瘤胃灌注不同来源淀粉对牦牛瘤胃发酵及血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在探讨瘤胃灌注不同来源淀粉对牦牛瘤胃发酵及血清生化指标的影响.选用3头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管、体况良好、体重相近[( 244±15) kg]的去势牦牛,采用3×3拉丁方试验设计,对照组按照1.2倍维持能量水平饲喂单一燕麦草(未灌注淀粉),玉米淀粉组和抗性淀粉组分别在对照组的饲喂基础上瘤胃灌注玉米淀粉和抗性淀粉900 g/d.试验分为3期,每期试验18 d(15 d预试期和3d采样期).结果表明:与对照组相比,灌注玉米淀粉和抗性淀粉显著降低瘤胃pH(P ＜0.05),极显著降低瘤胃氨态氮含量(P＜0.01),灌注4h后显著提高瘤胃微生物蛋白质和挥发性脂肪酸含量(P＜0.05).在灌注后4和6h,玉米淀粉组和抗性淀粉组血糖含量显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),血清胰岛素、胰高血糖素和甘油三酯含量与对照组相比差异不显著(P＞0.05),血清尿素氮含量显著低于对照组(P＜0.05).结果提示,瘤胃灌注玉米淀粉和抗性淀粉,降低了牦牛瘤胃氨态氮含量,提高了微生物蛋白质和挥发性脂肪酸含量,提高了血糖含量,降低了血清尿素氮含量,说明牦牛能有效利用不同来源的淀粉.     

不同淀粉来源对生长猪氮代谢及血液部分生化指标的影响

本文旨在研究日粮淀粉来源对生长猪氮代谢和血液中部分生化指标的影响.试验选择17头体重(21.09±0.72)kg的杜×长×大三元杂交阉公猪,以玉米、早籼稻糙米、糯米和抗性淀粉作为淀粉来源,配合4个等氮、等能、等淀粉试验日粮和1个无氮日粮,进行1个按5×5拉丁方设计的氮代谢试验和1个为期8 d的单因子饲养试验.结果表明,抗性淀粉组蛋白质表观和真消化率均最低,表观消化率分别比玉米组、糯米组、糙米组低9.28%、11.31%和11.05%(P<0.05),真消化率分别低8.79%、10.80%和10.50%(P<0.05);蛋白质沉积率以玉米组最高,分别比抗性淀粉、糯米和糙米日粮组高25.98%(P<0.05)、1.32%(P>0.05)和1.37%(P>0.05).血液生化指标分析结果显示,抗性淀粉组试验猪的血液中葡萄糖、胰岛素浓度及胰岛素/血糖变化比较平稳,其他各组采食后升高幅度较大,1 h后达到高峰;其中糯米组采食后1 h血液中葡萄糖、胰岛素含量及胰岛素/血糖最高,分别为1.21 mg/mL、52.35μU/mL和43.27μU/mg,显著高于其他各组(P<0.05).由结果可知,日粮淀粉来源影响生长猪氮代谢和血液部分生化指标,抗性淀粉组的血糖和胰岛素变化幅度较小,蛋白质的沉积率也较低.     

采食不同来源淀粉对生长猪门静脉养分吸收和增重的影响

研究了不同来源淀粉对生长猪门静脉养分净吸收量和生产性能的影响。结果表明：玉米和糙米组成的试验日粮生长猪生长速度最快，显著快于糯米组（P〈0．05），极显著地快于抗性淀粉组（P〈0．01）。生长猪采食抗性淀粉日粮后，葡萄糖和总氮基酸的门静脉净吸收量分别仅为17．84g／100gFI和5．93g／100gFI，显著低于玉米、糙米和糯米组（P〈0．05）。门静脉净吸收氨基酸模式与回肠末端可消化氮基酸模式有很大区别，肠黏膜代谢对氨基酸模式有选择的修饰作用。生长猪增重速度与门静脉总必需氩基酸净吸收量有比较高的相关关系（P=0．0295）。     

日粮淀粉来源对断奶仔猪生产性能和氮代谢的影响

选择28 d断奶、平均体重约8 kg杜×长×大三元杂交仔猪52头,以玉米、早籼稻糙米、糯米和抗性淀粉(Hi-Maize 1043)作为淀粉来源,配合4个等能、等氮、等淀粉试验日粮,进行为期21 d的饲养试验和4×4拉丁方代谢试验,研究日粮淀粉来源对断奶仔猪生产性能和氮代谢的影响.结果表明,饲喂玉米组平均日增重最高,分别比抗性淀粉、糯米和糙米组高36%(P＜0.01)、24.53%(P＜0.01)和10.77%(P＜0.05),料重比也分别比抗性淀粉、糯米和糙米组低12.73%(P＜0.05)、18.18%(P＜0.01)和7.88%,抗性淀粉组的采食量最低(P＜0.05).与其它日粮组相比,抗性淀粉组蛋白质表观消化率较低(P＜0.05),排泄粪氮较多(P＜0.05),而糯米日粮组则排泄较多的尿氮,整体蛋白质沉积以玉米组最佳(P＜0.05).     

不同淀粉来源对生长猪回肠食糜中微生物氮和氨基酸含量的影响

本试验旨在研究淀粉消化性能的差异对生长猪回肠食糜中微生物氮和氨基酸含量的影响.试验采用4×4拉丁方设计,选择4头回肠末端安装有简单T瘘管的杜×长×大三元杂交公猪进行消化代谢试验.结果显示,淀粉来源不同其回肠末端消化率存在差异,在生长猪的回肠末端抗性淀粉有83.07%被消化;糯米淀粉被100%消化,玉米和糙米淀粉介于二者之同,分别有97.63%和96.41%被消化;回肠食糜中氮的流量以采食抗性淀粉日粮组最高(为每千克干物质采食量7.44 g),而食糜氮中微生物氮所占比例以采食糯米组最高(为72.8%);各组回肠食糜氨基酸流量中微生物氨基酸所占比率变化范围为25.43%(玉米组)～45.09%(抗性淀粉组),其中抗性淀粉组Asp、Glu、Ser和Lys的比率明显高于玉米组(P<0.05),但Tyr却低于玉米组(P<0.05);糙米组Arg显著高于抗性淀粉组,而Ala和Leu却比抗性淀粉组低(P<0.05);糯米组Ala和Leu也明显较抗性淀粉组低.     

淀粉来源对断奶仔猪生产性能及血液生化指标的影响

本文旨在研究淀粉来源对断奶仔猪生产性能及血液生化指标的影响。试验选用体重约(8.8±1.02)kg、28日龄断奶的杜×长×大三元杂交仔猪48头,采用单因子试验设计,随机分为4个处理组,每组12个重复,每个重复1头猪。以玉米、早籼稻糙米、糯米和抗性淀粉(resistant starch,RS)-Hi-Maize1043作为淀粉来源,配制4种等能、等氮、等淀粉试验日粮,进行为期3周的饲养试验。试验结束时采血制血浆,分析血液生化指标。结果表明:(1)试验第1周、第2周、0～2周及全期,RS组的平均日采食量显著低于其他3组(P<0.05),其他3组差异不显著(P>0.05);玉米组的平均日增重和饲料转化效率均最佳。试验全期玉米组的平均日增重显著高于糙米组(P<0.05)、糯米组(P<0.01)和RS组(P<0.01),料重比低于糙米组(P>0.05),显著低于RS组(P<0.05)和糯米组(P<0.01);糙米组的平均日增重显著高于糯米组(P<0.05)和RS组(P<0.05),料重比也低于RS组(P>0.05)和糯米组(P<0.05);(2)仔猪采食后血浆葡萄糖、胰岛素浓度、胰岛素/血糖比值和乳酸浓度均以RS组最低,糯米组最高。糯米组采食后1h的血浆葡萄糖高于糙米组(P>0.05)、显著高于玉米组(P<0.05)和RS组(P<0.01);胰岛素显著高于其他3组(P<0.05),胰岛素/血糖比值高于糙米组(P>0.05)、显著高于玉米组(P<0.05)和RS组(P<0.05),采食后乳酸浓度各组差异不显著(P>0.05)。仔猪饲喂玉米日粮(直链淀粉/支链淀粉为0.23)的生产性能最佳。     

饲料中糖源对大黄鱼生长性能及消化酶、糖代谢关键酶活性的影响

为评估饲料中糖源对大黄鱼生长性能及消化酶、糖代谢关键酶活性的影响,进行为期8周的养殖试验。以鱼粉、小麦蛋白粉和豆粕为蛋白质源,鱼油、豆油和大豆卵磷脂为脂肪源,葡萄糖、蔗糖、糊精、土豆淀粉、玉米淀粉和小麦淀粉分别为糖源,配制成6种等氮等能的试验饲料。每种试验饲料设3个重复,每个重复放养初始平均体重为(7.06±0.48)g的大黄鱼幼鱼50尾,以重复为单位养殖于浮伐式网箱(1.5 m×1.5 m×2.0 m)中,每天饲喂2次。结果表明:小麦淀粉和玉米淀粉组大黄鱼的增重率、特定生长率、饲料效率和蛋白质效率均显著高于蔗糖和葡萄糖组(P0.05)。葡萄糖组大黄鱼的肝体比显著高于其他各组(P0.05)。饲料中糖源对大黄鱼的脏体比、肥满度及全鱼粗蛋白质、水分和粗灰分含量均没有显著影响(P0.05),但小麦淀粉、土豆淀粉和玉米淀粉组的全鱼粗脂肪含量显著高于糊精、蔗糖和葡萄糖组(P0.05)。葡萄糖组大黄鱼的肝糖原含量最高,肌糖原含量最低。土豆淀粉组的血清葡萄糖含量最高,显著高于其他各组(P0.05)。小麦淀粉、玉米淀粉和土豆淀粉的肠道淀粉酶、脂肪酶活性显著高于蔗糖和葡萄糖组(P0.05)。饲料中糖源对大黄鱼肝脏葡萄糖激酶(GK)、磷酸果糖激酶(PFK)、丙酮酸激酶(PK)活性的影响显著(P0.05),但肝脏1,6-二磷酸果糖酶(FBPase)活性各组间没有显著差异(P0.05)。由结果得出,大黄鱼对小麦淀粉和玉米淀粉等结构复杂多糖的利用能力要高于蔗糖和葡萄糖。     

不同的淀粉类型对生长猪饲粮有效能和营养物质消化率的影响

本试验旨在探究不同的淀粉类型对生长猪饲粮消化能、代谢能、能量和营养物质消化率的影响。试验选用玉米、红薯干粉和豌豆粉为原料,分别属于谷物类淀粉、薯类淀粉和豆类淀粉。试验采用完全随机试验设计,选取初始体重为(35.38±1.36) kg的杜×长×大三元杂交去势公猪18头,随机分为3组,分别饲喂玉米饲粮、红薯干粉饲粮和豌豆粉饲粮。试验期19 d,其中7 d为消化代谢笼适应期,7 d为试验饲粮适应期,5 d为粪尿收集期。结果表明:玉米(54.39%)和红薯干粉(49.24%)中支链淀粉含量较高,而豌豆粉中直链淀粉(30.57%)和抗性淀粉(9.38%)含量较高。红薯干粉饲粮的粗蛋白质表观全肠道消化率显著低于玉米饲粮和豌豆粉饲粮(P0.05),豌豆粉饲粮的粗脂肪表观全肠道消化率显著低于玉米饲粮和红薯干粉饲粮(P0.05),而玉米饲粮的中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维表观全肠道消化率显著低于红薯干粉饲粮和豌豆粉饲粮(P0.05)。玉米饲粮的代谢能和总能的比值高于红薯干粉饲粮和豌豆粉饲粮(P0.05)。另外,玉米的消化能和代谢能以及代谢能与总能或消化能的比值显著高于红薯干粉和豌豆粉(P0.05)。综上所述,不同的淀粉类型影响饲粮和原料在生长猪体内能量利用效率和营养物质消化率,其中玉米作为典型的谷物类淀粉来源在生长猪上的饲用价值优于红薯干粉和豌豆粉作为代表的薯类淀粉和豆类淀粉,其饲喂价值优劣顺序为玉米豌豆粉红薯干粉。     

饲料中玉米淀粉添加水平对鲤生长性能、消化酶活性及血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究饲料中玉米淀粉添加水平对鲤生长性能、消化酶活性及血清生化指标的影响。选用平均体重为(36.12±1.18)g的鲤900尾,随机分成5组,每组3个重复,每个重复60尾鱼,分别投喂蛋白质水平依次为32.0%、30.0%、28.1%、26.2%、24.2%,玉米淀粉添加水平依次为0(对照)、6.5%、13.0%、19.5%、26.0%的试验饲料,饲养时间为9周。结果表明:从生长性能看,对照组的增重率、特定生长率显著高于其他各组(P0.05);26.0%玉米淀粉组的饲料系数、蛋白质效率显著高于对照组(P0.05)。饲料中玉米淀粉添加水平对鲤肝胰脏脂肪酶活性的影响不显著(P0.05);前肠中,13.0%玉米淀粉组脂肪酶活性显著高于6.5%玉米淀粉组(P0.05);中肠中,对照组、19.5%玉米淀粉组脂肪酶活性显著高于6.5%玉米淀粉组(P0.05);后肠中,26.0%玉米淀粉组脂肪酶活性显著高于19.5%玉米淀粉组(P0.05)。肝胰脏中,26.0%玉米淀粉组淀粉酶活性显著高于其他各组(P0.05);前肠、中肠和后肠中,6.5%玉米淀粉组淀粉酶活性显著高于其他各组(P0.05)。肝胰脏、前肠、中肠、后肠中蛋白酶活性均随饲料中玉米淀粉添加水平的升高而显著降低(P0.05)。血清葡萄糖含量随饲料中玉米淀粉添加水平的升高而呈上升趋势,且各组间差异显著(P0.05)。血清胆固醇含量以26.0%玉米淀粉组最高,显著高于其他各组(P0.05),以6.5%玉米淀粉组最低,显著低于其他各组(P0.05)。血清甘油三酯含量以26.0%玉米淀粉组最高,显著高于其他各组(P0.05),以6.5%、13.0%玉米淀粉组较低,显著低于其他各组(P0.05)。综合分析,在本试验条件下,适当降低饲料蛋白质水平可提高鲤的消化能力,饲料中玉米淀粉添加水平在0~13.0%、蛋白质水平在28.1%~32.0%时较适合鲤的生长。     

不同来源淀粉对断奶仔猪日粮养分消化率的影响

选择4头28d断奶、平均体重约8kg的杜×长×大三元杂交公猪,以玉米、早籼稻糙米、糯米和抗性淀粉(Hi-maize-1043)作为淀粉来源,配合4个等能、等氮、等淀粉试验日粮,进行4×4拉丁方代谢试验,研究不同来源淀粉对断奶仔猪日粮养分消化率的影响。结果表明,糯米日粮的能量和干物质消化率最高,抗性淀粉显著降低日粮干物质、能量和粗蛋白质表观消化率(P<0.05)。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.