both noninvasive methods and an invasive method. Volume of the femur was determined by water displacement. Volumetric bone density (VBD) was calculated. Calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), total Ca, and total P contents were determined. RESULTS: DEXA- and pQCT-derived results revealed that all values increased with age in juvenile dogs. In adults, VBD and pQCT-derived BMD decreased significantly and DEXA-derived BMD increased with increasing femur length.The pQCT-derived BMD correlated well with VBD and Ca content, whereas DEXA-derived BMC was strongly correlated with Ca content. In juveniles, values correlated regardless of the technique used, whereas in adult dogs, DEXA-derived BMD did not correlate with pQCT-derived BMD, Ca concentration, or VBD unless data were adjusted on the basis of femur length. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: DEXA-derived BMD adjusted for femur length yields approximately the same percentage variability in VBD as for pQCT-derived BMD. However, pQCT-derived BMD is still more sensitive for determining variability BMD in Ca concentration, compared with DEXA-derived BMD adjusted for femur length.     

SPA活体测定蛋鸡胫骨骨矿含量方法及其重复性、准确度的探讨

单光子吸收法 (SPA)是活体测定人或动物骨矿含量的非侵入性方法之一。用SPA活体测定蛋鸡胫骨骨矿含量 ,探讨其测定方法的可行性、重复性及准确度。结果表明 ,以胫跖关节内侧隆起作为定位标志 ,并以距此标志 3cm处作为胫骨骨矿含量的测试部位较为理想 ,其重复性 (CV)为 7 90 % ,准确度为 2 633% (r=0 992 6,P <0 0 1 )。本试验所建立的方法 ,为研究禽类骨骼代谢疾病 (如笼养蛋鸡骨质疏松症 )奠定了基础。     

Bone and lean tissue changes following cranial cruciate ligament transection and stifle stabilization

Following cranial cruciate ligament transection and extracapsular stabilization, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to analyze bone mineral content and lean tissue mass in the surgical and nonsurgical legs (n=14) at 0, 2, 4, and 8 weeks, and to evaluate bone mineral content and bone mineral density (BMD) of the proximal, mid-, and distal tibia of both the surgical and nonsurgical legs (n=15) at 0, 5, and 10 weeks. There was significant loss of bone mineral content and lean tissue in the surgical leg compared to the nonsurgical leg. Significant loss in bone mineral content and BMD was detected in the tibia of the surgical leg and was most pronounced in the metaphyseal region.     

Effect of prepubertal ovariohysterectomy on bone mineral density and bone mineral content in puppies

In this study, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was performed on the calcaneus (CAL) and accessory carpal bone (ACB) of early-age neutered (n = 11) and sham-operated puppies (n = 10) to investigate changes in bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) over time. Prepubertal ovariohysterectomy and sham surgery were performed at 10 weeks, while BMD and BMC were measured at 12, 16, 20 and 24 weeks of age. BMD and BMC of CAL and ACB of ovariohysterectomised puppies were found to be higher. The differences between the groups were statistically unimportant; however, the fourth measurement of the ACB showed a significant (P < 0.05) difference. Sexually intact puppies weighed less than gonadectomised puppies in all measurements. Because of the positive correlations between body weight and bone mineral density, BMD and BMC of early-age neutered puppies were found to be higher. These results suggest that BMD and BMC are not affected by prepubertal ovariohysterectomy until six months of age in mixed-breed puppies.     

Age-related changes in bone mineral density, cross-sectional area and the strength of long bones in the hind limbs and first lumbar vertebra in female Wistar rats

Age-related changes in bone mineral density (BMD) and cross-sectional area and bone strength index (SSI) of the femur, tibia, humerus, and first lumbar vertebra in female Wistar (WM/MsNrs) rats were examined by a quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) method. One hundred and sixteen virgin female Wistar (WM/MsNrs) rats aged 2-33 months were used. The data indicate that the total BMD values of metaphyses and diaphyses of long bones increased until 12 months, then decreased to a varying degree depending on the bone after 15-24 months, but the values of cortical and trabecular BMD with age were not always similar to the total BMD value. Nevertheless, the values for cross-sectional area and SSI in the long bones increased regardless of the total BMD decrease with age, indicating that this increase might have been due to a characteristic of the modeling pattern in rats. The total and cortical BMD values in the first lumbar vertebra decreased after 18 months, and SSI did after 15 months. The data obtained in this study were compared with those obtained from males in a previous study. In conclusion, it was indicated that in this strain the rats over 12 months with the highest total BMD values in the femur and tibia, and before the onset of various tumors, are useful as a model animal for osteoporosis experiments and observation of senile bone change.     

Changes in bone structure of Corriedale sheep with inherited rickets: A peripheral quantitative computed tomography assessment

An inherited skeletal disease with gross and microscopic features of rickets has been diagnosed in Corriedale sheep in New Zealand. The aim of this study was to quantify the changes present in tibia from sheep with inherited rickets using peripheral quantitative computed tomography. In affected sheep, scans in the proximal tibia, where metaphysis becomes diaphysis, showed significantly greater trabecular bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD). The sheep with inherited rickets had significantly greater BMC and bone area in the mid-diaphysis of the proximal tibia compared to control sheep. However, BMD in the mid-diaphysis was significantly less in affected sheep than in controls, due to the greater cortical area and lower voxel density values in affected sheep. From this it was concluded that the increased strain on under-mineralised bone in sheep with inherited rickets led to increased bone mass in an attempt to improve bone strength.     

Bone mineral density and bone mineral content of the bilateral first phalanges of the thoracic limbs in horses

The bone mineral density (BMD) and the bone mineral content (BMC) in the bone tissue of the bilateral first phalanges of horses' thoracic limbs were analysed. The research material consisted of isolated pastern bones derived from 22 horses. The research was conducted with the use of a Norland model Excell Plus densitometer (Fort Atkinson WI, USA), using affinited beam X-ray technology and an animal research programme (Research Scan, 3.9.6. version) at the following parameters: scanning resolution of 1.5 x 1.5 mm, scanning speed 60 mm/s. The differences between BMC and BMD values in bilateral first phalanges in the thoracic limbs in horses were found to be nonsignificant. It also appeared that there are statistically significant positive correlations between values of the left and right bone of both analysed variables.     

Use of veterinary interlocking nails for diaphyseal fractures in dogs and cats: 121 cases

OBJECTIVE: To report clinical outcome after use of an interlocking nail (veterinary interlocking nail [VIN]) for stabilization of diaphyseal fractures in dogs and cats. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. Animals: Seventy-eight dogs and 43 cats with diaphyseal fractures of the femur (n = 96), tibia (n = 14), or humerus (n = 11). METHODS: Interlocking nails (4 mm diameter [n = 72], 6 mm [n = 25] or 8 mm [n = 24]), were used in static (n = 106) or dynamic (n = 15) fixation mode. Cerclage wires also were used in 63 (52%) cases. Data about the patient (species, breed, weight, age), characteristics of the fracture, and details of the surgery and perioperative complications were recorded. The surgeon evaluated functional outcome, and fracture healing was quantified 6 weeks (W6) and 3 months (M3) after surgery with a radiographic index. RESULTS: Twelve cases had been unsuccessfully treated by another technique. Of 106 comminuted fractures, 60 were classified as unstable. Only 112 animals were evaluated at W6; 86 (77%) healed without complication and had a functional outcome considered excellent (n = 80, 93%), good (n = 5, 4%), or fair (n = 1). Twenty-six complications were noted: 16 (14%) patients did not require additional surgery and had a good or excellent outcome, whereas 10 (8%) patients needed surgical intervention to CONCLUSIONS: VINs can be used to repair diaphyseal fractures of the femur, tibia, and humerus in dogs and cats provided the implants are appropriately sized for the fractured bone. The high healing rate (even with unstable fractures), associated with a functional outcome, and low complication rate support the use of VINs for these fracture types. However, a period of training and the application of basic principles are necessary to ensure successful results. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: VINs should be considered as alternative technique for management of selected diaphyseal fractures of the femur, tibia, and humerus in dogs and cats.     

Evaluation of the proximal portion of the femur as an autogenous cancellous bone donor site in dogs.

The proximal portion of the femur was evaluated as a source of autogenous cancellous bone in dogs. Bilateral oval cortical defects were created in the lateral subtrochanteric area of the femur in 16 dogs. Cancellous bone was removed and the weight recorded. Cancellous bone was similarly harvested from the proximal portion of the humerus in 7 of these dogs. Subtrochanteric femoral defects in 11 dogs were randomly assigned to receive cancellous bone graft obtained from the femur (n = 4) or the humerus (n = 7). Subtrochanteric defects in 5 dogs were not grafted. Radiographic assessment of subtrochanteric defects was performed at 4-week intervals, and histologic assessment at 4, 8, 16, and 24 weeks after surgery. Nongrafted donor sites healed by ingrowth of trabecular bone during the first 12 weeks after surgery. By week 24, the lateral cortical wall had reformed, but remodeling was incomplete. Donor sites grafted with cancellous bone healed similarly, but with more rapid healing and more complete remodeling evident by week 24. Although the mean weight of cancellous bone harvested from the proximal portion of the femur (0.82 +/- 0.22 g) was significantly (P less than 0.05) less than that harvested from the proximal portion of the humerus (1.38 +/- 0.29 g), there was no qualitative histologic or radiographic difference in bony healing of grafted defects. We determined that the proximal portion of the femur can be safely used to provide moderate amounts of cancellous bone, and that a second bone graft can be collected from the same subtrochanteric donor site after 12 weeks.