猪胎儿神经干细胞的分离培养和分化

本研究旨在从猪胎儿脑组织中分离培养神经干细胞,观察神经干细胞生长特性和体外增殖、分化特点.利用神经干细胞培养体系,从胎龄30 d的猪胎儿脑组织中分离培养神经干细胞并诱导神经干细胞贴壁分化,采用RT-PCR技术检测干细胞和分化细胞表面标志或相关基因.结果成功分离培养出神经干细胞,神经干细胞具有分化潜能.神经干细胞中Nestin表达强阳性,β-actin、DCX、Hesl、Oct4、Desmin、CD-90、Nanog和Sox2表达阳性;体外诱导的神经干细胞可以分化为星形胶质细胞(表达GFAP)、少突胶质细胞(表达GalC)和神经元细胞(表达NF、NSE和MAP2).结果提示,从猪胎儿脑组织分离神经干细胞具有可行性和有效性,神经干细胞具有自我更新、增殖和分化潜能.     

Nanog基因的生物学功能研究进展

胚胎干细胞具有无限增殖能力和多向分化潜能决定了它在医学及生物学基础研究中具有巨大的应用潜力。探索维持胚胎干细胞特性的分子机制成为胚胎干细胞的生物学研究中的热点。研究发现与维持胚胎干细胞多能性相关的基因有Oct4、Nanog、Sox2等，其中Nanog是2003年5月末发现的一个基因，它对维持胚胎干细胞多能性起关键性作用，能够独立于L1F/Stats维持ICM和ES细胞的多能性。几年来，Nanog的生物学功能及其与Oct4、Sox2等多能性维持基因之间的相互作用关系已有较为深入的研究。作者在综述Nanog基因的表达特征和功能的基础上，重点探讨Nanog基因表达调控以及Oct4、Sox2等多能性维持基因之间的相互作用关系，并展望其应用前景。     

荷斯坦牛羊水来源干细胞分离培养及其表面标志检测

利用羊水来源干细胞培养技术体系,从胎龄285 d荷斯坦奶牛胎儿羊水中分离培养干细胞;采用RT-PCR技术检测干细胞表面标志或相关基因。成功分离培养出奶牛羊水来源干细胞,干细胞中CD-90、Nanog、Oct4、TERT、Sox2、Desmin和HES1表达阳性。从奶牛胎儿羊水中分离干细胞具有可行性和有效性,为进行转基因研究提供靶细胞奠定了基础。     

妊娠中期猪胎儿神经干细胞分离培养及分化

从妊娠中期猪胎儿(胎龄60 d)脑组织分离培养神经干细胞并诱导其贴壁分化,采用RT-PCR技术检测干细胞及其分化细胞的表面标志.结果显示,神经干细胞中DCX、Hes1、Oct4、CD-90、Nanog、Sox2和Nestin表达阳性;体外诱导的神经干细胞可以分化为星形胶质细胞(表达GFAP)、少突胶质细胞(表达GalC)和神经元细胞(表达NF、NSE和MAP2).结果表明,从妊娠中期猪胎儿脑组织可以分离神经干细胞,神经干细胞具有自我更新和分化潜能.     

胚胎干细胞标记基因在大鼠成体干细胞中的表达

为了给组织工程筛选合适的种子细胞,分别对大鼠脂肪间充质干细胞(rat adipose-derived stem cells,rADSCs)、骨髓间充质干细胞(rat bone marrow stromal stem cells,rBMSCs)和骨骼肌卫星细胞(rat skeletal muscle-derived stem cells,rMDSCs)进行胚胎干细胞标记基因Oct-4、Sox-2、Nanog、IL-6和Tert分析,并确定这些基因在这3种细胞中的表达差异性。首先分别应用酶消化法和机械分离法体外分离培养rADSCs、rMDSCs和rBMSCs 3种细胞。其次应用免疫荧光染色检测Oct-4、Sox-2、Nanog、IL-6和Tert在这3种细胞中的表达,然后采用实时定量PCR和Western blot分别在RNA和蛋白质水平定量检测、分析这些基因在不同细胞中的表达量及其差异。免疫荧光染色结果显示这3种细胞中均表达Oct-4、Sox-2、Nanog、IL-6和Tert,但在RNA水平和蛋白质水平均未检测到Nanog的表达,而IL-6和Tert的相对表达量在这3种细胞中均高于Oct-4和Sox-2。研究结果表明,rADSCs、rBMSCs和rMDSCs虽然具有自我更新和多向分化潜能,但是不具有与胚胎干细胞完全相同的特性。     

妊娠中期猪羊水来源干细胞EGFP基因转化及体外分化

本研究旨在获得妊娠中期猪羊水来源千细胞,并通过用EGFP对干细胞进行标记,为以EGFP作为示踪标记对干细胞进行体内移植研究奠定基础.利用羊水来源干细胞培养技术体系,从胎龄60 d猪胎儿羊水中分离获得干细胞,通过脂质体介导转染将EGFP基因导入干细胞,诱导转基因干细胞向肌细胞和神经细胞分化,观察其分化特点.采用RT-PCR技术检测干细胞和分化细胞表面标志或相关基因.结果成功分离培养出妊娠中期猪羊水来源干细胞,并获得转EGFP基因干细胞.干细胞在表达EGFP的同时仍具有分化潜能.干细胞中Oct4、CD-90和Sox2表达阳性;体外诱导的干细胞能分化为肌细胞(表达myf-6和myoD)、星形胶质细胞(表达GFAP)、少突胶质细胞(表达GalC)和神经元细胞(表达NF、NSE和MAP2).研究表明,从妊娠中期猪胎儿羊水中分离干细胞具有可行性和有效性,转EGFP基因干细胞具有自我更新、增殖和分化潜能,可以用EGFP对羊水来源干细胞进行标记、追踪,为EGFP作为示踪标记对干细胞用于体内移植研究奠定了基础.     

无血清培养关中奶山羊胚胎生殖细胞的研究

山羊胚胎生殖细胞是一种来源于胎儿原始性腺的多能干细胞,建立该细胞体外稳定分离培养体系对研究山羊繁殖育种具有重要价值。本试验通过酶消化法和组织培养法分离培养关中奶山羊胚胎生殖细胞,检测无血清培养基对细胞体外增殖的影响。结果发现,该培养基可以分离得到山羊胚胎生殖细胞,细胞集落形态典型,表达AKP、Oct4、TERT及SSEA-1。经体外分化试验表明,细胞可以分化为类胚体、成纤维样细胞、成脂细胞和卵母细胞样形态。无血清培养基可以用于山羊胚胎生殖细胞的分离与培养,本试验对进一步建立山羊胚胎生殖细胞长期培养体系提供了新的参考。     

猪肺脏气道上皮干细胞的特异抗体筛选与抗原表达研究

猪肺脏气道上皮主要由基底细胞,克拉拉细胞,纤毛细胞,杯状细胞等上皮细胞类型组成,筛选猪气道上皮干细胞的相关特异性抗体,观察其特异抗原的表达,将有助于对猪气道上皮干细胞的分离、鉴定和生物学特性的研究.试验中,制备远端气道上皮细胞的冰冻切片与细胞爬片,利用免疫荧光染色法,分析不同物种来源的抗体对猪气道上皮细胞的免疫染色反应;同时利用Oct3/4、Sox2、CD133和SSEA-1等10种上皮干细胞相关抗体分析猪气道上皮干细胞表面抗原表达情况.通过试验,筛选出在猪气道上皮干细胞相关抗体,并发现气道组织冰冻切片未检测到这10种抗体相关的阳性细胞,而在细胞爬片中观察到CD49f和CD117阳性细胞数量较多.免疫荧光共染发现这些CD49f和CD117阳性细胞同时也表达基底细胞表面标记Keratin 14.这可能是正常情况下猪气道上皮干细胞数量极为稀少,表面抗原表达量低而不易检测到,在肺脏气道上皮受到外环境刺激时(如消化),上皮干细胞开始增殖以完成损伤修复作用发生数量上的增殖.综上所述,利用Keratin 14和CD49f或CD117(c-kit)双标染色法可以鉴定猪肺脏气道上皮干细胞的候选亚群来用于其生物学特性与功能的研究.     

马脂肪间充质干细胞的分离培养与生物学特性试验

为马的关节炎、肌腱和韧带损伤的临床治疗提供种子细胞,本试验通过采集马颈部脂肪组织,采用Ⅰ型胶原酶消化法分离脂肪间充质干细胞,并进行传代培养;绘制细胞生长曲线、测定细胞群体倍增时间;通过流式细胞术检测P3代细胞表面标记物,RT-PCR法扩增细胞表面标记物目的基因片段;油红O和茜素红染色法测定脂肪间充质干细胞的成脂和成骨诱导分化能力。结果发现:马脂肪间充质干细胞体外培养条件下呈长梭形和典型的旋涡状,生长状态良好、折光性强;经测定细胞生长曲线呈典型的"S"型,符合Logistic生长曲线规律;P3、P6和P9代细胞群体倍增时间分别为21.5 h、26 h、36 h;流式细胞术检测结果显示,P3代细胞高表达间充质干细胞表面标志物CD44、CD90和CD105,不表达造血系细胞表面标志物CD45;PCR扩增得到CD44、CD90、CD105和CD73特异性目的片段;油红O和茜素红染色证明,马脂肪间充质干细胞具有成脂和成骨诱导分化能力。     

microRNA-133诱导绵羊脐带间充质干细胞分化为成肌细胞的研究

为了探明microRNA-133(miR-133)在诱导脐带间充质干细胞分化为成肌细胞过程中的作用,试验采用脂质体法以化学合成的miR-133转染绵羊脐带间充质干细胞并进行续培养。当细胞呈现成肌细胞的形态特征时,采用qRT-PCR法、免疫荧光法和流式细胞术分别检测转染细胞中成肌细胞特异性基因Desmin与Myf5 mRNA的相对表达量、成肌细胞标记蛋白Desmin与MyoD的表达情况及表达成肌细胞标记蛋白的细胞比率。结果表明:转染并续培养后第28天,续培养的细胞有序生长并呈现融合趋势;qRT-PCR检测可见,转染细胞中成肌细胞特异性基因Desmin及Myf5 mRNA的相对表达量明显提高;与未转染细胞相比,转染细胞特异性表达成肌细胞标记蛋白MyoD和Desmin;此外,转染细胞中表达MyoD和Desmin的细胞比率分别为99.3%和99.0%。说明miR-133在绵羊脐带间充质干细胞分化为成肌细胞过程中发挥重要作用。     

小鼠胚胎干细胞向骨骼肌细胞分化的研究进展

近年来,胚胎干细胞的应用越来越广泛,在体外将小鼠胚胎干细胞诱导分化为肌肉细胞,并且利用这些分化得来的肌肉细胞治疗肌肉退行性疾病,一直是胚胎干细胞研究领域的热点,而胚胎干细胞的分化机制更是其中的难点。目前,用于诱导小鼠胚胎干细胞分化为骨骼肌细胞的方法很多,但分化的效率并不是很高,所以研究胚胎干细胞向骨骼肌细胞方向分化的机制显得尤为重要。文章仅就最近几年对小鼠胚胎干细胞向骨骼肌细胞方向分化的一些方法及其机制作一综述。     

Differentiation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell into germ-like cell under effect of co-culture with testicular cell tissue

Supplements produced by mouse testicular cells (mTCs) and the interaction between cells can increase the differentiation rate of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) into the germ-like cells. We studied the differentiation rate of hUCMSCs into the germ-like cells under effect of mTCs co-culturing. Isolated hUCMSCs from postpartum human umbilical cords were cultured. Then, the expression of mesenchymal (CD73, CD90 and CD105) and haematopoietic (CD34 and CD45) markers of hUCMSCs were confirmed by flow cytometry. Then, the hUCMSCs were cultured in four distinct groups: (a) control, (b) co-culture until D0, (c) co-culture until D5 and (d) co-culture until D10, in order to differentiate into the germ-like cells. After 10 days, the expression of OCT4, VASA, Fragilis and SYCP3 genes were examined by Real-Time qPCR. The flow cytometry indicated a high expression of mesenchymal markers and a low expression of haematopoietic markers (CD73:98.6%, CD90: 99.1%, CD105: 99.5%, CD34: 4.22% and CD45: 2.54%). The expression of OCT4 decreased during the time while the expression of VASA, Fragilis and SYCP3 markers increased in the co-culture with testicular cells (p value <.05). Co-culture with mTCs may be used as an effective method to differentiate hUCMSCs into germ-like cells.     

Isolation,proliferation and characterization of endometrial canine stem cells

In the last decade, progenitor cells isolated from dissociated endometrial tissue have been the subject of many studies in several animal species. Recently, endometrial cells showing characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have been demonstrated in human, pig and cow uterine tissue samples. The aim of this study was the isolation and characterization of stromal cells from the endometrium of healthy bitches, a tissue that after elective surgery is routinely discarded. Multipotent stromal cells could be isolated from all bitches enrolled in the study (n = 7). The multipotency of cells was demonstrated by their capacity to differentiate into adipocytic, osteocytic and chondrocytic lineages. Clonogenicity and cell proliferation ability were also tested. Furthermore, gene expression analysis by RT‐PCR was used to compare the expression of a set of genes (CD44, CD29, CD34, CD45, CD90, CD13, CD133, CD73, CD31 CD105, Oct4) with adipose tissue‐derived MSC. Stromal cells isolated from uterine endometrium showed similar morphology, ability of subculture and plasticity, and also expressed a panel of genes comparable with adipose tissue‐derived MSC. These data suggest that endometrial stromal cells fulfil the basic criteria proposed by the “Mesenchymal and Tissue Stem Cell Committee of the International Society for Cellular Therapy” for the identification of mesenchymal stem cells. Although endometrial mesenchymal stem cells (EnMSC) showed a lower replicative ability in comparison with adipose tissue‐derived MSC, they could be considered a cell therapeutic agent alternative to adipose tissue or bone marrow‐derived MSC in dog.     

褪黑素对脂多糖刺激的滩羊骨骼肌卫星细胞炎性因子表达的影响

试验旨在探究褪黑素（MLT）对脂多糖（LPS）诱导的滩羊骨骼肌卫星细胞炎性反应的影响。选取滩羊妊娠30日龄胎儿为研究材料,使用Ⅳ型胶原酶分离获得滩羊骨骼肌卫星细胞并进行体外培养,添加相应的诱导试剂对滩羊骨骼肌卫星细胞进行诱导分化,利用免疫荧光检测骨骼肌卫星细胞表面标记物CD29、CD44、CD73及Vimentin的表达;在无胎牛血清的培养基中添加不同浓度（0、5、8和10 μg/mL）的LPS培养骨骼肌卫星细胞,利用实时荧光定量PCR （qRT-PCR）检测白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、IL-8和肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）等炎性相关因子mRNA水平变化,筛选最佳的LPS处理浓度;在无胎牛血清的培养基中添加不同浓度（0.1和0.5 μmol/L） MLT与最佳浓度LPS共培养骨骼肌卫星细胞,利用实时荧光定量PCR检测IL-6、IL-8和干扰素-γ（IFN-γ）等炎性相关因子mRNA水平变化。免疫荧光结果显示,滩羊骨骼肌卫星细胞表面标志物CD29、CD44、CD73及Vimentin表达呈阳性,且具有诱导成肌、成脂和成骨分化的特性。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,与对照组相比,不同浓度的LPS处理均可显著增加细胞炎性相关因子基因的表达（P<0.05）,并且8 μg/mL LPS处理时炎性相关因子mRNA表达最强;当MLT与LPS共培养骨骼肌卫星细胞时,与LPS单独处理相比,0.5 μmol/L MLT与LPS共同处理组中IL-6 mRNA表达水平显著降低（P<0.05）。综上表明,MLT具有缓解LPS刺激的滩羊骨骼肌卫星细胞炎性反应的作用。本试验结果为进一步开展MLT缓解LPS诱导的骨骼肌卫星细胞炎性反应的调控机制研究奠定了基础。     

腺病毒与慢病毒感染猪原代细胞的比较研究

本实验旨在探究腺病毒和慢病毒侵染猪原代细胞的最佳感染复数(MOI)和侵染时间,确定较优的侵染方式。实验选择体外分离培养猪骨骼肌卫星细胞、前体脂肪细胞和骨髓间充质干细胞后,分别用腺病毒(MOI=0、50、100、200、500、1 500)和慢病毒(MOI=0、30、50、80、100、300)感染细胞,每隔24 h在荧光显微镜下观察记录细胞中绿色荧光蛋白的表达情况。结果表明:当腺病毒MOI值为500、慢病毒MOI值为80,侵染4 d后,3种细胞荧光强度均较强且细胞形态完好。相比较而言,腺病毒能快速高效侵染猪骨骼肌卫星细胞;而对于猪前体脂肪细胞和猪骨髓间充质干细胞,2种病毒侵染速度相近,但慢病毒的侵染效率和荧光强度更高。因此,对于猪骨骼肌卫星细胞,选取腺病毒作为外源基因载体更为合适;对于猪前体脂肪细胞和猪骨髓间充质干细胞,慢病毒的侵染效果则更好。     

Horses with equine recurrent uveitis have an activated CD4+ T‐cell phenotype that can be modulated by mesenchymal stem cells in vitro

Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) is an immune‐mediated disease causing repeated or persistent inflammatory episodes which can lead to blindness. Currently, there is no cure for horses with this disease. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are effective at reducing immune cell activation in vitro in many species, making them a potential therapeutic option for ERU. The objectives of this study were to define the lymphocyte phenotype of horses with ERU and to determine how MSCs alter T‐cell phenotype in vitro. Whole blood was taken from 7 horses with ERU and 10 healthy horses and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated. The markers CD21, CD3, CD4, and CD8 were used to identify lymphocyte subsets while CD25, CD62L, Foxp3, IFNγ, and IL10 were used to identify T‐cell phenotype. Adipose‐derived MSCs were expanded, irradiated (to control proliferation), and incubated with CD4⁺ T‐cells from healthy horses, after which lymphocytes were collected and analyzed via flow cytometry. The percentages of T‐cells and B‐cells in horses with ERU were similar to normal horses. However, CD4⁺ T‐cells from horses with ERU expressed higher amounts of IFNγ indicating a pro‐inflammatory Th1 phenotype. When co‐incubated with MSCs, activated CD4⁺ T‐cells reduced expression of CD25, CD62L, Foxp3, and IFNγ. MSCs had a lesser ability to decrease activation when cell‐cell contact or prostaglandin signaling was blocked. MSCs continue to show promise as a treatment for ERU as they decreased the CD4⁺ T‐cell activation phenotype through a combination of cell‐cell contact and prostaglandin signaling.     

肌源干细胞研究进展

近年研究发现,成体骨骼肌中不但存在单能的成肌干细胞卫星细胞,而且还含有多能的肌源干细胞。肌源干细胞起源于胚胎血管祖细胞,在适当的微环境中,可分化为血细胞、成骨细胞、神经细胞等不同胚层的组织细胞。肌源干细胞的表面标志已被初步认识,对其分化的研究,及其分离纯化的技术研究正在进一步深入。文章对肌源干细胞的起源、分离纯化、表面标志、分化潜能及存在问题与展望做一综述。     

Differentiation and characterization of rat adipose tissue mesenchymal stem cells into endothelial‐like cells

In this study, mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from rat adipose tissue (AD‐MSCs) to characterize and differentiate them into endothelial‐like cells. AD‐MSCs were isolated by mechanical and enzymatic treatments, and their identity was verified by colony‐forming units (CFU) test and by differentiation into cells of mesodermal lineages. The endothelial differentiation was induced by plating another aliquot of cells in EGM‐2 medium, enriched with specific endothelial growth factors. Five subcultures were performed. The expression of stemness genes (OCT4, SOX2 and NANOG) was investigated. The presence of CD90 and the absence of the CD45 were evaluated by flow cytometry. The endothelial‐like cells were characterized by the evaluation of morphological changes and gene expression analysis for endothelial markers (CD31, CD144, CD146). Characterization of AD‐MSCs showed their ability to form clones, to differentiate in vitro and the OCT‐4, SOX‐2, NANOG genes expression. Immunophenotypic characterization showed the CD90 presence and the CD45 absence. The endothelial‐like cells showed morphological changes, the expression of CD31, CD144, CD146 genes and the presence of CD31 membrane receptor. Matrigel assay showed their ability to form network and vessels‐like structures. This study lays the foundations for future evaluation of the potential AD‐MSCs pro‐angiogenic and therapeutic role.     

Identification of perivascular and stromal mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells in porcine endometrium

Mammalian uterus contains a population of mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells that likely contribute to endometrial regeneration during each reproductive cycle. In human and mouse, they reside in perivascular, epithelial and stromal compartments of the endometrial functionalis and basalis. Here, we aimed to identify tissue resident cells expressing mesenchymal stem cell markers CD29, CD44, CD90, CD105, CD140b and CD146 in the porcine endometrium. We used single immunofluorescence and Western blotting. Each of these markers was detected in small cells surrounding endometrial blood vessels. CD105 and CD146 were also expressed in single stromal cells. A few stromal and perivascular cells showed the presence of pluripotency marker Oct4 in the cytoplasm, but not in the nucleus, which may imply they are not truly pluripotent. Endometrial cell cultures were examined for the expression of CD29, CD44, CD90, CD105 and CD140b proteins and tested in wound‐healing assay and culture model of chemotaxis. In conclusion, our results demonstrate perivascular location of prospective mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells in the porcine endometrium and may suggest that stromal CD105⁺ and CD146⁺ cells represent more mature precursors originating from their perivascular ancestors.