高效液相色谱法测定杨树花口服液中水杨苷的含量

建立了高效液相色谱分离测定杨树花口服液中水杨苷含量的方法。采用Waters XBridge C18色谱柱（150mm×4．6mm,5μm）,以甲醇-水（10：90）为流动相,流速为1．0mL／min,检测波长269nm,柱温30℃。水杨苷的线性范围为0．025～0．5mg／mL（r=0．9995）,平均加样回收率（n=6）为100．8％,RSD为1．49％。建立的方法准确、快速,操作简便,可用于杨树花口服液中水杨苷的含量测定。     

UPLC-PDA法测定杨树花口服液中非法添加物黄芩苷

为了建立超高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测法(UPLC-PDA法)测定杨树花口服液中非法添加物黄芩苷,取适量黄芩苷对照品、杨树花口服液阴性样品、阳性添加样品、抽检样品经50%甲醇溶解,超声提取,滤液过滤并定量稀释后,作为供试品溶液,采用UPLC-PDA法检测。色谱分离采用ACQUITY UPLCTMHSS T3色谱柱为分离柱,柱温:35℃;流动相体系:A项为乙腈,B项为0.4%磷酸水溶液,进行梯度洗脱;流速:0.35 m L/min;进样量:10μL;选择二极管阵列检测器,检测波长为278 nm,上机测定。通过保留时间、光谱图、峰纯度等参数对黄芩苷进行定性定量检测。结果表明,黄芩苷在0.5~100μg/m L的范围内线性关系良好(R2=0.999);杨树花口服液中添加黄芩苷0.05 mg/m L,信噪比(S/N)3,确定为方法的检测限;添加0.1 mg/m L,信噪比(S/N)10,确定为方法的定量限;杨树花口服液在0.1、0.2、0.4、0.6 mg/m L黄芩苷添加水平的回收率为95%~105%,批内批间变异系数均小于10%,准确度和精密度良好,完全满足检测需求。而且峰纯度角与阈值符合要求。本方法经济快速、灵敏、重现性好,适用于杨树花口服液中非法添加黄芩苷的定性定量检测。     

RP-HPLC法测定普抗合剂中黄芩苷的含量

建立了测定普抗合剂中黄芩苷含量的反相高效液相色谱法。采用Symmetry C18分析柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相为甲醇-0.006%磷酸(50∶50);流速1.0 mL/m in;色谱柱温度25℃;检测波长278 nm;进样体积10μL;外标法计算含量。结果表明,黄芩苷进样量在0.412~4.12μg范围内,其色谱峰面积与进样量间有良好的线性关系,r=0.999 5,n=5,回收率为99.48%,RSD=1.07%(n=5)。该方法可用于控制普抗合剂中黄芩苷含量。     

高效液相色谱法测定七清败毒颗粒中黄芩苷含量的方法研究

为完善七清败毒颗粒质量标准,采用高液相色谱法对七清败毒颗粒中黄芩苷的含量测定进行了研究。色谱柱为C18(4. 6 mm×250 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-水-磷酸(41∶59∶0. 2),检测波长为280 nm,流速为1 m L/min,柱温30℃,进样量10μL。黄芩苷进样浓度在0. 005～0. 12 mg/m L范围内,峰面积与黄芩苷含量呈良好的线性关系(r=0. 9991),样品平均回收率为99. 2%(n=6),RSD为1. 04%。该方法简便、准确度高、重复性好,为进一步控制七清败毒颗粒的质量标准提供了依据。     

HPLC法测定麻黄鱼腥草散中黄芩苷、穿心莲内酯、脱水穿心莲内酯的含量

为了建立HPLC法测定麻黄鱼腥草散中黄芩苷、穿心莲内酯、脱水穿心莲内酯含量的方法,采用色谱柱Waters XBrige~(TM)C18(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm),黄芩苷以甲醇-0.2%磷酸溶液为流动相梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 m L/min,柱温:30℃;穿心莲内酯、脱水穿心莲内酯以甲醇-水(50∶50)为流动相,流速:1.0 m L/min,柱温为30℃;黄芩苷、穿心莲内酯、脱水穿心莲内酯检测波长分别为276、225、254 nm。黄芩苷的线性范围为0.0798~0.7975μg(r=1.0000),平均回收率为94.3%(RSD=0.8%)。穿心莲内酯的线性范围为0.0109~0.2175μg(r=1.0000),平均回收率为92.9%(RSD=0.7%);脱水穿心莲内酯的线性范围为0.0105~0.2105μg(r=0.9999),平均回收率为92.4%(RSD=0.3%)。本方法快速、简便、准确,能有效测定麻黄鱼腥草散中穿心莲内酯、脱水穿心莲内酯的含量。     

HPLC法测定白龙散中龙胆苦苷和小檗碱的含量

建立反向高效液相色谱法检测白龙散中龙胆苦苷和小檗碱含量的方法。试验采用十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),以0.5%三乙胺水溶液(用85%磷酸调p H值至3.0)-甲醇(60:40,v:v)为流动相,流速为1.0 m L/min,柱温为30℃;进样量为10μL;检测波长为270 nm;龙胆苦苷和小檗碱的含量测定范围分别为4.09~102.2μg/m L(R=0.999 7),3.93~98.26μg/m L(R=1.000 0);加样平均回收率分别为98.63%,97.78%;RSD分别为0.96%,1.23%;该方法方便、准确、可靠,适用于测定白龙散中龙胆苦苷和小檗碱的含量。     

RP-HPLC法测定术苦芩颗粒中黄芩苷和苦参碱含量

为了建立测定术苦芩颗粒中黄芩苷、苦参碱含量的反相高效液相色谱法,采用Wonda Sil?C18柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱,黄芩苷以甲醇-0.4%磷酸溶液(用三乙胺调节p H值至3.0)(52∶48,V/V)为流动相,检测波长为274 nm。苦参碱以乙腈∶甲醇∶0.2%磷酸溶液(用三乙胺调节p H值至7.0)(22∶13∶65,V/V)为流动相,流速为1.0 m L/min,检测波长220 nm;柱温30℃。术苦芩颗粒中黄芩苷和苦参碱分别在浓度为10μg/m L~150μg/m L和10μg/m L~400μg/m L范围内与峰面积均呈良好线性关系,r=0.99991和r=0.99994,平均加样回收率分别为99.32%和98.37%,其相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为0.625%和1.206%。用上述方法分别测定黄芩苷和苦参碱含量条件简单、稳定、快速,可用于检测术苦芩颗粒的质量控制标准。     

高效液相色谱法测定清肺止咳散中黄芩苷含量

为了测定清肺止咳散中黄芩苷的含量,采用C18柱(5μm,250 mm×4.6 mm),在室温下,以甲醇-0.3%磷酸溶液(55∶45)为流动相,以276 nm为检测波长,流速为1.0 m L/min,柱温30℃,建立了高效液相色谱测定方法。黄芩苷在3.8～379μg/m L范围内线性良好,R~2=0.9998,平均回收率为94.3%(n=6),RSD为0.92%。该方法简便、准确、可靠,可用于控制清肺止咳散中黄芩苷的含量。     

甘肃不同产地党参药材中党参炔苷含量测定

目的:研究甘肃不同产地党参中党参炔苷的含量变化,探讨党参炔苷成分在党参质量评价方面的可控性,建立有效部位在中药质量控制方面的实用性。方法:采用HPLC法。色谱柱为Zorbax-Eclipse XDB-C_(18)色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相:乙腈-水(20∶80);流速:1.0 mL/min;检测波长:270 nm;柱温:25℃;进样量:5μL。结果:高效液相色谱法对甘肃不同产地党参中党参炔苷含量检测灵敏,精确度高,具有一定的实用性,测定结果表明,不同产地党参样品党参炔苷含量在0.015 4~0.454 1μg/μL,平均为0.231 25μg/μL。结论:该结果为甘肃不同产地党参品种选育、适宜环境的选择、品质调控措施和优质高效栽培技术提供了科学依据,并为甘肃产党参的规模化、产业化发展提供了技术支撑。     

不同加工炮制方法对白芍质量的影响研究

目的:采用HPLC法测定不同白芍炮制品中芍药苷含量,确定含量较高的白芍炮制品。方法:色谱柱:Hypersil C18柱(4.6 mm×200 mm,5μm);流动相:乙腈(pH值3)-磷酸溶液(16∶84);检测波长:UV 230 nm;流速:0.8 m L/min;柱温:28℃。结果:不同加工炮制方法对白芍质量有较大影响,其中生白芍中芍药苷含量较高,硫磺熏制对白芍中芍药苷的含量影响较大。结论:该方法简便,准确可靠,重复性好。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.