苜蓿皂甙与酵母培养物对动物生产性能影响的研究

综述了苜蓿皂甙和酵母培养物提高动物生产性能的作用及其在增强动物免疫方面的作用.结果表明,苜蓿皂甙能够有效调节脂质代谢,降低血液胆固醇含量,提高日粮营养物质利用率,从而增强机体的免疫和抗氧化功能以及生产性能;酵母培养物通过改善胃肠道内环境和菌群结构,能够促进有益菌群的繁殖及其活力的提高.同时,还能提高瘤胃pH值的稳定性、动物的免疫性能和生产性能.     

苜蓿的生物活性成分及在养鸡生产中的应用进展

苜蓿是一种重要的饲料原料,富含苜蓿多糖、皂甙、黄酮类、香豆素等多种生物活性成分。这些活性物质会对动物的生长性能、免疫机能及其产品品质有很大的影响。本文就苜蓿活性成分及在养鸡生产中的应用做一综述。     

苜蓿皂甙在动物生产中的应用概况

苜蓿皂甙不仅具有调节脂质代谢、降低血液胆固醇含量、增强机体免疫和抗氧化的功能,还可提高畜禽的生产性能,说明苜蓿皂甙可以被广泛地应用于动物生产.综述了苜蓿皂甙在动物生产中的应用概况.     

苜蓿在养鸡业中的运用进展

苜蓿作为畜禽的优良饲草,具有适口性好、品质优良及营养全面等特点.饲料中添加适宜比例的苜蓿草粉对提高动物的生产性能、繁殖性能、免疫机能和产品质量都有促进作用.     

苜蓿皂甙的研究应用进展

苜蓿Medicago sativa作为高产、廉价、优质的蛋白质饲草,发挥着越来越重要的作用,苜蓿中含有皂甙、叶蛋白、黄酮类、多糖、天然色素、膳食纤维等多种生物活性成分,具有很高的饲用价值和药用价值。苜蓿皂甙是苜蓿生物活性的物质之一,具有降低胆固醇、调节脂质代谢、增强机体免疫、抗氧化等功能,对畜禽的生长性能有促进作用。对苜蓿皂甙的结构、理化特性、生物学功能以及苜蓿皂甙提取工艺进行了简单的介绍,并论述了近几年来苜蓿皂甙在动物生产中的应用,最后探讨分析了苜蓿皂甙发展存在的问题和发展前景。     

苜蓿皂甙对断奶仔猪生长性能和抗氧化性能的影响

为探讨苜蓿(Medicago sativa)皂甙对断奶仔猪生长性能和抗氧化性能的影响,选用72头体重7.5 kg左右的"杜×长×大"三元杂交断奶仔猪进行研究。试验随机分为4组:基础日粮组(C)、基础日粮添加0.5%苜蓿皂甙组(T1)、基础日粮添加1%苜蓿皂甙组(T2)和基础日粮添加2%苜蓿皂甙组(T3),每组3个重复,每个重复6头猪(公母各3头)。结果表明:苜蓿皂甙可以显著提高断奶仔猪的日增重(P<0.05),降低料重比,以T2组(1%苜蓿皂甙)效果最好;苜蓿皂甙可以显著提高断奶仔猪血清和组织中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性(P<0.05),降低丙二醛(MDA)的含量(P<0.05),而且随着苜蓿皂甙水平的增加,仔猪血清和组织中GSH-PX,SOD的活性呈升高趋势,MDA的含量呈下降趋势。因此,在断奶仔猪日粮中添加苜蓿皂甙可以提高其抗氧化能力,促进其生长。     

苜蓿素和胎次对母猪繁殖性能的影响

试验旨在研究苜蓿素和胎次对母猪繁殖性能的影响,选择90头母猪,头胎、二胎和三胎各30头,每个胎次分为2个处理,分别饲喂试验日粮(添加500 g/t苜蓿素)和基础日粮,共6个处理,每个处理15个重复,每个重复1头母猪,饲养试验时间为配种至产仔。结果表明,日粮添加苜蓿素能显著降低弱仔数(P<0.05),在延长母猪妊娠期的同时提高产仔均重(P<0.01),但有增加死胎的趋势;胎次能显著提高健仔数(P<0.05)和死胎数(P<0.01),影响产仔均重(P<0.05),有增加产仔数和降低弱仔数的趋势;苜蓿素和胎次在弱仔数上有交互作用(P<0.05)。结果提示,随母猪胎次的增加会同时提高健仔数和死胎数,日粮添加苜蓿素可以延长妊娠期,提高健仔重,降低弱仔数,提高繁殖性能。     

苜蓿在养猪生产中的应用进展

苜蓿有着"牧草之王"的美誉,在养猪生产中有着较高的应用价值。它可以促进养分消化,提高生产性能,改善猪肉品质;还能提高母猪的繁殖性能,减少仔猪应激,降低腹泻率等。     

外源水杨酸对苜蓿幼苗盐胁迫的缓解效应

为明确外源水杨酸提高苜蓿抗盐的生理生化机制,以“甘农3号” 苜蓿品种为材料,在150 mmol/L NaCl胁迫条件下,采用叶面喷施方法,研究外源水杨酸(salicylic acid,SA)对苜蓿幼苗生长、有机渗透调节物质含量及抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明,盐胁迫显著抑制了苜蓿幼苗生长,盐胁迫下添加0.25 mmol/L外源SA后,苜蓿幼苗的株高、根长、鲜重,植株叶绿素含量显著升高,叶片和根系中游离脯氨酸、丙二醛(MDA)含量显著降低,可溶性蛋白含量显著增加;叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、愈创木酚过氧化物酶(GPX)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性显著升高,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、抗坏血酸(AsA)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量未发生变化;根系中GPX活性、AsA和GSH含量显著升高,SOD、CAT和APX活性则未发生变化,说明外源SA处理能调控苜蓿幼苗有机渗透调节物质含量和抗氧化保护系统,缓解盐胁迫对苜蓿植株的伤害。     

苜蓿斑蚜对三个苜蓿品种幼苗氧化酶的影响

采用室内人工接虫的方法,研究HA-3(高抗)、甘农三号(中抗)和Hunter River(低抗)3种不同抗蚜苜蓿品种受苜蓿斑蚜(Therioaphis trifolii Monell)为害幼苗初期植株叶片SOD、POD、PPO等酶活性的变化。结果表明:苜蓿斑蚜为害后,3个苜蓿品种的SOD、POD、PPO的活性都显著上升,且随着虫口密度的增加而增强;苜蓿品种之间的SOD、POD、PPO活性变化存在显著差异;虽然HA-3苜蓿正常植株的SOD活性较高,但由于甘农三号苜蓿受蚜虫胁迫后SOD活性增长量大,使蚜虫胁迫植株的SOD活性与HA-3苜蓿没有显著差异;POD和PPO的活性在3个苜蓿品种正常植株之间没有显著差异,受蚜虫胁迫后,HA-3苜蓿的POD和PPO活性较高,甘农三号苜蓿次之,Hunter River苜蓿较低;3个苜蓿品种SOD、POD、PPO活性变化的差异,基本反映了其田间抗蚜性的差异水平。此研究对苜蓿抗蚜品种的选育及对蚜虫的持续控制具有重要意义。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.     

优质肉鸡S3系体重与体尺性状指标的主成分分析

为研究地方优质肉鸡S3系体重和体尺性状之间的内在相关性,12周龄时选取同一饲养条件下的150只鸡(公母各半)进行体重和体尺性状等7个指标的测定。结果表明:S3系公鸡的体重、体斜长、龙骨长、胸角均显著高于母鸡(P0.05);公母鸡体重、体斜长、胸宽、胫围这4项指标变异系数较大,有较大选育空间;体重与体斜长、龙骨长、胸宽、胸角、胫围呈极显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.57、0.52、0.51、0.49和0.47,与胸深、胫长呈显著相关(P0.05),相关系数分别为0.44和0.39;其他各体尺指标间也存在不同程度的正负相关性(P0.05或P0.01);体重和7个体尺性能指标综合成5个复合指标,累计贡献率达92.6355%,其中第l、2、3、4、5主成分分别解释总变异的36.5353%、22.8642%、13.3115%、10.4535%和8.4710%;各主成分的特征根分布较广,经统计计算入选的5个主成分所包含信息的侧重点各有相同,分别都在一定程度上反映了S3鸡的体型特征和生长发育规律,为今后选育出更加符合市场需求的屠宰加工优质型肉鸡指明了的方向。     

Efficacy of tropicamide,homatropine, cyclopentolate,atropine and hyoscine as mydriatics in Angora goats

Abstract

AIM: To document the efficacy of five commercially available mydriatics for their potential for diagnostic and therapeutic use in Angora goats.

METHODS: Over 8 weeks, the mydriatic effects of 1% tropicamide, 2% homatropine, 1% cyclopentolate, 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine were evaluated. Given as block treatments, drugs were applied randomly to one eye of 10 Angora goats, and the contralateral eye served as a control. Vertical and horizontal pupil diameters were measured to document onset ofeffect, time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical/horizontal pupil diameter between eyes, time to maximum pupillary dilation, and duration of mydriatic action.

RESULTS: Onset of mydriasis for all drugs occurred within 15 minutes. Time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical pupil diameter between eyes was shortest for 1% tropicamide and 0.25% hyoscine (0.5 h), then 2% homatropine and 1% atropine (0.75 h), and longest for 1% cyclopentolate (1.5 h). The maximum vertical pupillary dilation occurred earliest with 1% tropicamide and 1% atropine (2 h), followed by 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (4 h), and latest with 1% cyclopentolate (8 h). The duration of vertical dilation of the pupil was shortest with 1% tropicamide (6 h), then 2% homatropine (12 h), 1% cyclopentolate (12 h), 1% atropine (24 h), and longest for 0.25% hyoscine (96 h).

The time to reach maximum horizontal dilation of the pupil in treated eyes was shortest with 1% cyclopentolate (1 h), followed by 1% tropicamide (1.5 h), 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (3.5 h), and 1% atropine (4 h). The duration of horizontal pupil dilation was shortest with 1% tropicamide (4.5 h), and longest with 0.25% hyoscine (48 h).

CONCLUSION: All five mydriatics induced clinical dilation. Tropicamide (1%) had the shortest duration of effect, but gave incomplete dilation. Good dilation was achieved with 1% cyclopentolate and 2% homatropine, but took too long to reach maximum dilation for routine mydriasis. The largest vertical dilation of the pupil was achieved with 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine, but pupils remained dilated for more than 24 h.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: For routine mydriasis in goats, it is recommended that 1% tropicamide be used, though there may be incomplete dilation. For a longer duration of mydriasis, such as in the treatment of anterior uveitis, 1% atropine or 0.25% hyoscine would be the drugs of choice.