浅谈淋巴结在生猪屠宰检疫中的应用

<正>淋巴结是机体外周的免疫器官和防御机构,具有吞噬异物及各种病原微生物功能,并作出免疫应答。当机体或局部组织受到病原微生物的侵害时,就会很快被局部淋巴结阻截,并发生相应的各种反应,导致淋巴结出现充血、水肿、出血、坏死、化脓、急性或慢性各种不同的病理变化,反映病原体入侵机体途径和病害程度。因此淋巴结检验可反映机体的病变情况和肉尸可能感染的病变性质、病变范围和程度,可初步判断疾病性质、种类,对诊断疫病     

仔猪水肿病防治

仔猪水肿病多由溶血性大肠杆菌引起，主要发生于断奶小猪，尤以生长快、体质健壮者为常见，在断奶、转变饲料时最易发生。每年春夏之交是发病的高峰，死亡率达90%以上。 1 临床症状病猪体温正常或略高，四肢麻痹，眼睑水肿，声音嘶哑，便秘，1～2天后死亡，有的没有水肿症状，发病仅数小时便突然死亡。 2 剖检病变胃底有弥漫性出血，大肠系膜呈胶性水肿，小肠粘膜出血，全身淋巴结水肿、充血、出血，心包、胸腹有较多积液。有的病例无明显水肿，而呈明显出血性肠炎病变。 3 防治 3.1 加强饲养管理①仔猪断乳时应防止突然改变饲料和饲养方式，避免饲料过于单纯和蛋白质过多；②饲料中添加微量元素硒，适当添喂鱼粉和赖氨酸。 3.2 搞好栏舍、用具、环境的卫生消毒工作。 3.3 疫苗免疫仔猪出生后3～5天注射仔猪水肿腹泻三联苗，同时配合应用加硒牲血素。 3.4 发生仔猪水肿病，要采取综合治疗①紧急接种：用仔猪水肿腹泻三联苗倍量紧急免疫。②药物治疗：用强力水肿消0.2ml/kg体重加亚硒酸钠VE每猪2ml肌注或用每kg体重消炎王0.2ml+庆福0.2ml,速尿2ml+地塞米松2ml肌注，左右颈部各1针。     

屠宰检疫中猪淋巴结的病理变化及剖检意义

淋巴结是机体外周的免疫器官和防御机构,具有吞噬异物和各种病原微生物的功能,并产生免疫应答.当机体某一器官或局部组织受到病原微生物侵害时,就会很快被局部淋巴结阻截,并发生相应的各种反应,导致淋巴结呈现充血、水肿、出血、坏死、化脓、急性或慢性等不同病理变化,反映病原体入侵机体的途径和病害程度.因此,淋巴结检验可以反映机体的病变情况和分析肉尸可能感染的病原性质、病变范围和程度,可初步判断疾病性质,对诊断疫病和评价肉品卫生质量具有重要意义.     

鸡肝炎-心包积液综合征的病理学诊断

2015年8月-11月对45例山东省近期流行的鸡肝炎-心包积液综合征剖检病变及组织病理学变化进行观察分析,并对肝组织进行透射电镜观察。剖检病变以心包积液、出血性坏死性肝炎、肺淤血水肿、肾变性肿胀、脾淤血肿胀、胰腺点状坏死及脑膜充血为特征。病理组织学观察主要表现为肝细胞灶状坏死并伴有核内嗜碱性或嗜酸性包涵体,心肌纤维变性,心间质充血、水肿及巨噬细胞浸润,胰腺上皮细胞变性、坏死,偶尔见核内嗜碱性包涵体,肾小管上皮细胞变性、间质淤血出血,肺淤血、水肿,免疫器官淋巴细胞坏死,肠黏膜发生出血性卡他性炎症。电镜观察肝细胞核内晶格状排列直径70nm左右的病毒粒子,本研究为该病的发病机制研究提供了试验基础。     

猪硒缺乏症与水肿病并发的综合防治

根据典型的临床特点和剖检心肌有灰白色斑纹病灶出现、肝脏有灰黄色或灰白色斑点坏死灶,胃壁、结肠肠系膜、眼睑和脸部及颌下淋巴结水肿,胃底区黏膜下有厚层的透明水肿,呈胶冻样水肿浸润,使黏膜与肌层分离的上述病变,即可初步诊断为硒缺乏而并发水肿病。应用亚硒酸钠维生素E注射液和饲料中拌喂亚硒酸钠维生素E粉,并注射富铁力和强力水肿康或达福星等抗生素或是抗水肿病的药物进行治疗,大大减少猪只的死亡率。应用全价饲料进行饲喂,并做好疫苗免疫工作,在大肠杆菌病多发时期提前进行药物预防,大大降低硒缺乏与水肿病的发病率。     

羊肠毒血症的防治

羊肠毒血症系由D型魏氏梭菌感染所引起,呈地方性流行,绵羊易感性高于山羊。临床分为最急性型和急性型两种,病羊主要出现全身症状和消化道症状,剖检呈多器官出血和水肿病变,肾脏出现软化。预防本病需加强管理并科学开展疫苗免疫。抗生素对本病有一定的治疗效果。     

如何从淋巴结的变化判断猪的疾病

淋巴结是机体外周的免疫器官和防御机构，具有吞噬异物和各种病原微生物的功能，并产生免疫应答。当机体某一器官或局部组织受病原微生物侵害时，就会很快被局部淋巴结阻截，并发生相应的各种反应，导致淋巴结呈现充血、水肿、出血、坏死、化脓等不同病理变化，这些变化反映病原体入侵机体的途径和病害程度。因此，淋巴结检验可以反映机体的病变情况，分析可能感染的病原性质、病变范围和程度，初步判断疾病性质，对诊断动物疫病和评价肉品卫生质量具有重要意义。     

鸡包涵体肝炎中白细胞消长规律的研究

将SPF雏鸡分别在攻毒后1,3,5,7,9,12,15,20,25日龄时,翅下静脉采血,用经典白细胞计数法,在显微镜下计数.取骨髓、胸腺、脾脏、法氏囊做常规病理切片,观察病变.试验结果为:SPF雏鸡群攻毒后,在攻毒的各日龄鸡血液中白细胞数显著或不显著低于对照组.骨髓中各类造血细胞减少,脂肪组织大量出现.胸腺质出血水肿,皮质部淋巴细胞缺失.法氏巴滤泡间质水肿,滤泡内淋巴细胞大量流失.脾脏动脉周围淋巴细胞缺失.试验结果表明:在感染鸡包涵体肝炎后,不同日龄鸡的血液中白细胞在该病的免疫过程中,起重要的免疫作用,并受到不同程度的损伤.     

鸽实验性感染鹅副黏病毒的病理学研究

对人工感染鹅副黏病毒病鸽的病理变化进行了观察研究。结果表明,病鸽各种组织器官均有明显的组织损伤,但较集中于消化系统、神经系统和免疫系统。主要肉眼病变为肺瘀血、水肿,胰腺、脾脏局灶性坏死,肠黏膜水肿、增厚或有出血、坏死,脑充血、出血;主要组织学变化为腺胃、肠道黏膜上皮坏死、脱落或伴有严重出血,肝、肾、心脏等器官实质细胞变性、坏死,胸腺、脾脏、法氏囊等免疫器官淋巴细胞坏死,淋巴组织萎缩。     

仔猪水肿病的诊疗报告

猪水肿病又各肠毒血症、肠水肿、胃水肿或胃肠水肿。除猪外无其他家畜表现同样症状和病变。本病主要发生断乳不久的仔猪,引起共济运动失调,局部或全身麻痹,以及胃壁和肠系膜的水肿。     

热应激对鸡新城疫疫苗免疫效果的影响

本试验利用伊莎蛋雏鸡，分别接种新城疫油乳剂灭活苗和Ｎ－７９弱毒苗，油乳剂灭活苗免疫的各试验组抗体滴度稍有下降，与对照组间无明显的差异；Ｎ－７９弱毒苗免疫的各试验组，高温处理２４小时的雏鸡，抗体滴度稍低于对照组，但无明显差异；而高温处理４８小时的各组，抗体滴度均显著低于对照组（ｐ＜０．０５）。     

热应激对鸡免疫应答的影响

用ＩＳＡ蛋雏研究２７～３８℃昼夜节律高温对新城疫（ＮＤ）疫苗和传染性法氏囊病（ＩＢＤ）疫苗活苗免疫后体液免疫反应的影响，结果表明：ＮＤ苗或ＩＢＤ苗免疫后立即产生热应激，不论ＮＤ的ＨＩ抗体水平还是ＥＬＩＳＡ抗ＩＢＤ抗体滴度在整个实验过程中均受到显著抑制（Ｐ＜０．０５）；应激后立即免疫ＮＤ疫苗或ＩＢＤ疫苗的鸡，ＨＩ抗体水平在免疫后第５和１４天和ＥＬＩＳＡ抗体滴度在免疫后第９天和１６天与对照组相比显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）；应激后２４小时免疫，或免疫后２４小时至若干天遭受高温应激的鸡，抗ＮＤ和ＩＢＤ抗体水平分别在免疫后第１４天和１６天均受到显著抑制（Ｐ＜０．０５）。试验组免疫器官与体重之比与对照组间无显著性差异，但免疫器官的组织学结构都有明显的坏死和萎缩性变化     

合成鱼腥草素对鸡新城疫疫苗免疫增强效果的研究

为探讨合成鱼腥草素对鸡新城疫疫苗免疫增强效果的影响,本试验将160只7日龄非免疫健康雏鸡随机分为空白对照组和低、中、高3个剂量组,各组用NDV La Sota株弱毒活疫苗进行初免,2周后加强免疫1次,并在第2次免疫的当天灌胃给药,3个剂量组分别以50、100和150 mg/kg的剂量灌服合成鱼腥草素,连续给药7 d,空白对照组灌服等量的生理盐水.各组分别于初免后的14、21、28和35 d随机抽取8只鸡,测定其免疫器官指数,血清中IFN-γ、IL-2和IL-4的含量及新城疫抗体的效价.结果表明,不同剂量的合成鱼腥草素均能不同程度地提高肉鸡免疫器官指数、细胞因子和抗体滴度的水平,其中以中剂量(100 mg/kg)效果最明显.     

Protection of chickens against a lethal challenge of Escherichia coli by a vaccine containing CpG oligodeoxynucleotides as an adjuvant

Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing cytosine-phosphodiester-guanine (CpG) motifs (CpG-ODN) have been shown to be effective immunoprotective agents and vaccine adjuvants in a variety of bacterial, viral, and protozoan diseases in different animal species. The objective of this study was to compare the immune response of chickens to a killed Escherichia coli vaccine combined with oil in water emulsion or with CpG-ODN. Birds were vaccinated with killed E. coli antigens with either 10 or 50 microg of CpG-ODN on days 10 and 20 of age. At day 30, a virulent isolate of homologous E. coli was applied on a scratch site on the caudal abdominal region. Birds were examined for 10 days post-E. coli challenge, and pathologic and bacteriologic assessments were conducted on all birds that were either found dead or euthanized. The E. coli vaccine group that received no CpG-ODN had a survival rate of 65%. In contrast, groups that received the vaccine with CpG-ODN adjuvant had significantly higher survival rate of 92% (P < 0.01) with isolation of low numbers of E. coli from internal organs. Total IgG against E. coli antigens was highest in groups that received CpG-ODN as an adjuvant. Birds that received vaccine containing CpG-ODN had minimal inflammatory reaction without tissue necrosis at the injection site. Severe tissue necrosis was present in birds that received vaccine containing oil in water emulsion adjuvant. This study demonstrated that CpG-ODN is an effective vaccine adjuvant in chickens and results in minimal tissue destruction. This study is the first study in which CpG-ODN has been demonstrated to produce an adaptive immune response, at a significant level, against an extracellular bacterial infection in chickens.     

Influence of in ovo administered Cryptosporidium baileyi oocyst extract on the course of homologous infection

In order to evaluate the effect of in ovo vaccination on avian cryptosporidiosis, two doses (1 and 10microg) of Cryptosporidium baileyi oocyst extract (OE) were injected into the amnionic sac of embryonated, specific pathogen-free chicken eggs. After hatching these birds as well as infected controls (IC) were inoculated with 8x10(5) C. baileyi oocysts at 10 days of age. Another group of chickens remained uninfected (UC). Faecal oocyst shedding was measured every second day, and weekly ELISAs were performed to monitor seroconversion. Those chickens that received OE during embryogenesis showed dose-dependent shift in their oocyst shedding, with higher oocyst output of OE1 and OE10 birds compared to IC ones. The patency was significantly longer in the OE10 group than in IC or OE1. ELISA results showed low seroconversion of OE1 and OE10 chickens prior to homologous challenge. Challenge infection resulted in antibody levels without significant difference between IC, OE1 and OE10 groups. These data suggest that in ovo vaccination with C. baileyi oocyst extract does not promote immune response, moreover, it may impair immunity and thus delay the clearance of cryptosporidia from chickens.     

鸡新城疫消化道免疫的研究 Ⅱ、幼雏消化道免疫组织化学及功能研究

本实验采用免疫组织化学方法及酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)对鸡新城疫弱毒活苗消化道直接免疫后,对其免疫机制和免疫效果进行了研究。 7日龄前,雏鸡肠道无免疫球蛋白G阳性细胞出现。7日龄后出现并缓慢上升,第二次免疫(嗉囊免疫、饮水免疫)后增长明显,出现峰值。免疫组与对照组差异显著,表明雏鸡胃肠道具有保持产生局部抗体的功能,并且血清IgG抗体效价的消长与之呈现相关免疫状态。胃肠道T淋巴细胞在第一次免疫(嗉囊免疫、饮水免疫)后10天和二免后5～10天出现峰值,然后下降并稳定在一定水平,证明细胞免疫参与鸡新城疫消化道免疫。     

Response of B congenic chickens to infection with infectious bursal disease virus.

Six congenic lines of chickens that differ from the parental inbred line RPRL-15I5 for genes in the major histocompatibility (B) complex were used to study the influence of the B haplotypes on the response of chickens to infection with virulent infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) at 1 day or 4 weeks of age, and on the antibody response to vaccination with live or inactivated oil-emulsion (OE) IBDV vaccines at 7 weeks of age. IBDV-induced immunodepression and lesions in the bursa, spleen, and thymus in chickens infected with virus at 1 day of age were of the same degree of severity, regardless of line of chickens used. The response of blood cells to the mitogens phytohemagglutinin-M and concanavalin A was elevated in chickens infected with IBDV at 1 day of age. In an experiment conducted to study the effect of the B haplotype on IBDV infection in 4-week-old chickens, B congenic line C-12 (B12B12) showed the highest susceptibility to clinical IBD, with mortality of 79%. No detectable difference in the serological response to vaccination with live or OE IBDV vaccines was noted among chickens of various congenic lines. We conclude that the B haplotypes may influence IBDV-induced mortality, but not immunodepression or severity of lesions in lymphoid organs, or the antibody response to live or OE IBDV vaccines.     

鸡新城疫、传染性法氏囊病二联活疫苗和单苗研究

用实验室研制的鸡新城疫(La Sota株),鸡传染性法氏囊病(NF8株)单苗和二联活疫苗分别免疫7日龄SPF鸡以及有母源抗体的雏鸡研究其免疫效力。结果表明:用二联活疫苗免疫SPF雏鸡后,NF8株与La Sota株间不产生明显的相互干扰作用,攻毒保护率与各自的单苗相比无明显差异。用二联活疫苗免疫有母源抗体的雏鸡后,只进行一次免疫,新城疫免疫效果较好,但法氏囊免疫效果稍差,不能完全保护;一免后10天再进行第二次加强免疫,其抗体水平、攻毒后的保护率与各自的单苗相比无明显差异,具有完全保护效力。     

CpG寡核苷酸增强鸡新城疫疫苗免疫效力的研究

为了探讨CpG寡核苷酸（CpG oligonucleotide,CpG ODN）对鸡新城疫疫苗免疫效力的影响,将CpG2007与鸡淋巴细胞共孵育,测定淋巴细胞增殖率,结果发现CpG2007对鸡淋巴细胞具有显著的刺激活性。将CpG2007与不同浓度的新城疫抗原混合,制备灭活疫苗,免疫健康雏鸡。分别于免疫后不同时间采血,测定抗体效价和细胞因子表达量,并进行攻毒保护试验。结果发现,添加CpG ODN佐剂的试验组均比对应相同抗原剂量的免疫对照组的抗体水平高,产生抗体速度快;抗原剂量降低10倍的佐剂试验组与高抗原剂量免疫对照组抗体水平和攻毒保护率均相当,表明CpG ODN能显著增强新城疫疫苗的免疫效力,能促进机体产生更强烈的免疫应答,是有效的疫苗佐剂候选物质。     

低聚异麦芽糖对IBD中等毒力活疫苗免疫增强作用的研究

选用两种在山东省普遍使用的中等毒力IBD疫苗,将试验分成12组,分别在12日龄和19日龄两次免疫商品鸡,同时在11日龄时用低聚异麦芽糖饮水,连用7天,二免后13天人工接种vvIBDV,连续观察14天。根据血清学检测指标,囊指数,BBIX值,病理组织学检查,临床保护率和病理保护率结果,都充分表明低聚异麦芽糖对传染性法氏囊病中等毒力疫苗具有显著的免疫增强作用,而且对提高法氏囊等免疫器官的保护作用及疫苗对其损伤后的修复作用也有显著效果。