施氮和刈割对辽西北退化草地牧草产量和品质的影响

施氮和刈割是天然草地有效管理方式。为探究退化草地高效利用方式,以辽宁省西北部农牧交错区退化草地为研究对象,设置氮肥添加（0、10 g N·m^-2·a^-1）和刈割处理（留茬高度3、6、12 cm、不刈割）,通过连续两年测定牧草产量和22项牧草品质指标,分析施氮和刈割对辽西北退化草地牧草产量和品质的影响。结果表明：1）施氮显著提高了2018和2019年产草量、粗蛋白和2019年牧草产奶净能、维持净能、增重净能、总可消化养分、奶吨指数,极显著降低了2019年酸性洗涤纤维含量,对退化草地牧草产量、净能以及养分含量的提升均有促进作用。2）刈割显著影响了2018和2019年牧草中性洗涤纤维、钙元素、磷元素含量、体外干物质消化率和相对饲喂价值,2018年粗灰分、镁元素含量以及2019年非纤维性碳水化合物、维持净能、增重净能、总可消化养分和相对饲草品质,在对退化草地进行适度利用的同时牧草品质也有较大提升。3）施氮和刈割交互作用对退化草地牧草粗蛋白、粗灰分、产奶净能以及奶吨指数有显著影响。4）牧草粗灰分、酸性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤纤维、可消化中性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤纤维消化率、镁元素、产奶净能、维持净能、增重净能、奶吨指数、总可消化养分以及相对饲喂价值共12项营养品质指标与粗蛋白之间存在显著相关关系。研究表明,施氮和刈割作为退化草地的有效管理和利用方式,单独作用或交互作用均对牧草产量和品质的提升有不同程度的正向反馈,其中以施氮结合留茬3 cm刈割处理下牧草产量和品质最高,可为退化草地的合理利用和可持续发展提供理论参考。     

秋季刈割对高寒退化草地植被和土壤生态属性的影响

合理的刈割对提高牧草利用价值,维护草地生态系统稳定具有重要意义。以高寒退化草地为研究对象,进行秋季刈割后,研究了刈割对高寒退化草地牧草产量、草地群落多样性、土壤特性及牧草品质等指标的影响。结果表明:刈割处理后,草地总地上生物量以及莎草科、豆科和杂类草地上生物量有所增加,其中豆科增加显著(P0.05),且禾本科、莎草科以及豆科生物量显著高于上一年(P0.05)。草地群落各多样性指数均有增加趋势,且香农威纳指数、物种丰富度指数均显著高于围封(P0.05)。刈割后土壤全氮、有机质及速效磷含量有降低趋势,而硝态氮和铵态氮含量显著增加(P0.05),且刈割2年的铵态氮含量显著高于刈割1年(P0.05);速效钾含量较围封有所增加,而全钾含量显著低于围封(P0.05)。刈割后,牧草粗脂肪、粗蛋白、粗灰分、酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维等营养成分含量变化不显著。     

不同刈割期天然牧草青贮品质评价

以内蒙古通辽扎鲁特旗山地草原天然混合牧草为原料,对其不同刈割时期的青贮品质进行了测定,以确定天然牧草青贮的刈割时间。结果表明:7月中旬~8月下旬刈割的牧草,青贮品质在感官评价上均表现优良,且在营养价值上优于原料草,均可用来制作青贮。综合分析牧草发酵品质和营养价值发现,随着刈割时间的推迟,青贮料的pH、粗蛋白、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维的含量呈先降低后增加的趋势,乳酸含量先升高后降低,氨态氮占总氮的比例、可溶性碳水化合物含量无明显规律。8月15日刈割的青贮饲草的干物质含量、粗蛋白含量、乳酸含量均相对最高,氨态氮占总氮的比值最低,青贮品质最佳,7月14日刈割的牧草青贮品质较差。     

留茬高度对青海草地早熟禾人工草地禾草生物量和品质的影响

研究留茬高度对青海草地早熟禾人工草地禾草生物量和品质的影响有助于高寒地区人工草地的可持续利用和放牧管理。该试验以青海草地早熟禾人工草地禾草为研究对象,通过设置不同留茬高度（轻度：留茬10?cm,中度：留茬5?cm,重度：留茬2?cm）,研究刈割对草产量和牧草品质的影响。结果表明,随着刈割留茬高度的降低,禾草株高、再生高、地上生物量呈显著降低趋势（P＜0.05）,但对照组和轻度刈割组间差异不显著（P＞0.05）|粗蛋白质、粗灰分、Ca、P等营养成分、相对饲喂价值显著增加（P＜0.05）,粗纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤纤维等营养成分显著降低（P＜0.05）|粗蛋白质、粗纤维、粗灰分、粗脂肪、酸性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤纤维营养成分产量逐渐降低。地上生物量与营养品质等指标间的相关关系显著（P＜0.05）。可见,在青海省祁连山区种植的青海草地早熟禾适宜轻度刈割或轻度放牧,中度和重度刈割不利于植株生长和营养物质积累。 [关键词]青海草地早熟禾|留茬高度|生物量|营养成分     

小黑麦牧草产量与品质对施氮的响应

研究了施氮对不同刈割时期小黑麦中饲237 Triticale cereale cv. Zhongsi 237的饲草产量及营养成分的影响.结果表明:施氮和刈割时期对中饲237的草产量均有明显的影响,施氮可显著改善刈割后中饲237的再生性,促进植株生长,提高二茬鲜草、干草产量,且差异达极显著水平,同时可提高饲草的粗蛋白、粗脂肪、氨基酸含量,降低粗纤维含量,改善饲草品质.起身期刈割的处理,其二茬草的草产量、粗蛋白、粗脂肪产量均高于拔节期刈割的处理.追施氮肥处理的粗蛋白含量及产量均大于未追施氮肥的处理,而中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维含量小于未追氮肥的处理.     

不同刈割时间和高度对青贮玉米营养成分的影响

本文研究了不同刈割时间和高度对青贮玉米鲜物质量,干物质量,营养成分和纤维含量的影响。结果表明:随着刈割时间的推迟,青贮玉米全株鲜物质量呈现增加趋势,粗脂肪含量,酸性洗涤纤维,中性洗涤纤维含量在不同刈割时间差异显著(P 0. 05),其中酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤的含量随着刈割时间的推迟,其含量都呈现逐渐增加的趋势,粗蛋白含量是先增加后降低。随着刈割高度的增加玉米秸秆中的酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维的含量呈现降低趋势,且刈割高度在12 cm和22 cm时,酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维含量差异显著(P 0. 05)。     

施肥水平和不同株高刈割对王草产量和品质的影响

生长第1年不同刈割株高的王草Pennisetum purpureum×P.typhoideum年产草量随刈割株高增高呈增加趋势,刈割株高220 cm时鲜草、风干草产量最高,产量受施肥影响很大。茎叶比与刈割株高之间存在显著的相关性,其受施肥影响较小。营养物质中,粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分含量均随刈割株高的增加而降低,粗蛋白含量和刈割株高之间存在极显著的线性负相关,钙含量和中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、酸性洗涤木质素(ADL)含量则随着刈割株高增加而呈增加趋势,与刈割株高呈显著正相关。从草产量、粗蛋白含量和产量角度来评价,生长第1年的王草在株高为100 cm施肥时刈割利用价值最高。     

不同刈割期对多花黑麦草饲草产量及品质的影响

为探讨不同刈割时间对多花黑麦草饲草产量及品质的影响,以自选品系和育成品种为材料,采用2种不同的刈割方案分别测定不同品种的饲草产量,粗蛋白、可溶性碳水化合物(WSC)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)含量以及干物质体外消化率(IVDMD)。结果表明,同4月1日开始刈割相比较,4月16日开始刈割单位面积饲草总产量极显著增加(P＜0.01),不同品种单位面积干物质产量提高16.0%～50.2%。相同刈割茬次的饲草品质相比较,饲草中粗蛋白含量以早刈割高于晚刈割,单位面积粗蛋白产量存在品种差异;WSC、ADF、NDF的含量均以早刈割的低于晚刈割。饲草干物质体外消化率总的变化趋势趋于一致,第1次刈割＞第2次刈割＞第3次刈割。在不同刈割方案中以4月1日开始刈割的各刈割茬次饲草IVDMD均高于4月16日开始刈割。综合考虑饲草产量和品质,适当推迟首次刈割时间有利于提高单位面积饲草产量和可消化干物质产量。     

有机肥施量和刈割次数对紫花苜蓿产量和品质的影响

为探究适合晋北地区的多年生紫花苜蓿栽培技术,本文研究了有机肥施量和刈割次数,对紫花苜蓿牧草产量、粗蛋白含量、中性及酸性洗涤纤维含量的影响。结果表明,在不同有机肥处理下,随刈割次数增多,紫花苜蓿的产量和品质均得到提高和改善,但是在15000kg/hm~2和22500kg/hm~2有机肥处理下,刈割3次和4次在产量和粗蛋白含量上没有显著差异;在不同刈割次数处理下,紫花苜蓿的产量和粗蛋白含量均随着有机肥施量的增加而呈上升趋势,中性及酸性洗涤纤维均随着有机肥施量增加呈现下降趋势,但15000kg/hm~2和22500kg/hm~2有机肥处理在各产量指标和营养指标均没有显著差异。综合考虑,在紫花苜蓿种植的第三年宜采用刈割3次、施有机肥15000kg/hm~2的种植方式。     

刈割茬次和生育期对苜蓿青贮品质的影响

以新疆石河子市第八师147团紫花苜蓿为研究材料,探究不同刈割茬次及生育期苜蓿青贮营养品质和发酵品质间的差异。选择3个刈割茬次,现蕾期、初花期和盛花期3个生育期处理;分别于青贮发酵第3、9、15、30、45、60天取样测定其青贮品质。结果表明:苜蓿青贮过程中,刈割茬次与生育期的交互作用对干物质、中性洗涤纤维、粗蛋白、乳酸和乙酸含量产生极显著影响(P0.01),苜蓿青贮在发酵过程中会降低营养物质的含量,发酵60 d时,第3茬盛花期苜蓿青贮的DM含量最高,达到39.03%,第3茬现蕾期苜蓿青贮的酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维含量最低,第1茬现蕾期CP、WSC含量最高,分别是20.21%和4.39%,第2茬现蕾期的乳酸和乙酸含量相对其他处理较高,第1茬现蕾期氨态氮含量最低。各处理综合评价排序:第1茬现蕾期处理第3茬现蕾期处理第1茬初花期处理第2茬现蕾期处理第3茬初花期处理第1茬盛花期处理第3茬盛花期处理第2茬初花期处理第2茬盛花期处理。刈割越早,苜蓿越幼嫩,营养品质高,适口性好,并有利于植株再生,苜蓿青贮的营养品质和发酵品质也较晚刈割的其他处理好。因此,控制苜蓿刈割时间可改善苜蓿青贮营养、发酵品质,提高苜蓿利用率。     

Salmonella in pork cuttings in supermarkets and butchers' shops in Denmark in 2002 and 2006

The prevalence of Salmonella in fresh pork cuttings in Denmark in the years 2002 and 2006 was investigated at retail and compared with the retail supply pattern. A total of 1025 and 3473 samples were taken in 2002 from butcher's shops and supermarkets, respectively. The corresponding numbers in 2006 were 259 from butchers' shops and 628 from supermarkets. In 2002, 1.2% of all samples were positive for Salmonella; butchers' shops and supermarkets had 1.8% and 1.0% positive samples, respectively. The overall prevalence in 2006 was 4.2%, with prevalence of 8.1% and 2.6% for butchers' shops and supermarkets, respectively. Hence, increases around 3- to 5-fold were found. There was neither observed any parallel increase in Salmonella positive carcasses in Danish slaughterhouses during the study period, nor were any changes in supply routes towards slaughterhouses with higher prevalence observed, which could explain the apparent increase. We hypothesize that hygiene levels and ability to avoid cross-contamination and prevent growth of the organism, in the meat processing chain after slaughter were the most likely responsible factors. Results from this study indicate that the hygiene performance, particularly at retail, has a significant impact on the occurrence of Salmonella. This implies that there is no direct link between slaughterhouse Salmonella surveillance data and the level of Salmonella contamination at retail. To improve risk assessment of Salmonella in fresh pork meat, this study underlines the need for comprehensive retail data.     

Sanguinarine metabolism and pharmacokinetics study in vitro and in vivo

Sanguinarine (SA) is a benzo[c] phenanthridine alkaloid which has a variety of pharmacological properties. However, very little was known about the pharmacokinetics of SA and its metabolite dihydrosanguinarine (DHSA) in pigs. The purpose of this work was to study the intestinal metabolism of SA in vitro and in vivo. Reductive metabolite DHSA was detected during incubation of SA with intestinal mucosa microsomes, cytosol, and gut flora. After oral (p.o.) administration of SA, the result showed SA might be reduced to DHSA in pig intestine. After i.m. administration, SA and DHSA rapidly increased to reach their peak concentrations (C_max, 30.16 ± 5.85, 5.61 ± 0.73 ng/ml, respectively) at 0.25 hr. Both compounds were completely eliminated from the plasma after 24 hr. After single oral administration, SA and DHSA rapidly increased to reach their C_max (3.41 ± 0.36, 2.41 ± 0.24 ng/ml, respectively) at 2.75 ± 0.27 hr. The half-life (T_1/2) values were 2.33 ± 0.11 hr and 2.20 ± 0.12 hr for SA and DHSA, respectively. After multiple oral administration, the average steady-state concentrations (C_ss) of SA and DHSA were 3.03 ± 0.39 and 1.42 ± 0.20 ng/ml. The accumulation indexes for SA and DHSA were 1.21 and 1.11. The work reported here provides important information on the metabolism sites and pharmacokinetic character of SA. It explains the reasons for low toxicity of SA, which is useful for the evaluation of its performance.     

Chlortetracycline in swine-bioavailability and pharmacokinetics in fasted and fed pigs

Chlortetracycline hydrochloride was administered intra-arterially (11 mg/kg) and as an oral drench (33 mg/kg) to ten 21.0-31.5-kg pigs. Five of the pigs were fasted 18 h prior to dosing and five of the pigs were fed ad libitum prior to dosing. The mean volume of distribution determined by area-under-the-curve calculations for the fasted pigs (0.967 +/- 0.210 l/kg) was significantly less (P less than 0.05) than the mean volume of distribution for the fed pigs (1.39 +/- 0.31 l/kg). Mean total body clearance of the drug was also significantly less (P less than 0.05) in the fasted pigs (0.165 +/- 0.055 l/kg/h) as compared to the fed pigs (0.307 +/- 0.053 l/kg/h). The elimination constants (beta) were not found to be statistically different (P less than 0.05): 0.1811 +/- 0.0057 for the fasted pigs; 0.2260 +/- 0.0461 for the fed pigs. The bioavailability for both groups was similar; 19.12 +/- 8.3% for the fasted pigs and 17.88 +/- 5.3% for the fed pigs. In a second experiment three groups of six pigs which weighed 34.5-44.1 kg were fed a corn-soy diet ad libitum. The rations were fortified with chlortetracycline at 100, 400 or 1000 mg chlortetracycline hydrochloride/kg feed. Chlortetracycline concentrations were determined in plasma samples collected over a 6-day period. Plasma chlortetracycline concentrations reach a plateau within 24 h after initial access to the trial diets and were highly correlated with the dose of the drug consumed (r2 = 0.97).     

Helminth and protozoan parasites in dogs and cats in Belgium

This study investigates the level of helminthic and protozoal infestation over the last 10 years in strays, well-cared-for dogs and cats. Determination of the prevalence of infections was based either on faecal examination or on worm counts at necropsy. Of 2324 faecal flotations (NaCl sp.gr. 1.20) of stray dogs, 34.2% had eggs or proglottids of one or more worm species consisting of Toxocara canis (17.4%), Toxascaris leonina (10.1%), Uncinaria stenocephala (11.4%), Trichuris vulpis (7.0%) and cestodes (2.1%). Isospora oocysts were observed in 5.2% of the dogs. The data on the distribution of the various worm species in the positive dogs indicate that T. canis eggs were by far the most common (50.9%). Necropsy data from 212 infected dogs indicate that 38.9% were infected with T. canis and 33.7% with T. leonina. The overall prevalence of worm infestation of 246 well-cared-for kennel dogs, based on worm egg counts by the McMaster technique, was 36.1%. Of 30 feline faecal samples examined by flotation, 83.3% were positive for parasites, including Toxocara cati (60%), Ancylostoma tubaeformae (36.6%), Taenia (Hydatigera) taeniaeformis (20%) and coccidia (30%). Toxocara cati was the most frequently found worm species at the necropsy of 25 cats (52%). Toxoplasma was not observed.     

Pharmacokinetics of penicillin-G in ewes and cows in late pregnancy and in early lactation

Concentrations of penicillin-G in serum were determined after single intravenous doses of potassium penicillin-G (10 mg/kg body wt) to ewes and cows in late pregnancy and in early lactation. Penicillin-G in serum was analysed by a microbiological method and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by model-independent methods. Serum concentrations were lower in early lactation than in late pregnancy in both ewes and cows. The differences were statistically significant at most sampling times in ewes but only during the first hour in cows.
Weight corrected values of clearance and volume of distribution were significantly higher in early lactation than in late pregnancy in both ewes and cows. Mean residence time and elimination-half life were shorter in lactating than in pregnant ewes, however for the latter parameter the difference was not statistically significant. Neither of these parameters changed in cows.
It is concluded that in both ewes and cows pharmacokinetic parameters of penicillin-G are altered from late pregnancy to early lactation but that these changes have little practical impact and do not call for a revised dosage regime of the studied drug.     

2005年国内蛋、肉鸡市场分析回顾及2006年走势预测

2005年如果没有年底的禽流感疫情,对于我国蛋鸡、肉鸡生产来说应该是一个非常完美的丰收年,是哪些因素导致了2005年蛋鸡市场如此好的行情?2006年我国家禽市场又将走向何方?……作者对以上热点问题进行了深入分析研究,供读者参考。     

Salmonellae and Campylobacters in Household and Stray Dogs in Northern Taiwan

Rectal swabs were collected from 437 household and 491 stray dogs in northern Taiwan from May 2003 to June 2005 to investigate the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibilities of salmonellae and campylobacters. The results revealed that 2.1% of household dogs and 6.3% of stray dogs were positive for salmonellae, with Salmonella Duesseldorf being the most dominant serotype in both. Additionally, 2.7% of the household dogs and 23.8% of the stray dogs were positive for campylobacters. Campylobacter jejuni was the most prevalent species (86.8%), followed by C. upsaliensis (9.3%) and C. coli (3.9%). Both salmonella and campylobacter isolation rates from the stray dogs were significantly higher than those from the household dogs (p < 0.01). The susceptibility of 33 C. jejuni isolates to eight antimicrobials was studied by the E-test. A high rate of resistance was observed to azithromycin (93.9%), clindamycin (87.9%), erythromycin (81.8%), tetracycline (78.8%), chloramphenicol (69.7%), nalidixic acid (51.5%), gentamicin (33.3%), and ciprofloxacin (18.2%). The susceptibility of 40 Salmonella isolates to 15 antimicrobials was also studied by the disc-diffusion method. All the Salmonella isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone. Resistance was observed most frequently to tetracycline (77.5%), chloramphenicol (52.5%), and ampicillin (50%).