褪黑激素RIA方法的建立及其在探索湖羊四季发情机理上的应用

运用Mannich的反应，将褪黑激素（MLT）与牛血清白蛋白（BSA）连结，制备MLT完全抗原。MLT与BSA连结比为12：1。将此完全抗原免疫5只雄兔，制备特异性抗体；将MLT用^125I标记，薄层层析筛选标记物，制备高纯度的放射性标记物，建立竞争性MLT－RIA法。本法可测范围为15．31－1500pg，灵敏度为每管15．31pg，批内变异系数6．7％，批间变异系数14．8％。用此法测定夏至时考力代羊昼夜血样，测定结果与国外基本一致；测定夏至时湖羊昼夜血样，发现湖羊MLT分泌有其特殊性，即血液MLT水平呈明显的昼夜变化；白天为100ng/L左右，而黑暗开始时，MLT水平迅速上升，在20：00－次日8：00处于高水平，最大值为1100ng/L左右。     

ELISA间接法检测兔血清中抗牛血清白蛋白抗体

用牛血清白蛋白（BSA）免疫普通级试验兔（新西兰白兔）,获得高滴度的抗BSA血清。以系列含量的BSA溶液绘制标准曲线,测定兔血清中抗BSA抗体效价。结果表明：普通级试验兔BSA4次免疫后,兔血清中抗BSA抗体效价为1：9000。ELISA间接法敏感度高,优化了酶免疫反应条件,标准曲线线性范围内r=0．9965,可初步用于抗BSA抗体含量检测。     

犬瘟热病毒抗体检测方法的比较研究

用犬瘟热（ＣＤ）弱毒和自制的高免犬血清，建立了检测犬瘟热病毒（ＣＤＶ）抗体的中和（ＳＮ）试验、间接荧光抗体技术（ＩＦＡＴ）和间接免疫酶染色法。这３种方法对３８份ＣＤ弱毒疫苗免疫犬血清抗体效价的测定结果表明，当被检血清稀释度为１∶１００时，ＳＮ试验、ＩＦＡＴ和间接免疫酶染色法测定时的阳性血清数分别为２９，７和３１份，ＩＦＡＴ和间接免疫酶染色法测定结果相对于ＳＮ试验结果的符合率分别为４２．１％和９４．７％。同时发现，当ＳＮ试验测定的血清效价在１∶１００以上时，ＩＦＡＴ测定结果总是在１∶２５以上，间接免疫酶染色法测定结果总是在１∶１００以上。３种方法以各自初步确定的ＣＤＶ血清抗体效价完全保护值指标计算所测血清的完全保护率，ＳＮ试验为７６．３％，ＩＦＡＴ为７８．９％，间接免疫酶染色法为８１．６％。据此认为，ＩＦＡＴ和间接免疫酶染色法均可部分代替ＳＮ试验用于ＣＤ疫苗免疫效果的评价、免疫犬抗体水平的监测以及ＣＤ的流行病学调查     

猪金属硫蛋白抗体的制备及应用

以自猪肝提取的Zn—MT与BSA的偶联物为抗原，免疫昆明小鼠制备了多克隆抗体。获得的抗体经鉴定后用于建立检测猪MT的间接竞争EI。ISA。结果表明：制备的IgG达到电泳纯，是猪MT的特异性抗体。所建立的间接竞争ELISA的灵敏度为4．1ng／mL，批内变异系数是9．976％，批间变异系数为14．3858％，可用于猪体MT的定性、定量测定。     

多西环素人工抗原的合成与鉴定

将多西环素（doxycycline,DOX）进行化学修饰引入羧基或氨基等活性基团,然后与牛血清白蛋白（BSA）和卵清蛋白（OVA）偶联合成人工免疫原DOX—PABA—BSA、DOX—BSA和包被原DOX—PABA—OVA、DOX～OVA,并用紫外吸收（UV）、凝胶电泳（SDS—PAGE）和EUSA方法对人工抗原进行鉴定;将合成的人工抗原DOX—PABA—BSA、DOX—BSA分别免疫BALB／C小鼠,用间接ELISA方法测定多抗（pAb）效价,用竞争ELISA方法鉴定其敏感性,用交叉反应试验鉴定其特异性。结果表明,二个免疫组6只小鼠血清抗体效价均在1：6400以上,DOXpAb对DOX的50％抑制浓度（IC50）在39．79～53．13μg/L,抗血清与四环素类药物交叉反应很低。本实验为建立多西环素ELISA残留免疫学检测方法和并制备多西环素试剂盒奠定了基础。     

氯霉素全抗原合成及多克隆抗体的制备

用重氮化方法将氯霉素与牛血清白蛋白（BSA）和卵清蛋白（OVA）偶联，制备免疫抗原和包被抗原，用ELISA方法进行鉴定。将偶联抗原用弗氏佐剂乳化后免疫德国大白兔。制备多克隆抗体，并用硫酸铵沉淀法初步纯化。用亲和层析法进一步纯化。用所得抗体建立竞争酶联免疫吸附分析法（ELISA）用于氯霉素检测，最低检查限为0.3ng/mL。     

ELISA法与HI法检测鸡新城疫抗体的比较及ELISA阴,阳性临界点对 …

应用商品化酶联免疫吸附试验（ＥＬＩＳＡ）试剂盒和血球凝集抑制（ＨＩ）试验同时测定１８７份常规鸡新城疫（ＮＤ）抗体血样。结果显示，二种方法的抗体效价呈显著相关，其相关系数为０．８３。在此基础上，以ＨＩ法为标准方法对ＥＬＩＳＡ的临床检测结果进行了分析。ＨＩ法的测定结果表明，该试验群的抗体阳性率为５４．５％。按试剂盒提供的阴、阳性临界点判定结果，ＥＬＩＳＡ的相对灵敏度为９７．１％，相对特异性为６１．２％     

酶联免疫法测定鸡肉中尼卡巴嗪残留

为了建立鸡肉中尼卡巴嗪残留标志物4,4’-二硝基均二苯脲（DNC）残留酶联免疫（ELISA）检测方法。将N-琥珀酰-L-丙氨酰-L-丙氨酰-L-丙氨酸4-硝基苯胺（SAN）与载体蛋白偶联作为抗原免疫动物,获得抗DNC抗体,在此基础上建立了鸡肉中尼卡巴嗪残留的检测方法。人工抗原中SAN与载体蛋白的结合比约为12：1,血清效价1：2000倍,鸡肉中检测限为9．2μg／kg,添加回收率在49．4％～118％之间,批内、批间变异系数均小于20％。该方法在灵敏度、精密度和准确度方面均能满足兽药残留筛选检测要求。     

牛口蹄疫Asia-Ⅰ型灭活疫苗LPB-E抗体滴度与免疫保护相关性研究

抽取7批牛口蹄疫Asia—Ⅰ型灭活疫苗，用OIE推荐的50％保护（PD50）试验方法进行免疫保护试验；同时，用OIE推荐的液相阻断酶联免疫吸附试验（LPB—E）检验程序测定了7批疫苗免疫保护试验的103头牛的血清抗体滴度。经过对获得数据的统计和处理分析证明，LPB—E抗体滴度与牛免疫保护率存在着显著的正相关性（P〈0．05），相关系数为0．91，概率分析表明，LPB—E抗体滴度≥2．1（1：126）时，95％的免疫牛能够抵抗与疫苗毒株同源的10^4ID50强毒的攻击。     

应用猪瘟单抗诊断试剂检测猪瘟强毒抗体的试验

福州市郊某猪场于1995年11月～1996年4月期间哺乳仔猪大多发病，此间共死亡3000余头，造成直接经济损失数十万元，后经诊断为猪瘟。为配合该猪场开展猪瘟强毒的净化工作，我们采集了148份血样，应用猪瘟单抗诊断试剂进行猪瘟强毒抗体的检测，结果阳性者33份，阳性检出率22．3％。现将其试验报道如下：互．材料与方法1．1材料1．1．五猪瘟单折诊断试剂与酶联板：购自中国兽药监察所。1．l．2常规酶联反应试剂：包括包被液、磷酸缓冲液（PBS）、PBS一吐温洗涤液（PBS－T）、稀释液、邻苯二胺底物溶液（OPD）和终止液，自配。1．1．3待检…     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.     

优质肉鸡S3系体重与体尺性状指标的主成分分析

为研究地方优质肉鸡S3系体重和体尺性状之间的内在相关性,12周龄时选取同一饲养条件下的150只鸡(公母各半)进行体重和体尺性状等7个指标的测定。结果表明:S3系公鸡的体重、体斜长、龙骨长、胸角均显著高于母鸡(P0.05);公母鸡体重、体斜长、胸宽、胫围这4项指标变异系数较大,有较大选育空间;体重与体斜长、龙骨长、胸宽、胸角、胫围呈极显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.57、0.52、0.51、0.49和0.47,与胸深、胫长呈显著相关(P0.05),相关系数分别为0.44和0.39;其他各体尺指标间也存在不同程度的正负相关性(P0.05或P0.01);体重和7个体尺性能指标综合成5个复合指标,累计贡献率达92.6355%,其中第l、2、3、4、5主成分分别解释总变异的36.5353%、22.8642%、13.3115%、10.4535%和8.4710%;各主成分的特征根分布较广,经统计计算入选的5个主成分所包含信息的侧重点各有相同,分别都在一定程度上反映了S3鸡的体型特征和生长发育规律,为今后选育出更加符合市场需求的屠宰加工优质型肉鸡指明了的方向。     

Efficacy of tropicamide,homatropine, cyclopentolate,atropine and hyoscine as mydriatics in Angora goats

Abstract

AIM: To document the efficacy of five commercially available mydriatics for their potential for diagnostic and therapeutic use in Angora goats.

METHODS: Over 8 weeks, the mydriatic effects of 1% tropicamide, 2% homatropine, 1% cyclopentolate, 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine were evaluated. Given as block treatments, drugs were applied randomly to one eye of 10 Angora goats, and the contralateral eye served as a control. Vertical and horizontal pupil diameters were measured to document onset ofeffect, time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical/horizontal pupil diameter between eyes, time to maximum pupillary dilation, and duration of mydriatic action.

RESULTS: Onset of mydriasis for all drugs occurred within 15 minutes. Time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical pupil diameter between eyes was shortest for 1% tropicamide and 0.25% hyoscine (0.5 h), then 2% homatropine and 1% atropine (0.75 h), and longest for 1% cyclopentolate (1.5 h). The maximum vertical pupillary dilation occurred earliest with 1% tropicamide and 1% atropine (2 h), followed by 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (4 h), and latest with 1% cyclopentolate (8 h). The duration of vertical dilation of the pupil was shortest with 1% tropicamide (6 h), then 2% homatropine (12 h), 1% cyclopentolate (12 h), 1% atropine (24 h), and longest for 0.25% hyoscine (96 h).

The time to reach maximum horizontal dilation of the pupil in treated eyes was shortest with 1% cyclopentolate (1 h), followed by 1% tropicamide (1.5 h), 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (3.5 h), and 1% atropine (4 h). The duration of horizontal pupil dilation was shortest with 1% tropicamide (4.5 h), and longest with 0.25% hyoscine (48 h).

CONCLUSION: All five mydriatics induced clinical dilation. Tropicamide (1%) had the shortest duration of effect, but gave incomplete dilation. Good dilation was achieved with 1% cyclopentolate and 2% homatropine, but took too long to reach maximum dilation for routine mydriasis. The largest vertical dilation of the pupil was achieved with 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine, but pupils remained dilated for more than 24 h.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: For routine mydriasis in goats, it is recommended that 1% tropicamide be used, though there may be incomplete dilation. For a longer duration of mydriasis, such as in the treatment of anterior uveitis, 1% atropine or 0.25% hyoscine would be the drugs of choice.