具有地方性呼吸系统病史的50个猪群中3～6周龄出现咳嗽症状仔猪中猪肺炎支原体病的发生

到目前为止,意大利已经分离到了H1N1、H1N2和H3N2 3个亚型猪流感病毒。2006年,在一例有咳嗽症状的猪上分离到了一种新的猪流感病毒亚型(H3N1)。通过对肺组织的RT-PCR检测,对试验猪人工感染该新亚型流感病毒及利用空斑试验对该毒株的克隆鉴定,证实了这一独特的H和N组合的猪流感病毒的存在。同时,对该新型毒株进行了抗原及遗传特性鉴定。基因系统发育分析结果表明,H3N1亚型的完整HA基因序列与3株意大利H3N2亚型具有高度的一致性。这3个意大利亚型中有一株分离于2001年,其它2株分离于2004年,而该毒株的NA序列全长与2004年于意大利分离得到的3株H1N1亚型猪流感病毒极其相似。其余的基因片段也分别与当前意大利流行的H1N1与H3N2猪流感病毒极为相似。这表明,该新亚型猪流感病毒可能是H1N1与H3N2亚型的一个重组体。     

宁夏地区H1N1亚型猪流感病毒基因组遗传进化分析

对宁夏地区2011年分离到的5株H1N1亚型猪流感病毒进行了基因组测定和遗传进化分析。结果显示:宁夏地区H1N1亚型猪流感病毒具有多样性,5株分离株可分为3类,其中1株为类人H1N1猪流感病毒,2株为经典猪流感病毒,另外2株为重组猪流感病毒,其PB2、PB1、PA、NP、NS基因来源于北美三元重组猪流感病毒,HA、NA、M基因来源于经典猪流感病毒;HA蛋白裂解位点附近氨基酸分析显示5株H1N1亚型猪流感分离株均为低致病性毒株;序列分析结果显示5株病毒在HA蛋白受体结合位点、抗原位点,以及NA蛋白潜在糖基化位点处氨基酸存在差异,这些差异具有分支特异性。5株病毒在NA和M2蛋白上均未出现与神经氨酸酶抑制剂和金刚烷胺耐药性相关的氨基酸变异,但其中3株病毒的PB2蛋白基因具有哺乳动物适应性变异E627K。     

无锡地区猪流感病毒的分离与鉴定

对从江苏省无锡市几个呼吸道症状明显、高热发病的猪群中采集到的棉拭子和猪肺样品进行病毒分离,经纯化后,对病毒的血清型进行鉴定。结果表明:分离获得猪流感病毒(SIV)H3N2亚型1株、H1N1亚型1株、H9N2亚型毒株2株。这一结果为该市有效防控猪流感、深入研究SIV的传播机制和遗传演化规律提供了良好的流行病学资料。     

一株欧洲类禽H1N1猪流感病毒的分离鉴定与反向遗传系统的建立

猪流感是猪常见的呼吸道传染病,临床以高热、呼吸困难、咳嗽和衰竭、迅速康复或死亡为特征。猪流感不仅给养猪业造成巨大损失,也严重威胁着人类健康。本研究从发病猪场中分离到1株H1N1亚型猪流感病毒,序列分析结果显示,分离毒株属于欧洲类禽猪流感H1N1亚型病毒。将分离毒株分别接种到MDCK与ST细胞,观察病毒的生长特性,结果显示分离的猪流感病毒在ST细胞中复制能力较强。采用RT-PCR技术分别扩增8个基因片段,克隆到流感病毒反向遗传系统,成功拯救出猪流感病毒毒株,测序结果显示拯救的猪流感病毒与亲本毒序列一致。本研究成功分离的猪流感病毒,以及建立的反向遗传技术为研究欧洲类禽猪流感病毒跨种传播的机制以及研发新型猪流感疫苗株奠定了基础。     

猪流感病毒H1N1、H1N2和H3N2亚型多重RT-PCR诊断方法的建立

对我国分离到的猪流感病毒和GenBank数据库中已有的猪流感病毒H1N1、H1N2和H3N2亚型毒株的HA、NA基因核苷酸序列进行分析,分别选出各个病毒亚型HA和NA基因中高度保守且特异的核苷酸区域,设计扩增猪流感病毒H1和H3、N1和N2亚型的2套多重PCR特异性引物,建立了猪流感H1N1、H1N2和H3N2亚型病毒多重RT-PCR诊断方法。采用该方法对H1N1、H1N2、H3N2亚型猪流感病毒标准参考株进行RT-PCR检测,结果均呈阳性,对扩增得到的片段进行序列测定和BLAST比较,表明为目的基因片段。其它几种常见猪病病毒和其它亚型猪流感病毒的RT-PCR扩增结果都呈阴性。对107EID50/0.1mL病毒进行稀释,提取RNA进行敏感性试验,RT-PCR最少可检测到102EID50的病毒量核酸。对40份阳性临床样品的检测结果是H1N1、H1N2和H3N2亚型分别为16份、1份和20份,其它3份样品同时含有H1N1和H3N2亚型猪流感病毒,和鸡胚分离病毒结果100%一致。试验证明建立的猪流感病毒H1N1、H1N2和H3N2亚型多重RT-PCR诊断方法是一种特异敏感的诊断方法,可用于临床样品的早期快速诊断和分型。     

上海地区猪流感病毒的分离与鉴定

本研究对猪流感病毒上海分离株进行了鉴定和病毒特性的相关研究。采用血凝试验、电镜观察、血凝素和神经氨酸酶基因测序等方法对分离株进行了病毒的鉴定,采用形态学、化学和生物学方法对分离株进行了病原特性研究。结果显示分离株为A型猪流感病毒,属于欧洲类禽H1N1亚型,病毒粒子在透射电镜下为圆形、椭圆形或多形性,病毒粒子直径大小80～120 nm,血凝素为热稳定型,病毒耐50℃,能凝集鸡、人O型和猪红细胞,对乙醚、氯仿和酸敏感,对10日龄无特定病原体(SPF)鸡胚无致死性。研究表明上海地区猪群中存在对环境具有较强耐受性,且对鸡胚低致病性的A型H1N1亚型猪流感病毒。     

一株H1N1病毒的分离鉴定

研究样本来自黑龙江省绥化市的一个生猪养殖场,分别采集疑似发生猪流感的病猪鼻拭子样本和濒死猪的肺组织样本,处理后接种到10日龄的SPF鸡胚中,分离出一株具有血凝性的病毒。采用血清学、RT-PCR、电镜、生物学特性及理化特性测定等方法对病毒进行鉴定,结果显示分离株的鸡红细胞的凝集价为1:256,只能够中和H1亚型猪流感特异性阳性血清;RT-PCR结果为H1、N1亚型,电镜下的病毒粒子为球形,直径约80 nm,具有囊膜,同时表面有刺突和纤突,对鸡胚的半数感染量(EI D_(50))为10(-5.17)/0.1 mL;该病毒对热、胰蛋白酶、氯仿及乙醚均敏感;从以上病毒特性的研究,可以判定分离得到的病毒为H1N1亚型的猪流感病毒。     

供港猪群流感病毒的分离鉴定及流行病学调查

为了对供港猪群中的猪流感流行情况进行分析,从华南地区供港猪群中用无菌棉拭子采集鼻腔粘液样品,采用鸡胚接种方法,从供港猪群中分离出了2株不同亚型的猪流感病毒株,经国家流感中心鉴定分别为H1N1和H3N2亚型。本研究设计了猪流感常见亚型的HA和NA分型特异性引物,建立了猪流感型特异性RT-PCR检测方法;对分离鉴定的2株猪流感病毒和禽流感H5N1 HI检测抗原进行了RT-PCR检测,并对其部分HA和NA基因进行克隆测序分析。对供港猪群的血清检测结果表明:供港猪群中H1N1和H3N2亚型抗体阳性率分别为26.87%、38.26%,禽流感H5N1和H9N2亚型抗体阳性率均为0%。     

西班牙养猪密集地区同时流行A型流感病毒H1N2、H1N1和H3N2亚型的证据

本文报道了对西班牙养猪密集地区进行的猪流感病毒(SIV)血清学和病毒学调查结果,其目的是检测H1N2亚型猪流感病毒是否和在欧洲其它地区一样也流行于这些地区。在西班牙北部和东部地区100个未接种猪流感疫苗的繁育群采集了600份母猪血清,以进行抗H1N1、H3N2和H1N2亚型病毒的血凝抑制试验(HI);再借助鸡胚病毒分离法和商品薄膜免疫分析法,对采自有呼吸道疾患的225份病猪肺样本进行检测以确定是否存在猪流感病毒。通过HI和逆转录酶-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)方法,再辅以cDNA部分序列的测定,对分离毒株进行鉴定。对血清所作的HI试验表明,在83%受测猪群和76·3%受测猪中至少存在抗一种猪流感病毒亚型的抗体。在受检的600份母猪血清中,仅含抗H1N2、H3N2或H1N1亚型病毒抗体的样本数分别为109份(占总样本比例的18·2%)、60份(10%)和41(6·8%)。从有呼吸道疾患的猪肺样本中分离到12株H3N2亚型病毒、9株H1N1亚型病毒和1株H1N2病毒。对H1N2亚型分离株的神经氨酸酶基因436个核苷酸序列进行的分析,进一步证实了其身份。显然,猪流感依然流行于所研究猪群中,同时一种新的亚型病毒(即H1N2亚型病毒)可能正在开始流行,并且也在西班牙引起了临床发病。     

人源H3N2亚型猪流感重组病毒的分离鉴定及全基因序列分析

本研究由疑似猪流感病料样品中分离一株病毒,通过HA、HI、电镜观察、生物学特性测定及全基因序列测定表明,分离病毒株为H3N2亚型人流感病毒和H1N1亚型古典猪流感病毒(SIV)的重组体,命名为A/Swine/Fujian/F2/07(H3N2).该分离株含有8个基因片段,共13 442 bp,与GenBank中登录的H3N2亚型人流感病毒、H1N1亚型古典SIV和H3N2亚型SIV进行比较分析显示:分离株的HA、NS、NA基因与H3N2亚型人流感病毒株的同源性分别为84.7 ％～98.1％、94.4 ％～99.5％和88.6 ％～97.6％;与H3N2亚型SIV的核苷酸同源性分别为87.7％～98.5％、82.5 ％～99.9％和87.6 ％～98.4％;M基因与H3N2亚型人流感病毒和SIV的同源性均在90.1％以下,而与H1N1亚型古典SIV的同源性在97.6％以上.基因型分析表明分离株的PB2、PBI、PA、HA、NP、NA和NS基因片段来源于1975年～1982年的人流感病毒,而M基因来源于H1N1亚型古典SIV,充分证明猪作为流感病毒“混合器”的作用.     

Identification and characterization of H2N3 avian influenza virus from backyard poultry and comparison with novel H2N3 swine influenza virus

In early 2007, H2N3 influenza virus was isolated from a duck and a chicken in two separate poultry flocks in Ohio. Since the same subtype influenza virus with hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) genes of avian lineage was also identified in a swine herd in Missouri in 2006, the objective of this study was to characterize and compare the genetic, antigenic, and biologic properties of the avian and swine isolates. Avian isolates were low pathogenic by in vivo chicken pathogenicity testing. Sequencing and phylogenetic analyses revealed that all genes of the avian isolates were comprised of avian lineages, whereas the swine isolates contained contemporary swine internal gene segments, demonstrating that the avian H2N3 viruses were not directly derived from the swine virus. Sequence comparisons for the H and N genes demonstrated that the avian isolates were similar but not identical to the swine isolates. Accordingly, the avian and swine isolates were also antigenically related as determined by hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) and virus neutralization assays, suggesting that both avian and swine isolates originated from the same group of H2N3 avian influenza viruses. Although serological surveys using the HI assay on poultry flocks and swine herds in Ohio did not reveal further spread of H2 virus from the index flocks, surveillance is important to ensure the virus is not reintroduced to domestic swine or poultry. Contemporary H2N3 avian influenza viruses appear to be easily adaptable to unnatural hosts such as poultry and swine, raising concern regarding the potential for interspecies transmission of avian viruses to humans.     

欧亚类禽H1N1与古典H1N1亚型猪流感病毒NA基因遗传进化分析

本研究对2011年分离自吉林省猪群的3株流感病毒进行了遗传进化分析。结果表明欧亚类禽H1N1猪流感病毒和古典H1N1猪流感病毒在吉林省猪群中共同流行,因此加强猪流感流行病学调查具有重要意义。     

Swine influenza viruses isolated in 1983, 2002 and 2009 in Sweden exemplify different lineages

Swine influenza virus isolates originating from outbreaks in Sweden from 1983, 2002 and 2009 were subjected to nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The aim of the studies was to obtain an overview on their potential relatedness as well as to provide data for broader scale studies on swine influenza epidemiology. Nonetheless, analyzing archive isolates is justified by the efforts directed to the comprehension of the appearance of pandemic H1N1 influenza virus. Interestingly, this study illustrates the evolution of swine influenza viruses in Europe, because the earliest isolate belonged to ''classical'' swine H1N1, the subsequent ones to Eurasian ''avian-like'' swine H1N1 and reassortant ''avian-like'' swine H1N2 lineages, respectively. The latter two showed close genetic relatedness regarding their PB2, HA, NP, and NS genes, suggesting common ancestry. The study substantiates the importance of molecular surveillance for swine influenza viruses.     

Serological and virological surveillance of swine H1N1 and H3N2 influenza virus infection in two farms located in Hubei province, central China

Swine influenza viruses H1N1 and H3N2 have been reported in the swine population worldwide. From June 2008 to June 2009, we carried out serological and virological surveillance of swine influenza in the Hubei province in central China. The serological results indicated that antibodies to H1N1 swine influenza virus in the swine population were high with a 42.5% (204/480) positive rate, whereas antibodies to H3N2 swine influenza virus were low with a 7.9% (38/480) positive rate. Virological surveillance showed that only one sample from weanling pigs was positive by RT-PCR. Phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes revealed that the A/Sw/HB/S1/2009 isolate was closely related to avian-like H1N1 viruses and seemed to be derived from the European swine H1N1 viruses. In conclusion, H1N1 influenza viruses were more dominant in the pig population than H3N2 influenza viruses in central China, and infection with avian-like H1N1 viruses persistently emerged in the swine population in the area.     

Genetic diversity of H9N2 influenza viruses from pigs in China: a potential threat to human health?

Pandemic strains of influenza A virus might arise by genetic reassortment between viruses from different hosts. Pigs are susceptible to both human and avian influenza viruses and have been proposed to be intermediate hosts or mixing vessels, for the generation of pandemic influenza viruses through reassortment or adaptation to the mammalian host. In this study, we summarize and report for the first time the coexistence of 10 (A-J) genotypes in pigs in China by analyzing the eight genes of 28 swine H9N2 viruses isolated in China from 1998 to 2007. Swine H9N2 viruses in genotype A and B were completely derived from Y280-like and Shanghai/F/98-like viruses, respectively, which indicated avian-to-pig interspecies transmission of H9N2 viruses did exist in China. The other eight genotype (C-J) viruses might be double-reassortant viruses, in which six genotype (E-J) viruses possessed 1-4 H5-like gene segments indicating they were reassortants of H9 and H5 viruses. In conclusion, genetic diversity of H9N2 influenza viruses from pigs in China provides further evidence that avian to pig interspecies transmission of H9N2 viruses did occur and might result in the generation of new reassortant viruses by genetic reassortment with swine H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 influenza viruses, therefore, these swine H9N2 influenza viruses might be a potential threat to human health and continuing to carry out swine influenza virus surveillance in China is of great significance.     

A 16 kb naturally occurring genomic deletion including mce and PPE genes in Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis isolates from goats with Johne's disease

In October and November 2010, novel H1N2 reassortant influenza viruses were identified from pigs showing mild respiratory signs that included cough and depression. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis showed that the novel H1N2 reassortants possesses HA and NA genes derived from recent H1N2 swine isolates similar to those isolated from Midwest. Compared to the majority of reported reassortants, both viruses preserved human-like host restrictive and putative antigenic sites in their HA and NA genes. The four internal genes, PB2, PB1, PA, and NS were similar to the contemporary swine triple reassortant viruses' internal genes (TRIG). Interestingly, NP and M genes of the novel reassortants were derived from the 2009 pandemic H1N1. The NP and M proteins of the two isolates demonstrated one (E16G) and four (G34A, D53E, I109T, and V313I) amino acid changes in the M2 and NP proteins, respectively. Similar amino acid changes were also noticed upon incorporation of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 NP in other reassortant viruses reported in the U.S. Thus the role of those amino acids in relation to host adaptation need to be further investigated. The reassortments of pandemic H1N1 with swine influenza viruses and the potential of interspecies transmission of these reassortants from swine to other species including human indicate the importance of systematic surveillance of swine population to determine the origin, the prevalence of similar reassortants in the U.S. and their impact on both swine production and public health.     

Emergence of H3N2 reassortant influenza A viruses in North American pigs

In late summer through early winter of 1998, there were several outbreaks of respiratory disease in the swine herds of North Carolina, Texas, Minnesota and Iowa. Four viral isolates from outbreaks in different states were analyzed, both antigenically and genetically. All of the isolates were identified as H3N2 influenza viruses with antigenic profiles similar to those of recent human H3 strains. Genotyping and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the four swine viruses had emerged through two different pathways. The North Carolina isolate is the product of genetic reassortment between human and swine influenza viruses, while the others arose from reassortment of human, swine and avian viral genes. The hemagglutinin genes of the four isolates were all derived from the human H3N2 virus circulating in 1995. It remains to be determined if either of these recently emerged viruses will become established in the pigs in North America and whether they will become an economic burden.