不同羽色和性别番鸭屠宰性能及肌肉成分比较研究

研究旨在比较不同羽色及性别番鸭在屠宰性能及肌肉成分上的差别,为选育优良番鸭品种提供依据。试验选取1日龄黑羽番鸭、白羽番鸭及黑白花番鸭公、母共324羽,按羽色、性别分为6个处理,每处理设6个重复,每重复9只鸭,各处理饲喂相同日粮,试验期90d。结果表明:雄性黑羽番鸭屠宰率、全净膛率显著高于雄性白羽及黑白花羽番鸭(P0.05),而雌性黑白花番鸭及白羽番鸭的胸肌率和瘦肉率相近且均显著高于雌性黑羽番鸭(P0.05);各处理番鸭肌肉中汞、镉、砷、铅含量无显著差异(P0.05),且均很微量;各同羽色雄性番鸭肌肉水分、无氮浸出物和粗蛋白质含量均基本略高于其同羽色雌性番鸭,而各处理雌性番鸭肌肉粗脂肪、粗灰分含量则高于其同羽色的雄性番鸭;雄性白羽番鸭和黑白花番鸭肌肉粗蛋白质含量相近且均显著高于雄性黑羽番鸭(P0.05);各同羽色番鸭中基本上肌肉氨基酸含量均以雄性高于雌性,而同性别的番鸭比较,雄性白羽番鸭肌肉中多种氨基酸的含量显著高于雄性黑羽及雄性黑白花羽番鸭(P0.05);同时雌性各羽色番鸭肌肉中多种氨基酸含量呈现出:黑白花番鸭黑羽番鸭白羽番鸭,但该趋势不显著(P0.05)。试验结果表明,雄性黑羽番鸭屠宰性能有一定优势,白羽番鸭肌肉养分和氨基酸含量优势明显。     

不同羽色和性别番鸭屠宰性能及肌肉成分比较研究

研究旨在比较不同羽色及性别番鸭在屠宰性能及肌肉成分上的差别,为选育优良番鸭品种提供依据。试验选取1日龄黑羽番鸭、白羽番鸭及黑白花番鸭公、母共324羽,按羽色、性别分为6个处理,每处理设6个重复,每重复9只鸭,各处理饲喂相同日粮,试验期90d。结果表明：雄性黑羽番鸭屠宰率、全净膛率显著高于雄性白羽及黑白花羽番鸭（P〈0．05）,而雌性黑白花番鸭及白羽番鸭的胸肌率和瘦肉率相近且均显著高于雌性黑羽番鸭（P〈0．05）;各处理番鸭肌肉中汞、镉、砷、铅含量无显著差异（P〉0．05）,且均很微量;各同羽色雄性番鸭肌肉水分、无氮浸出物和粗蛋白质含量均基本略高于其同羽色雌性番鸭,而各处理雌性番鸭肌肉粗脂肪、粗灰分含量则高于其同羽色的雄性番鸭;雄性白羽番鸭和黑白花番鸭肌肉粗蛋白质含量相近且均显著高于雄性黑羽番鸭（P〈0．05）;各同羽色番鸭中基本上肌肉氨基酸含量均以雄性高于雌性,而同性别的番鸭比较,雄性白羽番鸭肌肉中多种氨基酸的含量显著高于雄性黑羽及雄性黑白花羽番鸭（P〉0．05）;同时雌性各羽色番鸭肌肉中多种氨基酸含量呈现出：黑白花番鸭〉黑羽番鸭〉白羽番鸭,但该趋势不显著（P〉0．05）。试验结果表明,雄性黑羽番鸭屠宰性能有一定优势,白羽番鸭肌肉养分和氨基酸含量优势明显。     

灰胸竹鸡笼养生活习性的观察及体尺指标的测定

对野生灰胸竹鸡(Bambusicola thoracica)的笼养生活习性进行了初步观察,并对竹鸡的体尺指标进行了测定和比较,以便为人工饲养竹鸡提供参考依据。结果表明,舍饲竹鸡在生活习性方面仍然保持有野生时的鸣叫、梳羽、集群等习性。环境因素对竹鸡生活习性的影响较大。在体尺指标方面,雄性体重大于雌性,差异极显著(P<0.01),雄性竹鸡胫长指标、强壮指数均高于雌性竹鸡且差异显著(P<0.05)。其它生理指标雌雄个体差异不大。     

不同性别肉鸡心肌易颤性、血清酶活性和电解质水平的比较

对不同性别肉鸡的心肌易颤性、血清酶活性和电解质水平进行了比较,结果表明:(1)雄性肉鸡的电刺激诱颤阈和输钾诱颤阈均显著低于雌性肉鸡(P<0.05),二者均表明雄性肉鸡的心肌易颤性高于雌性肉鸡;(2)冷加压试验:冷加压5 min内心率和PT波宽出现了显著的变化,而且变化幅度雄性肉鸡均明显大于雌性肉鸡,提示雄性肉鸡的心肌易颤性高于雌性肉鸡;(3)雄性肉鸡LDH活性和CK活性极显著高于雌性肉鸡(P<0.01),而AST活性无显著差异(P>0.05);(4)K 、Na 、Cl-浓度均无显著差异(P>0.05)。     

大鸨

大鸨(Otis tqrda),俗名地鵏(bǔ)、老鵏,是亚洲地区体重最大的鸟类,成年雄性最重可达15公斤以上。其头颈部灰色,背部棕色,腹部白色,脚绿灰色,雄性喉部两侧长有白色的长而纤细的羽毛,酷似胡须。雌性体重较小,一般在4~8公斤之间,无须。由于雄性和雌性外部形态差异较大,因此在民间常被误认为是两种鸟,把雄鸟称为“羊须鵏”,把雌鸟称为“石鵏”。     

饲粮铜水平对冬毛期水貂血清脂类代谢指标、血液参数、肠道消化酶活性及胆汁微量元素含量的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮铜水平对冬毛期水貂血清脂类代谢指标、血液参数、肠道消化酶活性及胆汁微量元素含量的影响。试验选取(110±3)日龄的健康水貂140只(公母各占1/2),随机分为7个组,每组20个重复,每个重复1只水貂。各组水貂分别饲喂在基础饲粮(铜含量为7.68 mg/kg)中添加0(对照组)、6(Cu6组)、12(Cu12组)、24(Cu24组)、(Cu48组)、96(Cu96组)和192 mg/kg(Cu192组)铜的试验饲粮。预试期7 d,正试期90 d。结果表明:1)水貂血清总胆固醇(TC)含量随饲粮铜水平的增加呈线性(:P0.01,♀:P0.01)或二次曲线降低(:P0.05,♀:P0.01)。雄性水貂的血清TC和甘油三酯(TG)含量显著高于雌性水貂(P0.05)。2)饲粮铜水平对水貂血红蛋白含量和血细胞比容无显著影响(P0.05),雄性水貂血红蛋白含量和血细胞比容与雌性水貂无显著差异(P0.05)。3)雄性水貂空肠脂肪酶活性显著高于雌性水貂(P0.05),空肠、回肠胰蛋白酶活性和空肠淀粉酶活性极显著高于雌性水貂(P0.01)。4)水貂胆汁铜含量随饲粮铜水平的增加呈线性增加(P0.05),水貂胆汁锰和铁含量随饲粮铜水平的增加呈线性或二次曲线降低(P0.01)。由此可见,水貂饲粮添加铜对血清胆固醇、胆汁微量元素含量有重要的调节作用。     

圈养金钱豹血液生理生化指标的测定

血液指标是反映动物生理机能和健康状况的重要指标,为了解和掌握圈养金钱豹的血液生理生化指标,测定了56头次金钱豹的40项血液生理生化值,并按年龄和性别进行分组比较。结果显示,血清磷(P)成体金钱豹雌雄间雌性LYMPH、ALB、P高于雄性,差异显著(P<0.05),雌性MO GR、BUN低于雄性,差异显著(P<0.05)或者极显著(P<0.01);亚成体金钱豹雌雄性之间,雌性CK、AST高于雄性差异显著(P<0.05)或者极显著(P<0.01),雌性P/O低于雄性差异显著(P<0.05);成体金钱豹雄性与亚成体雄性之间亚成体RBC、LYMPH、Ca、P/O、ALP、P高于成体,差异显著(P<0.05)或者极显著(P<0.01),亚成体WBC、PMN、GLB、ALT、TP、AST低于成体差异显著(P<0.05)或者极显著(P<0.01);成体金钱豹雌性与亚成体雌性之间,亚成体ALB、VLDL、Ca、A/G、ALP、P/O、P高于成体,差异显著(P<0.05)或者极显著(P<0.01),亚成体TP、GLB、AST低于成体,差异显著(P<0.05)或者极显著(P<0.01)。说明了建立金钱豹血液生理生化指标的必要性。     

守宫木对小鼠血液指标和脏器系数的影响

为了研究守宫木对小鼠血液指标和脏器系数的影响,将试验小鼠分为高、中、低3个试验组和1个对照组共4组;第30 d采血进行血液指标检测,处死动物进行脏器系数检测。结果发现,小鼠血清GOT和GPT活性低剂量组高于其他组,血清TP含量对照组高于试验组,血清Alb含量对照组雌性小鼠均高于试验组雌性小鼠,血清SOD活力试验组雄性小鼠均低于对照组雄性小鼠,血清MDA含量试验组雄性小鼠均高于对照组雄性小鼠,血清H₂O₂试验组小鼠均低于对照组;脑/体系数高剂量组显著高于其他组。表明守宫木对小鼠血液生化指标和自由基、脏器系数均有一定的影响。     

新疆桑树性配子二倍化诱导研究

在干旱生态条件下 ,采用喷药、涂药等方法对新疆桑雄性、雌性配子进行性配子二倍化诱导研究。结果表明 :(1 )新疆不同桑品种雄性配子二倍化诱导率平均为 2 1 . 6 6 %、雌性配子为 1 5 . 83% ,雄性配子二倍化诱导频率高于雌性配子 ;(2 ) 2 mg/l　 BA (6—苄基嘌呤 )配制的秋水仙碱溶液在新疆高温干旱气候的刺激作用时间 7天 ,处理的有效浓度雌性配子以 0 . 2 0 % ,雄性配子以 0 . 2 5 %为宜 ;(3)喷药处理的性配子二倍化诱导效果高于涂药方法。     

野生斑幼鱼与雌、雄性亲鱼肌肉脂肪酸组成分析

为了研究不同生长阶段和不同性别斑肌肉常规营养成分及脂肪酸组成的差异,试验采用国家标准方法分析野生斑幼鱼与雌、雄性亲鱼肌肉常规营养成分及脂肪酸组成。结果表明:斑肌肉的粗蛋白含量丰富(18.90%~21.59%),粗脂肪含量较低(0.91%~1.33%)。斑肌肉脂肪酸含量因生长期和性别不同而不同,斑幼鱼肌肉硬脂酸(C_(18:0))和十八碳烯酸(C_(18:1n7))显著高于雌、雄性亲鱼(P0.05),亚油酸(C_(18:2n6))也显著高于雌、雄性亲鱼(P0.05),斑幼鱼及雄性亲鱼的油酸(C_(18:1n9))显著低于雌性亲鱼(P0.05),亚麻酸(C_(18:3n3))则由幼鱼期的0.45%显著提高为1.23%~1.57%(P0.05),花生四烯酸(C_(20:4n6))由幼鱼期的12.21%显著降低为6.24%~7.03%(P0.05),二十碳五烯酸(C_(20:5n3))在幼鱼及雌、雄性亲鱼肌肉中含量分别为1.01%、2.04%、3.98%,且差异显著(P0.05)。幼鱼n-3系列多不饱和脂肪酸总量(∑n-3PUFA)为1.46%,显著低于雌、雄性亲鱼(P0.05),雌性亲鱼(3.61%)显著低于雄性亲鱼(5.21%)(P0.05);幼鱼n-6系列多不饱和脂肪酸总量(∑n-6PUFA)为20.72%,显著高于雌、雄性亲鱼(P0.05);雌、雄性亲鱼n-3系列多不饱和脂肪酸总量/n-6系列多不饱和脂肪酸总量(n-3/n-6)显著高于幼鱼(P0.05)。     

PET AND CAPTIVE BIRDS AS POTENTIAL RESERVOIRS OF ZOONOTIC BACTERIA

Thermophilic Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. are zoonotic bacteria, commonly harbored in the enteric tract of avian species. This survey aimed at verifying the presence of these microorganisms in a heterogeneous Italian population of pet birds and captive birds of prey (e.g., Passeriformes, Psittaciformes, Accipitriformes, Falconiformes, and Strigiformes) that live in close contact with humans. A total of 151 individuals were tested for thermophilic Campylobacter spp. and 444 for Salmonella spp. Six C. jejuni and one S. Livingstone were isolated from birds of prey: 4 Accipitriformes (2 Buteo regalis, 2 Parabuteo unicinctus), 1 Falconiformes (Falco peregrinus) and 1 Strigiformes (Strix aluco) were positive for C. jejuni, and 1 Falconiformes (Falco peregrinus) for S. Livingstone. Five C. jejuni strains were genotyped by Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) and identified as ST 2116, assigned to ST-353 CC. Results of this study suggest that these microorganisms are not common inhabitants of the digestive tract of pet birds and captive birds of prey, but occasional findings. However, as potential reservoirs of zoonotic bacteria, pet birds should be monitored in order to preserve human health.     

利用羽髓组织分析濒危鸟类同工酶

鸟类，特别是濒危鸟类同工酶的分析，长期以来一直受到组织学样品来源上的限制。因为在分析实验中普遍采用血液和各种新鲜组织为分析材料，这常常要损伤或杀死动物，对濒危鸟类的保护是不利的。本文以生长羽毛的羽髓组织为材料，进行了乳酸脱氢酶（ＬＤＨ）同工酶的凝胶电泳分析。所得谱带清晰，重复性好，且对鸟体无伤害，是濒危鸟类同工酶分析的理想方法。     

鸡、鹦鹉和鹅的血浆酯酶电泳特点比较

试验采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（PAGE）法测定了京海鸡、虎皮鹦鹉和扬州鹅三个不同禽类群体的酯酶（Es）多态性。结果显示，这三个群体的Es具有一定的差异：京海鸡有Es-3、Es-2和Es-1三个着色区，Es-1位点由基因Es-1^A、Es-1^B和Es-1^C控制（Es-1^B频率为0．6328），有AA、AB、BB和O四种表现型（BB频率为0．5000）；鹦鹉只有Es-3、Es-1区，Es-1位点由Es-1^A、Es-1^B和Es-1^C。基因控制，Es-1^A频率高达0．8238，有AA、AB、AC、BB、BC和CC六种表现型，以AA频率最高（0.7714）；扬州鹅未见Es-3和Es-2区，Es-1区较复杂，共出现7个条带，其中1条带出现于部分个体，2～4条带出现于所有个体，5-7带为弱信号带，具有个体间的差异。     

10种鸟消化系统的比较研究

为了弄清鸟类消化系统形态结构与食性的关系,2005年3~7月对陇东学院和西峰市郊10种野生鸟的消化系统进行了解剖观察。结果表明,鸟的喙和舌因种类、食性和采食方式不同有很大的差异,鸟类消化道的形态特征与其食性密切相关:大白鹭的消化管最长,是体长的2.59倍,斑鸠、石鸡、环颈雉的消化管次之,是体长的2.39~2.45倍,白头鹎、北红尾鸲、白脊鸟令鸟、大山雀、椋鸟和灰伯劳的消化管最短,是体长的0.88~1.51倍;环颈雉、石鸡的嗉囊、肌胃和盲肠均非常发达,白头鹎、北红尾鸲、白脊鸟令鸟、大山雀、灰椋鸟、灰伯劳的嗉囊、肌胃、盲肠退化、消失。对其嗉囊、肌胃内容物剖检发现,大白鹭为肉食性鸟类,斑鸠、环颈雉、石鸡为植食性鸟类,白头鹎为杂食性鸟类,北红尾鸲、大山雀、白脊鸟令鸟、灰椋鸟、灰伯劳为食虫性鸟类。     

Pet birds as potential reservoirs of virulent and antibiotic resistant zoonotic bacteria

Bacterial pathogens carried by pet birds are considered a risk for birds, workers, and pet owners. This study investigated the potential of pet birds as reservoirs for virulent multidrug-resistant (MDR) zoonotic bacteria and assessed the genetic relatedness and diversity of bacterial isolates from pet birds and human contacts. Cloacal and tracheal swabs from 125 pet birds and 70 hand swabs from human contacts were collected. The results revealed that the pet birds were reservoirs for Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae (17.6 %, each), and Staphylococcus aureus (15.2 %). These isolates were also identified in their human contacts, at percentages of 14.3 %, 12.9 %, and 24.3 %, respectively. Virulence associated genes were identified from E. coli (stx2, stx2f, eaeA, and hlyA), K. pneumoniae (fimH, TraT, and magA), and S. aureus (PVL, hly, sea, sed genes) isolates. Multidrug-resistant E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and S. aureus were highly prevalent (81.3 %, 90.3 %, and 61.1 %, respectively). The genetic relationship between the E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates from the pet birds and human contacts were determined by ERIC-PCR, while, RAPD-PCR was used for the S. aureus isolates. ERIC-PCR was found to have the highest discriminatory power. The clustering of the isolates from the pet birds and human contacts indicated potential transmission between the birds and workers. In conclusion, pet birds could act as potential reservoirs for zoonotic bacterial pathogens; thus, posing a risk to their human contacts.     

脂肪对家禽免疫的影响

营养因素对家禽免疫具有重要作用。脂肪是家禽必需的重要营养元素之一，不仅是维持家禽正常生长、繁殖、生产不可缺少的组成成分与营养物质，也是调节家禽免疫器官、组织和免疫应答反应不可缺少的物质基础。作者从脂肪的生理营养功能，就其对家禽的免疫器官发育、体液免疫、细胞免疫、非特异性免疫、细胞因子产生的影响等方面进行了综述。为合理配制家禽日粮，提高家禽抵抗疾病的能力提供理论依据。     

Blood supply and arteriography of the pelvic limb of the Southern caracara (Caracara plancus) and great egret (Ardea alba)

The aim of this study was to compare the arterial vascularization of the pelvic limb between southern caracara (Caracara plancus) and great egret (Ardea alba) by dissection and radiographic examinations. Five specimens of caracaras (three males and two females), and seven great egrets (five males and two females) were used. Barium sulphate and latex suspension were injected into the left ventricle of the birds. The radiographs were taken with the pelvic limbs in the ventrodorsal, dorsoplantar, mediolateral and lateromedial recumbency. Thereafter, the material was fixed in a 10% solution of formaldehyde and dissected. The pelvic limb received its arterial supply from two main vessels, the ischiatic and external iliac arteries. The ischiatic artery presented to be the principal artery of pelvic limb in the caracara and great egret. Several branches arised from the ischiatic and external iliac arteries were described. No gender differences were observed in both species. The caracara and great egret showed arteries similar to those reported for the ostrich and domestic fowl. According to the results of this study, it is suggested that the caracara has a pelvic limb with more arterial branches and larger arterial diameter than the great egret, which is probably related to the specific behaviour of these birds, since the caracara is a bird that exercise more their pelvic limbs to capture its prey when compared with the great egret.     

AVIAN CHOLERA IN CANARIES (SERINUS CANARIA): REVIEW OF 2 OUTBREAKS

This report describes the evaluation of 2 avian cholera outbreaks in two canary (Serinus canaria) aviaries located in southern Brazil. The first outbreak had its onset after a thermal inversion, when the canaries exhibited clinical signs that included dyspnea, conjunctivitis, cyanosis, and death. The clinical progression of the disease, on average, lasted 2 days, and lead to a 40% loss of birds within the aviary. In the second outbreak the canaries also went through a thermal inversion, ending up with several cases of sudden death (60% of mortality) in a period of 24 hours. Canaries from both aviaries were submitted for microbiological evaluation, where isolates of Pasteurella multocidamultocida, which were resistant to sulfonamide, oxytetracycline, and enrofloxacin, were identified. After the analyzing the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, canaries in both aviaries were treated with amoxicillin. Following 3 weeks of treatment, the outbreaks were controlled.     

我国出口观赏鸟血液原虫的调查与分析

通过显微镜检查对来源于全国各地的37种出口观赏鸟进行了血液原虫调查。共检查血样1144份，结果为：血液原虫的检出率为2．1％，主要是血变原虫和／或疟原虫。感染季节以秋冬两季为主，易感鸟品种主要是白腰文鸟、红喉歌鸲、蓝歌鸲、暗绿绣眼鸟、豆冠、白燕、情侣鹦鹉。