Disease and destiny-mystery and mastery

When early people made their appearance, zoonotic infectious diseases were already waiting, but epidemic diseases did not appear in human history until people began to live in large numbers under conditions of close contact, mainly during the last 10,000 years. Disease has decimated urban populations, conquered armies, and disrupted society. The focus here is on (1) the plague of Athens and the Black Death; (2) smallpox, influenza, and rabies; (3) avian influenza prion diseases, and foot & mouth disease; and (4) emerging and re-emerging diseases. All have veterinary public health associations. In Athens, Greece, in 430 BC, when the Spartans ravaged the countryside, hordes crowded into Athens so that orderly movements, space in which to live, and adequate supplies of food became impossible. Crowding of any population fosters disease transmission; chaos and disorder enhance it all the more. Out of northern Egypt came a terrible plague from across the Mediterranean Sea. The identity of the plague of Athens remains unsure, but the well-considered conclusion is Rift Valley Fever, a mosquito borne, viral zoonosis. The Black Death, also called the Plague, raged in Asia for centuries. In 1347, the Black Death was brought by a ship out of Asia to Sicily. The scenes of devastation were repeated throughout Europe, with 90% or more of the people dying in city after city. Influenza, too, has been a cause of periodic human epidemics, but the great pandemic of influenza occurred in the last months of World War I. In the years of highest occurrence, more than half the world's population became clinically infected. If veterinary public health had been born earlier, it could have led to elucidating the epidemiology of influenza and the plagues of Athens, Europe, and Asia. In turn, smallpox had also caused continual tragedy. In 1796, Edward Jenner began to harvest pustules of cowpox from children or infected cows and inject them into susceptible children. In 1980, the World Health Organization declared that smallpox had been eliminated from the world. Rabies, though, still strikes terror. A number of animal diseases, broadly termed emerging and re-emerging diseases, need surveillance because they have the potential to impact human health. From late in 2003 to 2007, the highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus in poultry infected at least 121 people and caused 62 deaths in four countries. The prion diseases, too, all have very high numbers in concentrated contacts. To control these diseases, veterinary public health is essential, with diagnosis, epidemiological surveillance, clinical manifestations, and prevention as primary measures.     

马的咽气癖及其防制措施研究进展

在动物的异常行为中以刻板行为最为常见,而咽气癖又是马最常见的口部刻板行为之一。作者就咽气癖在生理方面和心智方面对马体产生的影响、行为基础、诱因的研究进展及常见的防治措施进行综述。     

广西芒果主要病虫害及其防治

广西是我国主要的芒果生产基地。随着基地建设的发展,芒果病虫害已成为目前栽培管理的主要问题。为此,在调查、研究的基础了介绍了当前芒果生产中常见的病虫害,并提出了防治措施,以期为生产上提供技术参考。     

Foot and mouth disease and bluetongue: differences and similarities

On 26th of july 2007 a new case of bluetongue was notified in the Netherlands and on 2nd of august 2007 foot-and-mouth disease was diagnosed in Surrey, England, which raised the threat of having both infections simultaniously in one area. Bluetongue and foot-and-mouth disease have a different pathogenesis, but symptoms may resemble each other at a later stage of infection. The pathogenesis and possible clinical symptoms of both infections are discussed and illustrated with pictures.     

奶牛肢蹄病及其防治

简介常见奶牛肢蹄病种类及其症状,从日粮营养、运动场地面结构、环境卫生、饲养管理、遗传育种、疾病管理等方面简析奶牛肢蹄病的病因,并提出相应的预防措施。     

RFLP和PCR-RFLP标记与牦牛遗传育种研究

在归纳总结RFLP和PCR-RFLP标记技术的原理、优缺点的基础上,系统论述了其在牦牛遗传育种研究中的应用现状,并提出了个人的建议和看法。     

Local and general anesthetic effects on behavior and performance of two- and seven-week-old castrated and uncastrated piglets

Four experiments were conducted to examine the effects of general and local anesthetics given prior to castration on piglet behavior and weight gain. The first experiment showed that use of general anesthesia by xylazine, ketamine hydrochloride and glyceryl guaiacolate for 2-wk-old piglets resulted in the death of 28% of the piglets and, for those that survived, suppressed nursing behavior. In the second experiment, using 2-wk-old piglets, local anesthesia by lidocaine hydrochloride prevented the slight (30 min) castration-induced nursing behavior suppression. In the third and fourth studies, using 7-wk-old pigs, local or general anesthetic did not overcome castration-induced changes in behavior. Castration affected behavior of 7-wk-old pigs for 6 to 8 h. None of the treatments in any of the studies influenced weight gain. We conclude that castration is painful for 2-wk-old and 7-wk-old pigs. The 2-wk-old pig seems behaviorally less affected by castration than does the 7-wk-old pig. Local anesthetic prevented pain-induced behavior changes for 2-wk-old, but not for 7-wk-old, pigs. At present, the FDA does not permit use of these anesthetics in meat-producing animals.     

再探草坪的起源与演化及其概念——中文·汉语的“草坪”一词及其他

初步考证中文·汉语的“草坪”一词及相关文史资料。再次证明中国自古分布有天然草坪。文字记载早在西汉武帝建元年间 (公元前 138年 )已大面积栽培草坪 ,于今至少有 2 139年历史。当时的草坪科学技术水平已有相当高度 ,发现并选用了结缕草 (Zoysiaspp .) [或狗牙根 (Cynodondactylon) ]和“戾莎 (Carexspp .)”等草坪草 ;发明了大面积整理地形、地貌及平整土地 ,针对不同生活型的草坪草采取“布”或“攒”等不同的建植草坪方式。嗣后 2 0 0 0年 ,处于移植天然草坪为“人工草坪” ,向人工草坪演化的过渡阶段。期间 ,于南齐·昏侯 (499～ 5 0 1)又发明了“满铺草坯”建植草坪等技术。所有的发现、发明不仅沿用至今 ,而且导致清道光朝 (182 1～ 185 1)诞生了中国式人工草坪。现代草坪缘鸦片战争 (184 0 )而传入。相伴近、现代草坪的普及 ,于清道光、咸丰年间 (184 0～ 186 1) ,市郊农村已有“草坪专业户”与“草坯专业户” ,至 2 0世纪 5 0～ 70年代 ,“草坪”一词先后被列入“词 (辞 )典”和“百科全书”等。　　中文·汉语自古以来的草坪概念“平的草地” ,“长草若毛 ,‘剥’取似皮的草地表层”都清楚地规定了 :草坪是一类特殊的草地     

安静型和紧张型湖羊行为和生长及屠宰性能指标的比较和关联分析

本研究旨在比较安静型和紧张型湖羊在行为和生长及屠宰性能上的差异,并进行生长及屠宰性能和行为指标的关联分析。试验通过Pen Score法筛选安静型和紧张型各5只湖羊进行试验。结果表明:安静型湖羊的采食时间(3.17 h/d)显著高于紧张型湖羊(2.63 h/d)(P<0.05),但舔毛次数(0.33次/d)却显著低于紧张型湖羊(0.73次/d)(P<0.05)。安静型湖羊的胴体重(21.68 kg)显著高于紧张型湖羊(19.44 kg)(P=0.05),且眼肌面积(21.11 cm^2)也显著高于紧张型湖羊(14.63 cm^2)(P<0.05)。进一步相关性分析发现,试验羊的采食时长与胴体重、干物质采食量、眼肌面积、平均日增重均存在显著正相关关系(P<0.05);而料重比与舔毛次数存在显著负相关关系(P<0.05)。综上所述,安静型湖羊较紧张型湖羊具有更好的生长及产肉潜力,而且采食时长和舔毛次数等行为与生长及屠宰性能有一定的关联,可用于进一步探究动物性情与生长及屠宰性能的关联。     

锌硒对后备猪繁殖性能及仔猪发育的影响

本试验研究了锌硒对后备公母猪繁殖性能和哺乳仔猪成活率的影响。在２月龄公母猪和哺３乳仔猪日粮中添加不同剂量的锌和硒,试验与对照组比较,后备母猪排卵率和产仔性能均有明显提高;后备公母初次采精时间提前,睾丸大小,射精量,精子活率和精子密度均显著提高,精子畸形率降低;     

FMD and international trade relations--conditions and consequences

The outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in several member states of the European Union this year made the risks linked to this epidemic pretty clear to the public. In this connection, the possibility of vaccinations was controversially discussed not only among experts. Therefore it has to be taken into consideration that every kind of vaccination leads to economic consequences, which have to be taken into account when making such a decision. It is an illusion assuming that there will be a return to prophylactic vaccination. However in certain situations such emergency vaccination have to be available as an additional measure of control. Because of present decisions of the European Commission any consequences connected therewith are known. Thereby the EU regulations coincide with those of the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) and make the extent of restrictions after vaccination calculable. The assessment leads to the conclusion that preventive measures, rapid and successful eradication of FMD outbreaks as well as the option of emergency vaccination have to be followed as an overall conception.     

Metabolism and genetics of chlamydias and rickettsias

Chlamydial and rickettsial diseases pose a hazard to man and to domesticated and wild animals. The virulence mechanisms which aid the establishment of these obligate intracellular parasites in the eukaryotic host are still not within our grasp. Recent knowledge of the biochemical stratagem, the metabolic capabilities and the genetic diversity of these microbes illustrate fundamental differences in ecology and evolutionary divergence. The preferred site of intracellular residence determines the strategy for uptake, for nutrient assimilation and also for evasion of the host's immunological defenses. The Chlamydia, Rickettsia, and Coxiella are the most extensively studied of the genera. Whereas the Ehrlichia and Cowdria are poorly understood, they are also the most intriguing of the Rickettsiae. A number of antigenically and genetically distinct species are identified for the genera Chlamydia, Rickettsia, and Ehrlichia, whereas the Coxiella and Cowdria may not represent such a wide diversity. Recent information on the genetic heterogeneity of the chromosomal and plasmid DNAs of the strains of Coxiella suggest the diversity is greater than was originally envisioned. New information regarding the antigenic structure of Cowdria and their cellular tropisms suggests that they are closely related to the Ehrlichia. In this review we compare the metabolic capabilities and the genetic diversity of these different intracellular bacteria.     

浅议高产优质高效的养蚕技术措施

从消毒防病、省力化养蚕、合理的布局与科学饲养、上簇管理以及人工饲料育蚕几个方面,综述了当前实行高产、优质、高效养蚕的技术措施。     

微卫星标记与动物遗传育种

微卫星技术是20世纪80年代末期发展起来的一种能有效区别不同物种，不同群体及不同基因型个体的分子标记。微卫星标记广泛分布于各真核生物基因组中，且随机分布，本文就微卫星标记的结构特点及其在动物遗传育种中的应用作一综述。     

鸡禽霍乱疾病流行病学特点及防控措施

鸡养殖中禽霍乱疾病的出现主要是由于多杀性巴氏杆菌感染的一种传染性疾病,主要会导致鸡只出现急性败血症和机体炎症反应等,慢性型感染会导致鸡只出现皮下及机体内脏器官、关节等的化脓性炎症反应。禽霍乱疾病在鸡养殖全年均会出现,尤其是在气温变化较大的时期疾病爆发的可能性更高。禽霍乱疾病在急性爆发的情况下病死率相对较高,同时短期内即会出现死亡的情况,难以进行有效的治疗,易导致鸡养殖户出现严重的经济损失。该文主要对鸡禽霍乱疾病的流行病学特点、临床症状及相关的防治措施进行论述。     

Tissue and intracellular distribution of rhodanese and mercaptopyruvate sulphurtransferase in ruminants and birds

Cyanide detoxification is catalysed by two enzymes: rhodanese [thiosulphate: cyanide sulphurtransferase, E.C. 2.8.1.1], and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulphurtransferase [3-MST, EC. 2.8.1.2]. In the present work, the activity of the two enzymes in the crude extracts of different tissues and in the mitochondrial and cytosolic fractions of tissues from some ruminants (camels, cattle and sheep) and birds (chickens and pigeons) have been compared. Rhodanese activity was almost exclusively present in the mitochondrial fraction. In ruminants and chickens the highest activity of rhodanese was found in the liver, followed by the kidney. In pigeons, however, the enzyme activity was the highest in the kidneys. In camels' tissues, the rhodanese activity was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than in cattle or sheep, and the enzyme activities in the two latter species were similar. The activity of 3-MST in the crude extract of tissues from camels was similar to that in sheep, but higher than that in cattle. The enzyme activity was equally distributed between the mitochondrial and cytosolic fractions in the liver and kidneys of camels, cattle and sheep.     

Diagnosis and management of food allergy and intolerance in dogs and cats

SUMMARY This paper reviews food allergy and intolerance in dogs and cats. Adverse reactions to ingested food components can affect many systems and can produce signs involving the skin, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract and central nervous system, and these clinical signs are reviewed. Most basic food ingredients have the potential to induce an allergic response, although most reactions are caused by proteins. In particular, dogs and cats can become sensitive to cow's milk, beef, fish or cereal. Food allergy and intolerance is rare in dogs and cats, although the incidence in practice is difficult to establish. Clinical signs are quite variable, depending on the individual response, although the major clinical sign is pruritus. Diagnosis can be difficult, as there is no single test available to help the clinician to confirm or refute the presence of food sensitivity. Diagnosis is based on dietary investigation in the form of elimination diets and test meals. Elimination diets for dogs include lamb, chicken, rabbit, horse meat and fish as sources of protein, with rice or potatoes. Successful elimination diets for cats include lamb, chicken, rabbit or venison, with rice. Improvement in clinical signs while on the elimination diet is suggestive of food allergy. The diagnosis should be confirmed by feeding the original diet, with the development of clinical signs within 7 to 14 days of feeding.     

Performance of Duroc and Yorkshire boars and gilts and reciprocal breed crosses

Analyses of variance were computed for records on growth and body composition traits made in 1983 by 255 boars and gilts in selected and control lines of Durocs and Yorkshires and their reciprocal crossbreds. Previous selection over a period of several generations was mainly on an index of sow productivity including preweaning litter sizes and weight. Animals in the select lines were selected for high index values; animals in the control lines were selected to average near the mean index values of that year and line. Breeding animals in all four lines during that period were basically randomly selected with regard to growth rate or body composition traits. The same boars sired both purebred and crossbred litters in 1983. Traits analyzed were average daily gain (ADG) during a standard test period from 56 d of age to 90.7 kg and average backfat thickness (ABF) and longissimus muscle area (LMA) from ultrasonic scans at 90.7 kg. Crossbred pigs had greater (P less than .01) ADG than purebred pigs, but did not differ (P greater than .05) in ABF or LMA. Heterosis was 8.2% for ADG. Crossbreds with Yorkshire dams had thinner (P less than .01) ABF and larger (P less than .01) LMA than crossbreds with Duroc dams. Boars had greater (P less than .05) ADG, thinner (P less than .01) ABF and smaller (P less than .01) LMA than gilts. Correlations between 38 half-sib family averages of purebred and crossbred pigs of the same sex and the same sires were .07, .37 and .24 for ADG, ABF and LMA, respectively. Implications of the above and additional findings for swine breeding strategies are discussed.     

畜禽氧化应激与炎症及多酚的干预作用

氧化应激是畜禽体内活性氧产生与保护机制消除的失衡,可导致组织产生氧化损伤,最终诱发炎性疾病。氧化应激可激活多种转录因子,导致炎症途径相关基因的差异表达,由氧化应激引起的炎症是许多慢性疾病的病因。多酚作为植物次生代谢产物,被认为是有效的辅助治疗佐剂,在人和动物中发挥潜在的抗氧化和抗炎作用。多酚也被认为是具有应用潜力的畜禽饲料添加剂。综述了畜禽氧化应激与炎症的关系及机制、多酚对畜禽的抗氧化和抗炎作用及机制,以期为动物疾病抗氧化疗法的应用和新型抗炎药物的开发提供参考。