黑鹳在人工饲养条件下的繁殖

１９８５年－１９９３年对黑鹳先后组成４对配偶，共产卵３２枚，受精卵１４枚，受精率４３．７５％，出雏８只，出雏率５７．４％，成活５只，成活率６２．５％。黑雏在笼养条件下，３岁龄性成熟。齐齐哈尔地区４－６月份产卵，一般窝产卵４枚，年最多产卵１６枚，孵化期３１天。黑鹳为晚成鸟。自然育雏在雏鸟出壳后３－４小时开食，人工育雏２４小时开食，１５日龄雏鸟开始生长初级飞羽羽鞘，２０－２５日龄能站立，３０－３５日龄     

河南董寨引入朱鹮种群的人工繁殖

2008-2010年,河南董寨保护区对来源于两地的朱鹮配对、产卵、孵化及雏鸟状况进行了研究。3年卧巢24窝,产卵69枚,受精卵46枚,受精率为66.7%;出壳45只,成活幼鸟43只,成活率达95.6%,繁殖成功率为87.5%,窝均成活数2.05只,繁殖生产力为1.79,种群增长率为71.7%,3年繁殖取得了较好的成绩。本次研究还对近亲繁殖出现的部分弱鸟、偏瘫及畸形雏鸟进行了纠正和治疗,也取得了较好效果。     

高纬度地区笼养鹤类的饲养、繁殖情况观察

通过对哈尔滨北方森林动物园内丹顶鹤、白枕鹤、灰鹤、白头鹤共4种7对鹤类自2004~2013年饲养管理及繁殖情况的总结,并进行大量的数据分析和对比,得出在饲料的营养水平以及饲养环境相近的情况下,利用鹤类补卵的习性,通过捡卵人工孵化提高了鹤类的产卵数量,在一定程度上提高了繁殖率。但同时长期人为干涉鹤类的产卵情况,有意识地增加鹤类产卵数量会导致降低种鹤的产卵年限、卵的受精率以及种卵的质量,从而降低鹤卵的孵化率、出雏率,以及鹤雏的质量,成活率降低。以亲鹤自然孵化以及自然孵化和人工孵化相结合的方式代替单纯的人工孵化减少了种鹤的产卵数量,但保持了鹤类原始行为,双亲共同孵化育雏使其关系更加亲密,更有利于繁殖行为的进行,同时提高了鹤雏的出雏率以及雏鹤的成活率,延长产卵年限。     

笼养白冠长尾雉人工孵化和育雏技术初探

2015—2018年,在湖南省雉类繁殖基地对人工饲养的白冠长尾雉404枚卵进行了人工孵化和育雏研究。结果表明:白冠长尾雉每只雌雉平均产卵数为15.53枚,平均卵重29.48 g,卵受精率均值83.41%,人工孵化的孵化率均值82.49%,1龄幼雏的成活率均值83.47%。人工孵化温度为(37.8±0.1)℃,孵化湿度为50%—60%,孵化时间为24—25 d,白冠长尾雉在人工孵化过程中平均失重率为13.1%。白冠长尾雉幼雉破壳体重18.48—23.61 g,1—2日龄体重会有轻度下降(17.8—22.29 g),15日龄后进入快速生长发育期,30日龄达到117.3 g(106.27—175.11 g),45日龄前,育雏室采用电地暖进行控温,通风系统用于通风换气,育雏室温度随着日龄增加而逐步下降,直至降到常温。采用人工孵化与育雏技术有利于提高白冠长尾雉的繁育率和成活率,对于白冠长尾雉种群的快速复壮有重要意义。     

散放混养生境下提高白枕鹤繁殖数量的初探

自2000年初始,深圳市野生动物园饲养的白枕鹤连续两年产卵。为提高其产卵量,我们采取了自孵结合人工孵化方式,促使其多次排卵。2000年产4枚卵,孵化出雏4只。2001年产卵8枚,孵化出雏4只。提高了繁殖数量,取得了初步成功,为我园鹤类繁殖打下了基础。     

黑天鹅人工孵化与育雏

2001~2004年对黑天鹅蛋进行了人工孵化试验。入孵28枚,受精25枚,受精率为89·3%,出雏22羽,孵化率为88·0%;孵化温度为37·3℃,相对湿度为60%;孵化期平均为35·4d;蛋失重平均为39·8g,失重率平均为13·7%;初生雏重平均为193·3g,雏重占蛋重平均为66·3%,初生雏重(y)与蛋重(x)的直线回归方程为y=-147·77+1·1690x(r=0·8802)。在育雏上通过自配饲料喂养,22羽幼雏成活18羽,成活率为81·8%。     

小金刚鹦鹉的饲养与繁育

以广州动物园和广州鹦鹉研究中心饲养的3对小金刚鹦鹉及其于2008-2013年间产下的72枚卵和孵化出的37只幼年鹦鹉为研究对象,探讨了成年小金刚鹦鹉在圈养条件下的饲养和繁殖过程,包括巢箱的设计制作、人工孵化、人工育雏、饲料配方等,并以收集自然育雏条件下雏鸟增重的资料为依据,对人育锥幼年鹦鹉的饲喂量和饲喂方式进行了探讨。结果表明：小金刚鹦鹉自然孵化的时间为28-30 d,种类丰富和营养均衡的日粮有利于小金刚鹦鹉的繁殖;繁殖巢箱的设计与挂置应满足亲鸟的繁殖需求,人工孵育可以提高小金刚鹦鹉繁殖率和成活率,可分别达300%和100%。     

灰翅喇叭鸟的人工繁育技术研究

本文报道了上海动物园首次繁殖灰翅喇叭鸟的人工孵化和育雏条件。结果表明:灰翅喇叭鸟受精率80.0%,在孵化温度37.8℃、相对湿度55.0%、翻蛋频次0.5次/h的条件下,灰翅喇叭鸟出雏率达到87.5%;人工育雏期间选择种类多样的饲料进行人工诱食,雏鸟存活率达到85.7%。诱食时间的长短和饲料种类的多样是影响雏鸟存活率的重要因素。     

黑天鹅的人工孵化及早期育雏

黑天鹅人工孵化技术尚处于启蒙阶段。因此2010年1月～3月我们对黑天鹅蛋进行了孵化试验及早期育雏。入孵5枚,受精2枚,受精率为40%,出雏1羽,孵化率50%;孵化温度为38.00～37.10,相对湿度为59%-70%,通风换气将通气孔开至最大,孵化中后期进行定时凉蛋,用眼皮试温,钝端微凉,锐端微温即可;孵化期为39d,蛋失重49.7g,失重率为18.85%;初生雏重为151.2g;早期育雏采取自由采食方式,雏鹅精神状况一直处于良好,体重增加,育雏成功。     

石鸡的人工驯养及繁殖

经过对石鸡人工驯养及繁殖试验,在相同饲养管理条件下所饲养的20只母石鸡在1个产蛋周期共产卵362枚,平均每只产卵18.1枚,平均卵重19.8g,平均大小39.6×30.7mm。入孵种蛋3批313枚,受精率96.5%。第22d开始出雏,24d出雏结束,共出雏191只,出雏率61.0%;育活101只,育成率为52.9%。其孵化出雏时间比家禽长2～3d。     

高海拔地区通过输氧对拉萨白鸡种蛋孵化效果的研究

为研究不同输氧浓度对拉萨白鸡种蛋孵化效果的影响,选用5世代拉萨白鸡种蛋进行孵化。试验分为8组,每组各1 000枚拉萨白鸡种蛋,对照组全程不输氧,试验1组的氧气浓度为21.00%~22.50%,试验2组的氧气浓度为22.51%~23.50%,试验3组的氧气浓度为23.51%~24.50%,试验4组的氧气浓度为24.51%~25.50%,试验5组的氧气浓度为25.51%~26.50%,试验6组的氧气浓度为26.51%~27.50%,试验7组的氧气浓度为27.51%~28.50%。结果表明,试验7组的总出雏数、健雏个数、健雏率、入孵蛋孵化率、受精蛋孵化率均最高,分别为：851羽、813羽、95.53%、85.10%、91.21%;试验7组的头照死胚个数、死精率、二照死胚个数、弱雏率、毛蛋个数、死胎率均最低,分别为：18枚、1.93%、29枚、3.88%、35枚、3.75%;对照组的无精蛋个数、头照死胚个数、死精率、二照死胚个数、死雏个数、死雏率、毛蛋个数、死胎率均最高,分别为：68枚、87枚、9.33%、146枚、8枚、1.42%、136枚、14.59%;对照组的受精蛋个数、受精率、总出雏数、健雏个数、健雏率、入孵蛋孵化率、受精蛋孵化率均最低,分别为：932枚、93.20%、563羽、529羽、93.96%、56.30%、60.40%;试验2组的弱雏率均最高,为4.88%;试验6组的受精蛋个数、受精率、弱雏个数均最高,分别为：942枚、94.20%、37羽;试验6组的无精蛋个数、死雏率均最低,分别为：58枚、0.49%。通过该试验,为拉萨白鸡种蛋在高原上进行供氧孵化试验提供理论参考。     

Induction of Gynogenesis and Androgenesis in Goldfish Carassius auratus (var. oranda)

Chromosome engineering was used to develop lines that expressed the stable phenotypic characteristics of goldfish, Carassius auratus (var. oranda). To obtain androgenetic individuals, carp eggs were irradiated and fertilized with sperm from goldfish bearing telescopic eyes. The fertilized eggs were divided into four groups and three of them were subjected to heat-shock treatment at 42°C for 2.0 min at 34, 37 and 40 min after fertilization. All groups exhibited low viability of embryos and after hatching the embryos were severely deformed on the head, yolk sac and tail and exhibited 100% mortality, within 2 days after hatching. To obtain gynogenetic individuals, a thin layer of carp milt was subjected to ultraviolet irradiation for 26 min to neutralize its genetic material and used to fertilize a mixture of eggs derived from three different variations of C. auratus individuals with characteristics such as round fat body, triple tail, red and black colour and telescopic eyes. The fertilized eggs were divided into six groups and five of them were subjected to heat-shock treatment at 39.5°C for 2.5 min at 15 (group 2), 20 (group 3), 30 (group 5) and 45 (group 6) min after fertilization. The percentage of fertilized eggs that survived ranged from 20 to 50% and the percentage of larval survival in groups 2–5 was 22–28% with lower levels in groups 1 and 6, ranging from 10–12%. However, 40–60% of the larvae exhibited severe deformities on the head, yolk sac and tail, whereas the rest developed normally. Fish with the typical oranda phenotype were observed in all the groups and about 1% of the fish were characterized by a triple tail but there was no fish with telescopic eyes. The results indicate that gynogenetic individual goldfish can be produced but that the induction of androgenesis requires further improvement of the techniques.     

外源肌苷酸对种鸡产蛋性能、蛋品质及种蛋孵化性能的影响

本试验通过在种鸡的基础饲粮中加入肌苷酸（IMP）来研究其对种鸡产蛋性能、蛋品质和种蛋孵化性能的影响。选择遗传背景相同、体重相近,产蛋率达到5%的20周龄健康AA种鸡864羽,随机分为2组（对照组饲喂基础饲粮;试验组饲喂基础饲粮＋0.5%肌苷酸）,每组6个重复,每个重复72羽,试验期30 d。测定试验期间所有种蛋的平均蛋重、产蛋率和合格蛋率;每组随机选取部分种蛋进行蛋品质测定;于孵化开始第17天,通过照蛋处理统计种蛋受精率,第21天出雏时,计算受精蛋孵化率、入孵蛋孵化率和健雏率。试验结果表明：与对照组相比,试验组种鸡的平均蛋重、产蛋率和合格蛋率均有升高的趋势,但差异不显著（P>0.05）;蛋形指数显著升高（P<0.05）,蛋壳强度、蛋壳厚度和蛋黄颜色显著降低（P<0.05）;受精率、受精蛋孵化率和入孵蛋孵化率显著升高（P<0.05）,健雏率和雏鸡体重有升高的趋势,但差异不显著（P>0.05）。综上,0.5%外源肌苷酸对种鸡的产蛋性能和种蛋孵化性能均有促进作用。     

输氧对拉萨白鸡种蛋和藏鸡种蛋孵化影响的研究

为研究输氧对拉萨白鸡种蛋和藏鸡种蛋孵化效果的影响,选用5世代拉萨白鸡种蛋、尼木藏鸡种蛋、山南藏鸡种蛋进行孵化,于孵化过程及孵化结束时测定各品种鸡种蛋的相关孵化指标。结果表明:与输氧条件下相比,拉萨白鸡种蛋和尼木藏鸡种蛋在不输氧条件下的蛋重、初生重和初生重占入孵蛋重的百分比均更高,而山南藏鸡种蛋在不输氧条件下的蛋重、初生重和初生重占入孵蛋重的百分比均较低;拉萨白鸡种蛋、尼木藏鸡种蛋、山南藏鸡种蛋在输氧时的入孵蛋孵化率比不输氧时分别高29.40%、35.01%、14.72%;拉萨白鸡种蛋、尼木藏鸡种蛋、山南藏鸡种蛋在输氧时的受精蛋孵化率比不输氧时分别高31.55%、39.49%、11.91%。综上表明,缺氧是高原优良种质资源鸡种蛋孵化率低的最主要的因素,该研究为今后提高高原环境下种蛋的孵化效果提供了参考。     

籽鹅种蛋蛋重与蛋形指数对孵化效果影响的研究

本试验旨在研究不同水平蛋重与蛋形指数对籽鹅种蛋孵化效果的影响,进而总结出种蛋筛选的最佳方案,为籽鹅个体、家系种蛋的选留及籽鹅的繁衍、孵化、生产提供科学参考。选取二年籽鹅种蛋2 469枚,蛋重为94.8~154.4 g,平均蛋重（123.3±9.5）g;蛋形指数为1.24~1.63,平均蛋形指数1.45±0.05。采用2因素4水平试验设计,将所有种蛋按蛋重与蛋形指数分成16个孵化组（蛋重与蛋形指数分别分为4个水平）,测量每枚种蛋蛋重与蛋形指数,并在蛋壳上做好编号,在相同孵化条件、同一孵化设备中进行两次孵化试验。结果表明,①蛋重<118.0 g组种蛋受精率最高,>131.9 g组次之;>131.9 g组种蛋受精蛋孵化率最高,125.0~131.9 g组次之,且受精蛋孵化率随着蛋重增大升高;125.0~131.9 g组种蛋孵化健雏率最高,>131.9 g组次之;>131.9 g组种蛋孵出鹅雏出生重最大。②蛋形指数在1.47~1.51组种蛋受精率及种蛋孵化健雏率最高,>1.51组次之;1.47~1.51组种蛋受精蛋孵化率最高,1.42~1.46组次之。分析以上结果可得出：籽鹅种蛋蛋重对种蛋受精率、受精蛋孵化率、健雏率、鹅雏出生重有显著影响（P<0.05）,以籽鹅蛋重在125.0~154.4 g为宜;蛋形指数对种蛋受精率、受精蛋孵化率、健雏率亦有显著影响（P<0.05）,对种蛋孵出鹅雏出生重无影响（P>0.05）,以蛋形指数在1.47~1.51为宜。籽鹅种蛋蛋重与蛋形指数对受精率、受精蛋孵化率、健雏率、鹅雏出生重的影响均存在交互作用。其中,蛋形指数对种蛋孵化健雏率的影响较蛋重强,其作为单一因素对鹅雏出生重无影响。以上结果表明,以蛋重或蛋形指数任一因素作为种蛋筛选的依据都不科学,应综合考虑以达到种蛋优选的目的。     

外源肌苷酸对种鸡产蛋性能、蛋品质及种蛋孵化性能的影响

本试验通过在种鸡的基础饲粮中加入肌苷酸(IMP)来研究其对种鸡产蛋性能、蛋品质和种蛋孵化性能的影响。选择遗传背景相同、体重相近,产蛋率达到5%的20周龄健康AA种鸡864羽,随机分为2组(对照组饲喂基础饲粮;试验组饲喂基础饲粮+0.5%肌苷酸),每组6个重复,每个重复72羽,试验期30 d。测定试验期间所有种蛋的平均蛋重、产蛋率和合格蛋率;每组随机选取部分种蛋进行蛋品质测定;于孵化开始第17天,通过照蛋处理统计种蛋受精率,第21天出雏时,计算受精蛋孵化率、入孵蛋孵化率和健雏率。试验结果表明:与对照组相比,试验组种鸡的平均蛋重、产蛋率和合格蛋率均有升高的趋势,但差异不显著(P>0.05);蛋形指数显著升高(P<0.05),蛋壳强度、蛋壳厚度和蛋黄颜色显著降低(P<0.05);受精率、受精蛋孵化率和入孵蛋孵化率显著升高(P<0.05),健雏率和雏鸡体重有升高的趋势,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。综上,0.5%外源肌苷酸对种鸡的产蛋性能和种蛋孵化性能均有促进作用。     

Impact of Hatching Egg Weight and Egg Shape Index on Hatching Results in Zi Goose

This paper was aimed to study the impact of hatching egg weights and egg shape indexs on hatching of Zi goose,and then sum up the best scheme for hatching eggs screening,so as to provide scientific reference for the selection and retention of Zi goose individuals and family hatching eggs,as well as the breeding and incubation production.2469 hatching eggs of Zi geese of the second year were chosen with the weight range of 94.8 to 154.4 g and an average weight of (123.3±9.5) g;the egg shape index range was 1.24~1.63 and the average index was 1.45±0.05.Using 2 factors 4 levels test design,the weight and the shape index of eggs were divided into four levels and all the eggs were separated into 16 hatching groups.The weight and the shape index were measured and labeled on eggshells.Two hatching experiments were conducted in the same instrument and the hatching conditions were same.The results showed that:① Egg fertility rate was the highest in egg weight <118.0 g group,followed by >131.9 g group;Hatchability of fertilized eggs was the highest in >131.9 g group,followed by 125.0~131.9 g group,and the hatchability of fertilized eggs increased along with the increase of egg weight;The highest healthy chick rate of breeding egg hatching lay in 125.0~131.9 g group,followed by >131.9 g group;The highest breeding egg hatching gosling birth weight lay in >131.9 group.② When egg shape index was between 1.47 to 1.51,the egg fertility rate and healthy chick rate were the highest,followed by >1.51 group;In the group 1.47 to 1.51,hatchability of fertilized eggs was the highest,followed by 1.42 to 1.46 group.In conclusion,hatching egg weight of Zi goose had significant impact on egg fertility rate,hatchability of fertilized eggs,healthy chick rate and gosling birth weight (P<0.05),and the egg weight of Zi goose between 125.0~154.4 g was advisable;on the other hand,egg shape index also had significant impact on egg fertility rate,hatchability of fertilized eggs and healthy chick rate (P<0.05),but had no impact on gosling birth weight (P>0.05),and the egg shape index between 1.47 to 1.51 was appropriate.Egg fertility rate,hatchability of fertilized eggs,healthy chick rate and gosling birth weight were affected by interaction of egg weight and shape index.Compared with the weight of eggs,the egg shape index had greater influence on healthy geese rate.The egg shape index had no direct impact on birth weight of young geese,but it could be influenced by the interaction between the egg shape index and the weight.Thus it was not very scientific to take either the weight or the index as the only basis for choosing qualified hatching eggs.     

霍尔多巴吉鹅与皖西白鹅杂交的试验研究

为了解皖西白鹅与霍尔多巴吉鹅杂交后代的外貌特征和生产性能,选用皖西白鹅公鹅与霍尔多巴吉鹅母鹅进行杂交试验。结果表明,杂交鹅体型多数与霍尔多巴吉鹅一致,少数与皖西白鹅一致;成年母鹅背部有少量灰毛,其余为白色,公鹅的羽毛全部为白色。25%的公鹅头部明显有肉瘤,但比皖西白鹅的肉瘤小,另有25%的公鹅头部有肉瘤但较小,其余公鹅头部无肉瘤;母鹅头部均无肉瘤。杂交鹅1-70日龄平均增重4 795.91 g,与皖西白鹅和霍尔多巴吉鹅相比分别提高了12.70%和8.68%,差异显著（P〈0.05﹚;杂交鹅的平均产蛋量（40.4枚/只）、种蛋的受精率（90.0%）和受精蛋的孵化率（91.0%）都高于皖西白鹅,且差异显著（P〈0.05﹚,但与霍尔多巴吉鹅相比产蛋量有所下降,种蛋的受精率和受精蛋的孵化率相近。