用生物发酵的方法提升棉籽饼粕的营养价值

棉籽饼粕蛋白是我国的一宗主要蛋白质饲料资源。棉籽饼粕加工不当和本身的营养特性的局限性，使得棉籽饼粕只是作为一种低质饲料，甚至被用作农用肥料使用。采用生物发酵的方法来提升棉籽饼粕的营养价值，可以提高棉籽饼粕的生物利用率，消除棉籽饼粕的抗营养因子和提升棉籽饼粕的营养价值，在一定程度缓解蛋白紧张问题。     

种鸡饲料添加棉籽饼、粕对孵化的影响

棉籽饼、粕是棉籽榨油后的副产物.压榨取油后的称饼,预榨浸提或直接浸提后的称粕.棉籽饼、粕的营养价值相差很大,影响棉籽饼、粕营养价值主要因素是棉籽脱壳程度及制油方法.     

棉籽饼粕微生物发酵研究进展

1 棉籽饼粕的营养价值及棉酚的安全使用限量 1.1 棉籽饼粕的营养价值 棉籽饼粕粗蛋白质含量较高(30 %～45 %),棉仁饼粕粗蛋白质可达41 %～60 %.从棉籽饼粕的氨基酸含量看,赖氨酸含量较低,只有豆粕的50 %左右;蛋氨酸含量也稍低,只有菜籽粕的50 %左右;胱氨酸和色氨酸的含量相对较丰富.     

棉籽饼粕脱毒的研究进展

棉籽饼粕是一种重要的蛋白质资源，但含有一定量棉酚，限制棉籽饼粕利用。研究适宜的方法脱除或钝化游离棉酚，对开发优质蛋白资源具有重大意义。本文综述了棉籽饼粕的有毒物质，目前的脱毒研究及其存在的问题。     

发酵棉籽饼粕在水产上的应用研究进展

棉籽饼粕是一种理想的用于水产动物饲料中的蛋白质资源。但是,棉籽饼粕中含有的游离棉酚,具有活性醛基和活性羟基,毒性很大,直接利用会引发饲料安全问题,因此对棉籽饼粕进行脱毒处理,从而开发利用棉籽蛋白是一项重要的工作。     

棉籽饼粕的价值及游离棉酚检测方法

五、六十年代棉籽饼(粕)在我国大多被用作肥料或牛羊饲料,七十年代中期用于猪、鸡饲料的数量逐渐增加。目前饲料用棉籽饼(粕)约占其总产量的40％左右。近年来由于饲产工业的发展,豆饼(粕)紧缺价格上涨,饲料生产企业注重寻求合理使用棉籽饼(粕)作饲料的途径,使棉籽饼(粕)的利用大大向前推进一步。     

微生物发酵处理棉籽饼粕的研究进展

本文简述了棉籽饼粕的营养价值、抗营养因子及微生物固体发酵棉籽饼粕的研究进展。     

羊棉籽饼粕中毒病的诊疗及综合防治措施

为了探讨羊棉籽饼粕中毒病的诊疗和综合防治措施,本文介绍了棉籽饼粕的由来、所含毒性成分和对动物的危害,并从病因、临床症状、剖检症状和鉴别诊断上进行了具体分析,重点对治疗和预防进行了详述,目的是提高对羊棉籽饼粕中毒病的认识和防范。     

棉籽饼（粕）在畜禽饲料中的应用

棉籽饼（粕）是棉籽经脱壳取油后的副产品,是一种植物性蛋白饲料,来源广泛、营养丰富、价格低廉,棉籽饼粕的营养成分以是否去壳及榨油工艺的不同而有所区别。棉籽经压榨榨油处理后称为棉籽饼,溶剂浸提后称为棉籽粕。棉籽饼（粕）中的蛋白质是一种植物性蛋白质,其含量约占33.00%~45.00%,另外棉籽饼水解后,可得到17种氨基酸,是畜牧业生产中物美价廉的蛋白质来源。但是由于它含有棉酚,因而影响其饲用量,致使其在蛋白饲料原料中所占的比例并不是很高。最近几年,随着养殖业的迅猛发展,各种饲料原料的价格也大幅度飘升,尤其是蛋白饲料（如鱼粉）价格涨幅最大,这就迫使生产者采用价格相对较低的棉籽饼粕。只要明确了棉籽饼粕中有毒物质的毒害作用,并对症下药,作好预防措施,棉籽饼粕一定能够很好的满足动物的营养需要。     

不同脱毒棉饼养猪效果研究

<正> 进一步认识棉籽饼(粕)毒性,适当处理影响棉籽饼(粕)营养价值诸因素间的关系,是我国饲料工业目前亟待解决的问题。本试验的目的是比较几种脱毒棉饼对生长肥育猪的饲养效果,以商榷安全、经济、合理利用我国棉籽饼(粕)资源的可行途径。 1.材料与方法 1.1 棉籽饼来源发酵脱毒棉籽饼(FCSM),为国内某公司采用微生物发酵技术生产的脱毒棉籽饼中试产品。低酚棉籽饼(LGCSM),为四川省遂宁县产200型机榨饼。化学脱毒棉籽饼(CCSM),为四     

3种蛋白质饲料对雏鹅血清生化指标及激素的影响

选取体重为(78.68±2.95)g的28日龄豁眼鹅300只,采用3处理5重复单因子完全随机设计,研究3%的3种蛋白质饲料(血粉、膨化血粉和鱼粉)对雏鹅血清生化指标及激素的影响。结果显示:1)鱼粉组的ALT、TP、ALB和AST显著高于血粉组(P<0.05),与膨化血粉组差异不显著(P>0.05);膨化血粉组的ALT、TP和ALB与血粉组无显著差异(P>0.05),而AST显著高于血粉组(P<0.05);各试验组间的血清GLOB含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。2)鱼粉组的INS显著高于血粉组和膨化血粉组(P<0.05);鱼粉组的TSH和T3水平显著高于血粉组(P<0.05),但与膨化血粉组相比差异不显著(P>0.05);各试验组的血清GLU、GH、T4和IGF-I水平差异不显著(P>0.05)。研究结果表明,在雏鹅日粮中可用膨化血粉部分取代鱼粉,且其效果要明显优于普通血粉。     

Salmonella serotypes encountered in animal feed additives in Lebanon.

Animal feed-additive samples (n = 300) were examined for the presence of salmonellae, using the selenite-F broth-enrichment method followed by subculturing on Salmonella-Shigella and brilliant green agar with sulfadiazine selective agar plates. Samples consisted of a variety of feed additives: 119 bone meal samples, 77 meat meal samples, 40 fish meal samples, and 64 miscellaneous meal samples. Results of examination found 49 (41.2%) of the bone meal samples, 6 (7.8%) of the meat meal samples and 2 (5%) of the fish meal samples contained salmonellae. Of 57 isolates representing 24 serotypes, 4 most frequently isolated serotypes were Salmonella meleagridis (35.1%), Salmonella tennessee (7%), Salmonella chester (5.2%), and Salmonella senftenberg (5.2%). This study shows a high Salmonella-contamination rate of bone meal compared with meat meal and fish meal samples. Of 12 known positive bone meal samples that were examined, 100% of 25-g samples, compared with 70% to 100% of 2.5-g samples and 30% to 90% of 0.25-g samples and 30% to 90% of 0.25-g samples, were positive for salmonellae.     

不同蛋白源对生长鹅营养物质代谢及血清生化指标的影响

为了研究等比例的鱼粉、膨化血粉和普通血粉对生长鹅日粮营养物质表观代谢率及血清生化指标的影响,选择了300只28日龄、体重(1 142.68±50.64)g的豁眼鹅,随机分为3组,每组设5个重复,每个重复20只鹅,进行为期28 d的饲养试验。结果表明:各饲粮营养物质表观代谢率及血清生化指标的高低顺序为鱼粉组>膨化血粉组>血粉组,在鱼粉组和膨化血粉组间差异不显著(P>0.05);鱼粉组和膨化血粉的NDF、ADF、CP、E的表观代谢率,血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)活性、白蛋白(ALB)含量均显著高于血粉组(P<0.05);总蛋白(TP)含量,鱼粉组显著高于血粉组(P<0.05),而膨化血粉组和血粉组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。综合各项指标,本试验条件下,可用3.0%膨化血粉替代相同水平的鱼粉用于豁眼生长鹅的日粮中。     

酶解羽毛粉的体外蛋白质消化率及其在生长猪日粮中的应用效果

试验旨在测定酶解羽毛粉的体外蛋白质消化率,同时研究酶解羽毛粉替代日粮中鱼粉对生长猪生产性能和蛋白质消化率的影响。体外试验采用胃蛋白酶-胰酶水解法对水解羽毛粉和酶解羽毛粉进行消化测定其蛋白质消化率。饲养试验选用135头体重相近的杜×长×大生长猪,随机分成3组,分别为对照组(3%秘鲁鱼粉组),处理Ⅰ和Ⅱ(酶解羽毛粉50%和100%替代秘鲁鱼粉)。结果表明:酶解羽毛粉体外蛋白质消化率比水解羽毛粉提高了15.38%(P<0.05)。处理组平均日增重和平均日采食量与对照组均无显著差异(P>0.05);饲料增重比及蛋白质消化率也与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。结合生产性能试验与经济效益分析,酶解羽毛粉100%等蛋白替代秘鲁鱼粉组为最佳,在生产实践中具备实用性和可行性。     

常用精料干物质和脂肪在瘤胃中降解规律的研究

本试验用尼龙袋技术测定了肉牛常用精料玉米、芝麻饼、菜籽粕、豆粕、棉籽粕、油葵粕、棉籽饼、大豆和鸡杂的干物质和脂肪在瘤胃中的降解率。结果表明,４８小时的大豆干物质降解率最高,达９６．８％,其次是大豆粕、玉米和芝麻饼,分别为８９．３％,８９．０％、８８．４％,再次是菜籽粕、棉籽粕和棉籽饼,分别为７９．２％、７８．４％和７７．６％。鸡杂的干物质降解率为６６．５％,在所测定的样品中最低。４８小时的棉籽粕、菜籽粕、大豆和大豆粕的脂肪降解率最高,分别为９８．９％、９８．７％、９８．５％、９６．９％。其次是棉籽饼、芝麻饼、鸡杂、油葵饼和玉米,分别为９３．７％、８９．７％、８８．６％、８８．３％、８３．６％。尽管鸡杂是动物性饲料,但４８小时的脂肪降解率与其它植物性饲料的脂肪降解率差别并不大。     

Substitution of plant protein for fish meal in the diet of laying ducks

Fish meal is a good source of protein feed that can be used to get a high production yield even though it has a comparatively higher price. Plant protein has been found to substitute for fish meal without any adverse effect on production as well as helping to reduce feed cost. Moreover, it is not necessary for a level more than 5% fish meal in the diet of laying ducks. One type of plant protein is soybean meal, considered one of the most valuable sources of vegetable protein and whose amino acid composition is comparable to that of milk protein. In a soybean meal, the first limiting amino acid is methionine. Soybean meal can substitute for fish meal in laying ducks' diet but supplementation of methionine and lysine is recommended. Since sesame meal is rich in methionine and agrinine, 50% of soybean meal can be replaced by sesame meal without adverse effects. Leucaena leaf meal is also a valuable source of protein (26%) and carotenoids but it also has a toxic amino acid (mimosine). However, soaking leucaena leaf meal in water can remove the toxic amino acid and can be used, together with added methionine and lysine, as 10% of the diet for laying ducks.     

发酵棉粕的营养价值及其在动物生产中应用的研究进展

棉粕是一种仅次于豆粕的优质植物性蛋白原料,蛋白质含量高,氨基酸种类丰富,但由于含有多种抗营养因子而限制了其在饲料中的应用。利用微生物发酵法处理棉粕可以有效降低其抗营养因子含量,还能提高发酵底物中小分子肽、消化酶、有机酸、益生菌等的含量,从而提高其营养价值。发酵棉粕在动物生产中有较为广泛的应用,在生长育肥猪日粮中使用5%~10%的发酵棉粕替代豆粕,对猪的采食量、日增重和料肉比等指标均没有显著影响,且可降低饲料成本;在鸡日粮中添加5%~15%的发酵棉粕可以提高鸡群免疫力,降低发病率,从而节约用药成本,并可改善鸡肉、鸡蛋的品质;发酵棉粕还可作为反刍动物精料补充料中的蛋白质原料,其所含的营养物质可通过促进瘤胃微生物的生长繁殖从而增加反刍动物对粗饲料的利用率;在水产饲料中用发酵棉粕代替鱼粉和豆粕,不仅可以降低饲料成本及饵料系数,还可以改善水质,提高水产动物体内消化酶含量,从而提高营养物质的消化吸收率。作者综述了发酵棉粕的营养价值,并总结了其在动物生产中的应用研究进展。     

几种断奶仔猪饲料原料系酸力的比较研究

试验研究了不同工艺形式及不同营养水平的几种断奶仔猪饲料原料的系酸力水平,结果表明:普通玉米与膨化玉米、直火工艺鱼粉与蒸汽鱼粉系酸力差异不显著(P0.05),普通豆粕蛋白水平越高,系酸力越高(P0.01),高蛋白乳清粉系酸力极显著高于低蛋白乳清粉(P0.01),高蛋白水平发酵豆粕(CP48.03%)系酸力低于普通豆粕(CP46.4%()P0.01),膨化大豆(CP39.13%)系酸力极显著低于其他形式豆粕系酸力(P0.01),血浆蛋白粉系酸力极显著高于鱼粉和乳清粉(P0.01),矿物质饲料原料有较高的系酸力。     

Apparent digestibility of nitrogen and amino acids in protein feedstuffs by growing pigs

Eight digestion trials were conducted with pigs fitted with ileal T-cannulas to determine the apparent digestibilities of N and amino acids in common protein feedstuffs. Trial-to-trial variation was minimal as determined by the variation in digestibilities for soybean meal, which was evaluated in each trial. Apparent digestibilities varied widely; ileal N digestibility ranged from 88 to 63%, and ileal lysine digestibility ranged from 93 to 40%. In general, ring-dried blood meal, corn gluten meal, Menhaden fish meal, poultry-by-product meal and extruded whole soybeans were the most digestible, followed by canola meal, sunflower meal, peanut meal and meat and bone meal. Cottonseed meal and feather meal were the least digestible. Mean values for each feedstuff agree well with published data. Variation in digestibilities among samples of the same feedstuff was greater for the meat and bone meals. Regression of ileal essential amino acid digestibilities on ileal and fecal N digestibility indicated that amino acid digestibilities can be predicted more precisely from ileal N digestibility than from fecal N digestibility. However, neither ileal nor fecal N digestibility could be used with a high degree of certainty to predict ileal amino acid digestibilities.     

Nutrients and toxicants in rapeseed meal: a review

The composition of rapeseed meal and hulls is reviewed with emphasis on components of nutritional interest. Carbohydrates in rapeseed meal are mainly pectins, pentosans and cellulose and comprise nearly one-half the gross energy. The digestibility of energy is lower for rapeseed than for soybean meal. Protein is well digested, but the protein digestion coefficient and the availability of amino acids are lower than for soybean meal. Data on digestible and metabolizable energy are summarized. The kinds of glucosinolates present in high (HG) and low (LG) glucosinolate rapeseed meal and the nature of their hydrolytic products are discussed. The toxic effects of oxazolidinethione , isothiocyanates, thiocyanates and nitriles, and their relationship to their parent glucosinolates , to myrosinase action and to conditions during rapeseed processing are reviewed briefly. The effects of glucosinolates in animal tissues and products and the effects of converting to LG rapeseed meal are presented. Finally, a brief review is given of the responses of swine and cattle to the feeding of HG and LG rapeseed meal. The nutritional advantages of LG rapeseed meal, over the older type HG meal, are clearly evident from the feeding trials.