硒源及硒水平对斜带石斑鱼幼鱼生长性能、免疫酶活性和全鱼及脊椎骨硒含量的影响

本试验在不同硒源及硒水平下,研究其对斜带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioide)幼鱼的生长性能、免疫酶活性和全鱼及脊椎骨硒含量的影响,确定斜带石斑鱼幼鱼对饲料中硒的最适需要量以及相对生物学利用率。选取810尾初重为(8.99±0.03)g的斜带石斑鱼幼鱼,随机分为9组,每组3个重复。试验分别以亚硒酸钠(Se-S)和蛋氨酸硒(Se-Met)为硒源,在基础饲料中分别添加0(对照)、0.3、0.6、0.9和1.2mg/kg的硒。基础饲料硒水平为0.48mg/kg,Se-S添加组饲料硒水平分别为0.82、1.15、1.32和1.79mg/kg;Se-Met添加组饲料硒水平分别为0.81、1.18、1.51和1.94mg/kg。养殖周期为10周。结果表明:1)饲料中不同硒水平对斜带石斑鱼幼鱼增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR)均有显著影响(P<0.05),对斜带石斑鱼幼鱼的成活率(SR)和饲料系数(FCR)无显著影响(P>0.05)。以Se-S为硒源,当饲料硒水平为1.15mg/kg时,WGR和SGR最高;以Se-Met为硒源,当饲料硒水平为1.18mg/kg时,WGR和SGR最高。2)斜带石斑鱼幼鱼血清碱性磷酸酶(AKP)及肝脏总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量均受到饲料硒水平的显著影响(P<0.05)。3)鱼体和脊椎骨硒含量均随着饲料中硒水平的增加而呈线性升高,且脊椎骨硒含量低于鱼体。综上所述,分别以Se-S和Se-Met为硒源,SGR为评价指标,斜带石斑鱼幼鱼对饲料中硒的最适需要量分别为0.98和1.01mg/kg。在本试验条件下,斜带石斑鱼幼鱼Se-Met的生物利用率比Se-S高,相当于Se-S的112.5%。     

饲料脂肪水平对白甲鱼幼鱼生长性能、体组成和血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究饲料脂肪水平对白甲鱼幼鱼生长性能、体组成及血清生化指标的影响。选用初始体质量为(0.78±0.05)g的白甲鱼幼鱼900尾,随机分成6组(每组3个重复,每个重复50尾),分别饲喂豆油添加水平为0(对照组)、2%、4%、6%、8%和10%(实测脂肪水平为2.83%、4.52%、6.68%、9.14%、11.35%和14.07%)的试验饲料,养殖期为60 d。结果表明:随饲料脂肪水平的升高,白甲鱼幼鱼的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)、蛋白质效率(PER)均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,饲料系数(FCR)呈现先下降后上升的趋势。饲料脂肪水平为11.35%时WGR、SGR达到最大(分别为362.98%和3.06%/d),显著高于除6.68%和9.14%组之外的其他各组(P<0.05);饲料脂肪水平为9.14%时PER达到最大(3.70%),而FCR达到最小(1.34),显著高于/低于除11.35%组之外的其他各组(P<0.05)。白甲鱼幼鱼的肝体比则随饲料脂肪水平的升高而上升,6.68%、9.14%、11.35%和14.07%组均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。各组白甲鱼幼鱼的脏体比无显著差异(P>0.05)。通过二次回归分析可知,白甲鱼幼鱼WGR、SGR、FCR及PER最优时,饲料脂肪水平分别为10.12%、9.56%、9.42%和10.18%。随着饲料脂肪水平的升高,白甲鱼幼鱼全鱼及肌肉粗脂肪含量逐渐升高,而全鱼及肌肉粗蛋白质含量则呈先升后降的变化趋势。饲料脂肪水平对白甲鱼幼鱼全鱼及肌肉水分和粗灰分含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。随着饲料脂肪水平的升高,白甲鱼幼鱼的血清胆固醇(CHO)和甘油三酯(TG)含量先升高后降低,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和胆汁酸(TBA)含量以及谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性逐渐升高,而低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量则逐渐降低。饲料脂肪水平为9.14%时,血清CHO含量达到最高,且与其他各组差异显著(P<0.05);饲料脂肪水平为11.35%时,血清TG含量达到最高,且与其他各组差异显著(P<0.05)。由此得出,适宜的饲料脂肪水平可促进白甲鱼幼鱼的生长,提高其饲料转化率和免疫能力;饲料脂肪水平过高则可引起其肝损伤或组织病变。在本试验条件下,综合考虑生长性能、体组成及血清生化指标,白甲鱼幼鱼饲料中适宜的脂肪水平为9.42%～10.18%。     

斜带石斑鱼生长性能、体成分和组织游离氨基酸含量对饲料中牛磺酸含量的响应

本试验旨在探讨饲料中牛磺酸含量对斜带石斑鱼生长性能、体成分及组织游离氨基酸含量的影响。以酪蛋白和明胶为蛋白质源配制低牛磺酸含量的基础饲料,在基础饲料中分别添加0(对照)、0.4%、0.8%、1.2%、1.6%的牛磺酸,配制成5种试验饲料。将300尾平均体重为(19.14±0.06)g斜带石斑鱼幼鱼随机分为5组(每组3个重复,每个重复20尾),每组投喂1种试验饲料,饲养周期为56 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,各牛磺酸添加组试验鱼的增重率、摄食率和饲料效率均显著增加(P0.05),内脏指数显著降低(P0.05),肝脏指数、肥满度无显著变化(P0.05)。与对照组相比,各牛磺酸添加组试验鱼全鱼粗蛋白质含量显著升高(P0.05),全鱼粗脂肪含量显著降低(P0.05),全鱼水分和粗灰分含量则无显著变化(P0.05)。各牛磺酸添加组试验鱼肝脏和肌肉中总非必需氨基酸、总氨基酸、游离丝氨酸含量以及肝脏游离蛋氨酸含量均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。试验鱼血清、肝脏、肌肉和全鱼中牛磺酸含量随饲料中牛磺酸含量的增加而呈上升趋势,且与饲料中牛磺酸含量存在显著正相关关系(r0.907,P0.05)。随饲料中牛磺酸含量的增加,肝脏牛磺酸保留率呈上升趋势,而肌肉中牛磺酸保留率则呈先上升后下降的趋势;此外,各组试验鱼肌肉牛磺酸保留率均高于肝脏。由此得出,饲料中一定含量的牛磺酸能促进斜带石斑鱼生长和摄食,降低全鱼脂肪沉积,增加全鱼蛋白质沉积,降低组织中游离氨基酸含量。以增重率为指标,通过回归分析得出斜带石斑鱼饲料中牛磺酸的适宜含量为1.04%。     

N-氨甲酰谷氨酸对大菱鲆幼鱼营养组成及免疫功能的影响

为探讨N-氨甲酰谷氨酸(NCG)对大菱鲆幼鱼营养组成及免疫功能的影响,以初始体重(24.89±0.51)g的大菱鲆幼鱼为试验对象,在基础饲料中分别添加0(对照组)、0.01%、0.02%、0.04%、0.08%的N-氨甲酰谷氨酸,进行8周养殖。结果表明:NCG对大菱鲆幼鱼全鱼和肌肉营养成分有影响,0.01%组和0.02%组全鱼水分较低,0.02%组全鱼粗蛋白质最高,对照组肌肉水分显著高于其他各组(P0.05),对照组和0.01%组肌肉粗蛋白质含量显著低于其他各组(P0.05)随着NCG水平升高,全鱼和肌肉粗脂肪含量逐渐下降,对全鱼灰分影响不显著(P0.05)NCG水平在0~0.02%间,肌肉中精氨酸和氨基酸总量逐渐升高,继续增加饲料中NCG含量,指标无显著性升高。血清总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、一氧化氮含量和肝脏中精氨酸酶活性呈现先升高后下降的趋势,各组间指标呈一定的差异。血清中总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性逐渐增大,各组间指标呈一定的差异。通过饲料中NCG添加浓度与精氨酸酶活性回归分析,NCG的适宜量为0.0212%。上述研究表明大菱鲆幼鱼饲料中添加适量NCG有助于促进机体内源精氨酸合成,提高肌肉中精氨酸的含量,进而促进蛋白质合成,并可提高机体免疫功能。     

饲料脂肪水平对眼斑双锯鱼幼鱼生长性能和体成分的影响

为确定眼斑双锯鱼幼鱼饲料中脂肪适合添加量,将初始体质量为(0.1129±0.005)g的幼鱼随机分配到6个处理组,每组3个重复,每个重复40尾,投喂脂肪水平分别为4.42%、7.42%、10.42%、13.42%、16.42%、19.42%的等氮人工饲料,进行56 d的养殖试验。结果表明:增重率(WG)、特定生长率(SGR)和蛋白质效率(PER)均呈现先增加后下降的趋势,峰值出现在脂肪水平13.4%处理组,分别比低脂肪(4.42%)组高36.7%、19.3%和52.9%,分别比高脂肪(19.42%)组高38.7%、21.2%和48.6%;而饲料系数(FCR)随饲料脂肪水平增加呈先下降后上升的趋势,谷值出现在脂肪水平13.42%处理组,分别比低脂肪(4.42%)组及高脂肪(19.42%)组低34.7%和32.8%。肥满度(CF)、脏体指数(VSI)和肝体指数(HSI)在饲料低脂肪水平时较低,随饲料脂肪水平增加有升高的趋势。饲料不同脂肪水平对幼鱼全鱼水分和灰分质量分数无显著影响;全鱼粗蛋白质质量分数随饲料脂肪水平增加呈下降趋势;全鱼粗脂肪质量分数随饲料脂肪水平增加呈增加趋势,在饲料脂肪水平为13.42%时达峰值(5.93%),之后基本维持该水平。经回归分析,综合生长速度、饲料效率和体成分等指标,眼斑双锯鱼幼鱼饲料最适脂肪添加量为12.2%~12.9%。     

不同蛋白质和脂肪水平饲料对拉氏幼鱼生长、体成分和免疫力的影响

为探讨不同蛋白质和脂肪水平饲料对拉氏幼鱼生长、体成分和免疫力的影响,以鱼粉和豆粕为蛋白质源,以豆油为脂肪源,配制蛋白质水平分别为23%、28%、33%、38%,脂肪水平分别为5%、8%、11%的12种半精制饲料,饲喂初始均重为(27.60±0.13)g的拉氏幼鱼。每种饲料投喂3个网箱(重复),每个网箱放养30尾试验鱼,进行60 d的养殖试验。结果表明:饲料蛋白质水平对拉氏幼鱼的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)、蛋白质效率(PER)和饲料系数(FCR)有显著影响(P0.05),饲料脂肪水平对拉氏幼鱼的PER和FCR有显著影响(P0.05),但饲料蛋白质和脂肪水平对各生长性能指标无显著的交互作用(P0.05)。23%和28%蛋白质组的W GR和SGR显著高于33%和38%蛋白质组(P0.05),8%脂肪组的FCR显著低于11%脂肪组(P0.05),与5%脂肪组差异不显著(P0.05)。随着饲料中蛋白质水平的升高,全鱼粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量都呈现出先升高后降低的趋势,在蛋白质水平为28%时达到最高值,而全鱼水分含量不受饲料蛋白质水平的影响(P0.05)。随着饲料中脂肪水平的升高,全鱼粗脂肪含量呈现升高的趋势,但8%和11%脂肪组差异不显著(P0.05)。嗜水气单胞菌攻毒48 h后,低、中蛋白质组(23%和28%蛋白质组)的存活率高于高蛋白质组(33%和38%蛋白质组),低脂肪组(5%脂肪组)的存活率高于其他2个脂肪组(8%和11%组)。综合以上研究结果得出,拉氏幼鱼饲料的适宜蛋能比为23.67~26.03 mg/k J,蛋白质水平为23%~28%,脂肪水平为5%~8%。     

幼鱼和育成鱼阶段团头鲂对饲料中脂肪的需要量

本试验旨在研究相同饲料配方体系下2个生长阶段——幼鱼和育成鱼阶段团头鲂对饲料中脂肪的需要量。以进口鱼粉、酪蛋白为蛋白质源,以大豆卵磷脂、豆油为脂肪源,在等蛋白质(粗蛋白质含量为30%)的条件下,配制脂肪水平(实测值)分别为3.06%、4.38%、5.89%、7.45%、8.78%、10.13%的6种半纯化饲料。幼鱼和育成鱼阶段试验分别以初始均重为(34.98±0.47)g/尾、(102.05±2.31)g/尾的团头鲂为试验鱼,以不同脂肪水平的试验饲料在池塘网箱中分别养殖85、56 d。同一生长阶段下,每种饲料为1组,每组4个重复,每个重复20尾鱼。结果表明:随着饲料脂肪水平的升高,2个生长阶段团头鲂的增重率、蛋白质效率均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,并均在饲料脂肪水平为8.78%时达到最高值;饲料系数则呈现先下降后上升的趋势,且均在饲料脂肪水平为8.78%时达到最低值。在相同的饲料配方体系下,团头鲂全鱼粗蛋白质含量表现为幼鱼阶段<育成鱼阶段,粗脂肪含量则表现为育成鱼阶段>幼鱼阶段。随着饲料脂肪水平的升高,2个生长阶段团头鲂全鱼粗蛋白质含量总体均呈现先上升后下降的趋势;粗脂肪含量则随着饲料脂肪水平的升高而增加,显示出与饲料脂肪水平具有正相关关系。以增重率、饲料系数、蛋白质效率作为评价指标,经过回归分析可知,幼鱼阶段团头鲂对饲料中脂肪的需要量为8.18%~8.89%,育成鱼阶段团头鲂对饲料中脂肪的需要量为9.03%~9.47%。     

不同脂肪和葡萄糖水平对大黄鱼生长性能、肝脏糖酵解和糖异生关键酶活性的影响

本试验旨在研究不同脂肪和葡萄糖水平对大黄鱼生长性能、肝脏糖酵解和糖异生关键酶活性、血清生化指标、糖原含量及消化酶活性等的影响。采用2×3双因素试验设计,其中脂肪设5%、10%2个水平,葡萄糖设10%、20%、30%3个水平,共配制6种试验饲料。每种饲料设3个重复,每个重复放养平均体重为(14.79±0.13)g的大黄鱼幼鱼50尾。试验期为8周。结果表明:饲料脂肪和葡萄糖水平的交互作用对大黄鱼增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)和饲料效率(FE)的影响不显著(P0.05)。在饲料脂肪水平为5%时,WGR和SGR随饲料葡萄糖水平增加而降低,30%葡萄糖组的WGR和SGR显著低于10%葡萄糖组(P0.05)。饲料脂肪和葡萄糖水平的交互作用对大黄鱼全鱼水分和粗脂肪含量的影响显著(P0.05),而对全鱼粗蛋白质含量无显著影响(P0.05)。饲料脂肪和葡萄糖水平的交互作用对大黄鱼肝糖原、肌糖原含量有显著影响(P0.05)。在饲料脂肪水平为5%时,肝糖原含量随饲料葡萄糖水平的升高而升高,而肌糖原含量随着饲料葡萄糖水平的升高先升高后降低;在饲料脂肪水平为10%时,肝糖原含量随饲料葡萄糖水平的升高先降低后升高,肌糖原含量随着饲料葡萄糖水平的升高而升高。饲料脂肪和葡萄糖水平的交互作用对大黄鱼血清总蛋白(TP)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、葡萄糖含量及丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)和天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)活性无显著影响(P0.05);然而,在饲料脂肪水平相同时,血清葡萄糖含量随饲料葡萄糖水平的升高而升高,30%葡萄糖组血清葡萄糖含量显著高于10%葡萄糖组(P0.05)。饲料脂肪和葡萄糖水平的交互作用对大黄鱼肝脏葡萄糖激酶(GK)、磷酸果糖激酶(PFK)、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶(PEPCK)活性有显著影响(P0.05),而对丙酮酸激酶(PK)、1,6-二磷酸果糖酶(FBPase)、6-磷酸葡萄糖酶(G6 Pase)活性无显著影响(P0.05)。在饲料脂肪水平为10%时,随饲料葡萄糖水平的升高,肝脏GK、PFK活性升高,肝脏PEPCK活性先升高后降低。由结果可知,与饲料脂肪水平为10%时相比,在饲料脂肪水平为5%时,随饲料葡萄糖的水平的升高,大黄鱼能够通过调节糖代谢关键酶活性及肝糖原含量来维持血糖含量的平衡,有效利用饲料中的葡萄糖。综合本试验结果,建议大黄鱼幼鱼阶段饲料适宜的脂肪和糖水平分别为10%和20%。     

硒源与硒水平对军曹鱼幼鱼生长性能、肝脏和血清抗氧化指标及组织硒含量的影响

本试验旨在研究硒源和硒水平对军曹鱼幼鱼生长性能、肝脏和血清抗氧化指标及组织硒含量的影响,以确定军曹鱼幼鱼对不同硒源的最适需要量。在基础饲料中分别添加0(对照)、0.3、0.6、0.9和1.2 mg/kg(以硒计)的亚硒酸钠(Se-S)或蛋氨酸硒(Se-Met),配制9种试验饲料(共用对照饲料),饱食投喂初始体重为(22.18±0.35)g的军曹鱼幼鱼10周。每种试验饲料投喂3个网箱(重复),每个网箱放养30尾试验鱼。结果表明:1)硒水平对特定生长率(SGR)和增重率(WGR)有极显著影响(P0.01),但对成活率(SR)和饲料系数(FCR)无显著影响(P0.05);硒源及硒源与硒水平的交互作用对SGR、W GR、FCR和SR均无显著影响(P0.05)。SGR和W GR随着硒水平的升高先升高后降低。2)硒水平极显著影响肝脏谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量及血清GSH-Px活性(P0.01),并显著影响血清GR活性(P0.05);硒源极显著影响肝脏GR、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和MDA含量及血清T-SOD活性(P0.01);硒源和硒水平的交互作用显著影响肝脏CAT活性和MDA含量及血清T-SOD活性(P0.05)。肝脏和血清GSH-Px活性随着硒水平的升高呈先升高后稳定趋势,GR活性呈先下降后稳定趋势。2种硒源均在添加量为0.9 mg/kg时有最高的肝脏GSH-Px活性,最低的肝脏GR活性。肝脏CAT活性随着硒水平的升高逐渐升高。3)脊椎骨、全鱼和肝脏硒含量随硒水平的升高而增加。硒源极显著影响脊椎骨硒含量(P0.01),硒源和硒水平的交互作用极显著影响肝脏和脊椎骨硒含量(P0.01)。以蛋氨酸硒和亚硒酸钠为硒源,通过二次回归曲线分析得出饲料硒水平分别为1.29和1.46 mg/kg时军曹鱼幼鱼可以获得最大SGR。以SGR和全鱼硒含量为判据,军曹鱼幼鱼对蛋氨酸硒的生物利用率分别相当于亚硒酸钠的1.20和2.90倍。     

饲料胆固醇含量对斜带石斑鱼生长性能、组织生化指标和肝脏脂肪代谢相关酶活性的影响

本试验旨在研究饲料胆固醇含量对斜带石斑鱼生长性能、组织生化指标和肝脏脂肪代谢相关酶活性的影响。在以酪蛋白为主要蛋白质源的基础饲料中分别添加0(对照组)、5、10、15、20和25 g/kg的胆固醇,配制成6种等氮等能试验饲料,并分别命名为C0、C0.5、C1、C1.5、C2和C2.5,饲料中胆固醇实测含量分别为2.6、7.5、12.7、17.2、22.2和27.2 g/kg,投喂360尾平均初重为(84.30±0.25)g的斜带石斑鱼10周。每种试验饲料设3个重复,每个重复投喂20尾鱼。结果表明:随着饲料胆固醇含量的升高,增重率(WGR)、蛋白质效率(PER)和饲料效率(FE)呈先上升后下降的趋势。C0.5组WGR、PER和FE最高且显著高于对照组(P0.05)。各添加组全鱼粗脂肪含量显著高于对照组(P0.05),粗灰分含量显著低于对照组(P0.05)。肝脏总胆固醇(TC)和甘油三酯(TG)含量随饲料胆固醇含量的升高而上升,肌肉TC和TG含量不受饲料胆固醇含量的显著影响(P0.05)。随饲料胆固醇含量的上升,血清TC、TG、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量先上升后趋于平稳,血清HDL-C/LDL-C呈下降趋势。C2.0组血清TG含量显著高于对照组(P0.05),C2.5组血清HDL-C含量显著高于对照组和C0.5、C1.5组(P0.05),C2.5组血清LDL-C含量显著高于其他各组(P0.05),对照组血清HDL-C/LDL-C显著高于各添加组(P0.05)。随着饲料胆固醇含量的升高,斜带石斑鱼肝脏苹果酸酶(ME)活性呈升高趋势,C1.5、C2.0和C2.5组显著高于其他组(P0.05);肝脏肉毒碱棕榈酰转移酶Ⅰ(CPTⅠ)活性先下降后趋于平稳,对照组显著高于其他组(P0.05);肝脏CYP7A1活性则先上升后趋于平稳,以C2.5组活性最高,较对照组升幅达35.48%(P0.05)。本试验中,以W GR和肝脏胆固醇7α-羟化酶(CYP7A1)活性为评价指标进行折线模型分析得出,斜带石斑鱼对饲料中胆固醇的需要量分别为7.43和8.70 g/kg。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.     

优质肉鸡S3系体重与体尺性状指标的主成分分析

为研究地方优质肉鸡S3系体重和体尺性状之间的内在相关性,12周龄时选取同一饲养条件下的150只鸡(公母各半)进行体重和体尺性状等7个指标的测定。结果表明:S3系公鸡的体重、体斜长、龙骨长、胸角均显著高于母鸡(P0.05);公母鸡体重、体斜长、胸宽、胫围这4项指标变异系数较大,有较大选育空间;体重与体斜长、龙骨长、胸宽、胸角、胫围呈极显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.57、0.52、0.51、0.49和0.47,与胸深、胫长呈显著相关(P0.05),相关系数分别为0.44和0.39;其他各体尺指标间也存在不同程度的正负相关性(P0.05或P0.01);体重和7个体尺性能指标综合成5个复合指标,累计贡献率达92.6355%,其中第l、2、3、4、5主成分分别解释总变异的36.5353%、22.8642%、13.3115%、10.4535%和8.4710%;各主成分的特征根分布较广,经统计计算入选的5个主成分所包含信息的侧重点各有相同,分别都在一定程度上反映了S3鸡的体型特征和生长发育规律,为今后选育出更加符合市场需求的屠宰加工优质型肉鸡指明了的方向。     

Efficacy of tropicamide,homatropine, cyclopentolate,atropine and hyoscine as mydriatics in Angora goats

Abstract

AIM: To document the efficacy of five commercially available mydriatics for their potential for diagnostic and therapeutic use in Angora goats.

METHODS: Over 8 weeks, the mydriatic effects of 1% tropicamide, 2% homatropine, 1% cyclopentolate, 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine were evaluated. Given as block treatments, drugs were applied randomly to one eye of 10 Angora goats, and the contralateral eye served as a control. Vertical and horizontal pupil diameters were measured to document onset ofeffect, time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical/horizontal pupil diameter between eyes, time to maximum pupillary dilation, and duration of mydriatic action.

RESULTS: Onset of mydriasis for all drugs occurred within 15 minutes. Time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical pupil diameter between eyes was shortest for 1% tropicamide and 0.25% hyoscine (0.5 h), then 2% homatropine and 1% atropine (0.75 h), and longest for 1% cyclopentolate (1.5 h). The maximum vertical pupillary dilation occurred earliest with 1% tropicamide and 1% atropine (2 h), followed by 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (4 h), and latest with 1% cyclopentolate (8 h). The duration of vertical dilation of the pupil was shortest with 1% tropicamide (6 h), then 2% homatropine (12 h), 1% cyclopentolate (12 h), 1% atropine (24 h), and longest for 0.25% hyoscine (96 h).

The time to reach maximum horizontal dilation of the pupil in treated eyes was shortest with 1% cyclopentolate (1 h), followed by 1% tropicamide (1.5 h), 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (3.5 h), and 1% atropine (4 h). The duration of horizontal pupil dilation was shortest with 1% tropicamide (4.5 h), and longest with 0.25% hyoscine (48 h).

CONCLUSION: All five mydriatics induced clinical dilation. Tropicamide (1%) had the shortest duration of effect, but gave incomplete dilation. Good dilation was achieved with 1% cyclopentolate and 2% homatropine, but took too long to reach maximum dilation for routine mydriasis. The largest vertical dilation of the pupil was achieved with 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine, but pupils remained dilated for more than 24 h.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: For routine mydriasis in goats, it is recommended that 1% tropicamide be used, though there may be incomplete dilation. For a longer duration of mydriasis, such as in the treatment of anterior uveitis, 1% atropine or 0.25% hyoscine would be the drugs of choice.