甘肃省永靖县奶牛布鲁氏菌病监测与病原分离鉴定

为查明甘肃省永靖县奶牛布鲁氏菌病流行情况、感染菌种和类型,2013—2017年对永靖县8月龄以上奶牛进行了布鲁氏菌病监测,对2016年检出的3份疑似感染布鲁氏菌奶牛的脾脏进行了病原分离与鉴定。结果显示:2013—2014年检测奶牛444头,未检出阳性;2015—2016年检测奶牛706头,检出阳性63头,个体阳性率为8.92%;3份脾脏样本均为布鲁氏菌PCR检测阳性,细菌分离培养15 d,只有1份生长菌落;将分离菌株用AMOS-PCR进行检测,获得流产布鲁氏菌特征的扩增条带,且分离菌株的omp25基因测序结果与流产布鲁氏菌高度吻合。本监测和细菌分离鉴定结果为该地布鲁氏菌病防控提供了技术支撑。     

新疆昌吉市奶牛结核病、布鲁菌病的检测

从2001年—2005年,连续5年对新疆昌吉市奶牛的结核病、布鲁氏菌病进行检疫监测。结果显示,用布鲁氏菌病凝集试验共检验奶牛13 814头,其中布鲁氏菌病血清阳性150头,平均阳性率为1.08%,最高阳性率为1.46%(122/8 326);用结核病PPD皮内变态反应共检验奶牛12 278头,其中结核病阳性356头,平均阳性率2.9%(356/12278),最高阳性率7.4%(98/1 323)。根据试验结果制定了相应的防治对策。     

青藏高原规模奶牛养殖场“两病”调查报告

为了解青藏高原规模奶牛养殖场奶牛"两病"的感染情况,笔者采集了湟源县7个规模奶牛养殖场的奶牛血清800份,使用试管凝集实验进行布鲁氏菌病检测,检出阳性样本2份。对抽检血清的800头奶牛进行牛型结核分枝杆菌PPD皮内变态反应检测,结果均为阴性。     

一起奶牛布鲁氏菌病的处理与反思

<正>2009年3月10日,宁夏中宁县动物卫生监督所对辖区某奶牛场444头布鲁氏菌病阳性奶牛全部扑杀。一次扑杀如此多的布鲁氏菌病阳性奶牛,在宁夏乃至全国实属罕见。通过这起奶牛布鲁氏菌病的处理应引起我们对动物防疫工作中存在的有关问题进行认真反思,总结教训,谨防类似事件的发生。     

一起奶牛布鲁氏菌病的处理与反思

<正>2009年3月10日,宁夏中宁县动物卫生监督所对辖区某奶牛场444头布鲁氏菌病阳性奶牛全部扑杀。一次扑杀如此多的布鲁氏菌病阳性奶牛,在宁夏乃至全国实属罕见。通过这起奶牛布鲁氏菌病的处理应引起我们对动物防疫工作中存在的有关问题进行认真反思,总结教训,谨防类似事件的发生。     

奶牛"两病"检疫方法

采用实验室平板凝集反应和皮内注射结核提纯菌素及兽医临床检查等方法,对肃州辖区内城郊的泉湖、果园、银达、西洞、怀茂、西峰六乡(镇)的奶牛进行"两病"检疫监测。四年来,共检疫奶牛5667头,检出结核阳性病奶牛87头(占1.5%),从检疫情况分析,奶牛结核病呈波浪状消长,布鲁氏菌病达到稳定净化。     

一起奶牛布鲁氏菌病疫情暴发的调查

20 0 2年 6月 2 5日 ,无锡市新区某奶牛场发现 1 0 5头布鲁氏菌阳性奶牛 ,其中有 2 8头奶牛出现流产症状 ,并有 2名牧场职工感染了布鲁氏菌。经流行病学调查、临床诊断和实验室检验 ,认定是一起由布鲁氏菌阳性牛传播的牛型布鲁氏菌病的暴发。现将调查结果报告如下。1　流行情况该牧场共存栏牛 2 80头 ,其中成年奶牛为 2 37头。该批牛为自 2 0 0 0年 7月 31日起分批从北京、山西、陕西、山东和本市其他牧场引进。该牧场曾于 2 0 0 1年 7月 9日检出 1头布鲁氏菌病牛 ,予以淘汰处理。 2 0 0 2年 4月 1 7日又发现可疑布鲁氏菌病奶牛 ,于是对 65…     

民和县布鲁氏菌病、结核病监测调查及防治措施

笔者等在2008年6月～2010年7月期间,对民和县10308头奶牛采用牛型结核分枝杆菌PPD皮内变态反应试验,检出阳性病牛54头,阳性率0.524%;采用布鲁氏菌病试管凝集反应试验（SAT）检测奶牛10308头,查处阳性血清23份,阳性率为0.223%;采用虎红平板法和布鲁氏菌病试管凝集反应试验（SAT）试验,检测黄牛1267头、绵羊2351只,结果全部为阴性;布病采用细菌学试验检测奶牛流产胎儿20头份、绵羊测流产胎儿20头份,全部为阴性。从监测调查来看民和县奶牛存在布鲁氏菌病和结核病。本文就＂两病＂监测调查、存在的隐患、问题和综合防治措施提出了自己的看法,并进行了比较深入的探讨。     

甘肃省近十年奶牛布鲁氏菌病血清学监测

通过对2006—2015年甘肃省26 789个场点517 172头奶牛样品的血清学检测,发现甘肃省近十年间的平均布鲁氏菌病阳性率为0.26%(阳性样品1 319份),阳性数量和阳性率总体呈上升趋势;不同养殖场点的阳性样品检出率存在差异,其中散养户中的检出率较高;人和奶牛的布鲁氏菌病感染呈正相关。本文综合分析了甘肃省奶牛布鲁氏菌病阳性率上升的主要原因和该病发生的主要风险因素,并提出了相关防控建议。     

宁夏银川市部分奶牛场布鲁氏菌病的血清学调查

为了解银川地区奶牛布鲁氏杆菌病的流行情况,采用平板和试管凝集试验对591份奶牛血清进行了检测。结果表明：被检牛只患布鲁氏菌病的有13头,平均阳性率为2．20％（13／591）,其中规模养殖场、小型养殖场及农户饲养奶牛的布鲁氏菌病的阳性血清数分别为4份、3份、6份,阳性率分别为1．09％、2．44％和5．88％。此外,对某牛场近3年布鲁氏菌病流行情况分析结果表明：该场奶牛布鲁氏菌病的发生呈下降的趋势。针对此次调查结果,分析了奶牛布鲁氏菌病的发病原因,并提出了相应的防制措施。     

Relationships of bovine leukemia virus prevalence in dairy herds and density of dairy cattle to human lymphocytic leukemia

A case-control study was conducted to examine possible relationships between human acute lymphoid leukemia and exposure to dairy cattle and drinking of raw milk. Two hundred twenty-three persons with acute lymphoid leukemia, diagnosed during the years 1969 to 1971 and 1973 to 1980 from the 87 most rural Iowa counties, were accessed from case records at the Iowa State Health Registry for participation in the present study. Each person and 2 matched controls were interviewed for history of residence, exposure to dairy cattle, and consumption of nonpasteurized dairy products. Two types of comparisons between affected persons and controls were done: the prevalence of bovine leukemia virus infection (as measured by serologic study) in dairy herds with which the affected persons and controls had either occupational contact or from which they had consumed raw milk and the density of dairy cattle in the townships where affected persons and controls lived. The bovine leukemia virus infection prevalence in dairy herds with which affected persons had contact was 20%, whereas the infection prevalence in the herds with which the controls had contact was 38%. The density of dairy cows in townships where affected persons resided was generally less than that in townships where controls resided. However, there was one exception; the density of dairy cows at 20 years before diagnosis was higher (589) in townships where affected adult female persons resided, compared with that in townships where controls resided (567).     

张掖市甘州区能繁母牛零费用配种情况实地调查报告

[目的]为调查落实张掖市基础母牛养殖户补贴政策过程中存在的问题。[方法]张掖市畜牧管理人员随机入乡镇配种站,母牛养殖户,对甘州区基础母牛养殖户补贴政策落实情况进行走访调查,并对调查结果进行了统计、分析。[结果]表明：＂零费用配种＂政策对养殖户起到了积极作用,但同时存在政策资金不及时到位,会影响养牛生产的矛盾。[结论]＂...     

Some Characteristics of Primary and Secondary Oestrous Signs in High-producing Dairy Cows

Shortened and weakened oestrous signs in dairy cows may cause a failure of oestrus detection and artificial insemination timing error leading to poor reproductive performance. The aims of this study were to investigate the duration of standing oestrus in high-producing dairy cows under a free stall system, to determine the duration of expression of secondary oestrous signs before and after standing oestrus (Expt 1) and to compare the duration and intensity of oestrus between cows and heifers (Expt 2). Cattle were checked for primary and secondary oestrous signs at an interval of 4 h. Heat detection aids were also used. In Expt 1, of 56 cows which were detected in oestrus, 36 cows (64.3%) showed standing oestrus and other 20 cows (36.6%) showed secondary oestrous signs only. Duration of the standing oestrus was 6.6 +/- 6.3 h on average (+/-SD), ranging between 2 and 32 h. The cows in standing oestrus showed secondary oestrous signs during a period from 9.6 +/- 8.1 h before onset of standing to 18.4 +/- 18.8 h after the end of standing oestrus. In the cows that did not show standing oestrus, expression of secondary oestrous signs were observed for 25.7 +/- 20.5 h, which was 7.5 h shorter than the average duration of oestrus in cows showing standing oestrus. In Expt 2, nine (82%) of the 11 lactating cows in oestrus showed standing, while all the 10 heifers exhibited standing oestrus. Average duration of standing oestrus was 6.4 +/- 4.3 h in cows and 6.2 +/- 3.9 h in heifers, respectively. It may be concluded that the duration of standing oestrus is substantially shortened in lactating dairy cows, and more than one-third of cows did not show standing oestrus. In cows showing standing oestrus, duration of expression of secondary oestrous signs before and after standing is not shortened. Duration of standing oestrus in heifers was as short as that in cows.     

The Use of Liveweight Change as an Indicator of Oestrus in a Seasonally Calving,Pasture‐Fed Dairy Herd

This was an observational study of 828 lactations in 542 mixed‐age dairy cows that calved seasonally in a single, pasture‐fed herd in New Zealand in 2008 and 2009. The study objectives were to: (i) document daily liveweight change (?LW) before and after observed oestrus for cows subsequently diagnosed pregnant or non‐pregnant and (ii) quantify the sensitivity and specificity of ?LW as a test for oestrus. The sensitivity and specificity of ?LW when combined with other commonly used oestrous detection methods was also evaluated. In cows that conceived as a result of service at detected oestrus, liveweight loss began 1 day before the day of detection and was greatest on the day of detection (?9.6 kg, 95% CI ?11.3 kg to ?7.8 kg; p < 0.01) compared with LW recorded 2 days before the day of detection. In cows that did not conceive to a service at a detected oestrus, the lowest liveweights were recorded 1 day before the day oestrus was detected (?4.3 kg, 95% CI ?7.7 to ?0.8 kg; p = 0.02) compared with LW recorded 4 days before the day of detection. The sensitivity and specificity of ?LW as a means of oestrous detection were 0.42 (95% CI 0.40–0.45) and 0.96 (95% CI 0.95–0.97), respectively. When ?LW was combined with tail paint and visual observation, the oestrous detection sensitivity and specificity were 0.86 and 0.94, respectively. Monitoring LW change holds promise to enhance the sensitivity and specificity of oestrous detection in combination with other oestrous detection methods.     

Evaluation of cost-effectiveness of targeted sampling methods for detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis infection in dairy herds

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the epidemiologic and financial impacts of targeted sampling of subpopulations of cows, compared with random sampling of all cows, for classification of dairy herd infection status for paratuberculosis. ANIMALS: All cows from 4 infected herds with a low-to-moderate prevalence of paratuberculosis and from 1 noninfected herd in California. PROCEDURE: The infection status of each cow was classified on the basis of results of an ELISA or combined ELISA and fecal culture results. Thirteen sampling schemes designed to randomly sample cows on the basis of lactation number, stage of lactation, and milk production were evaluated. Sampling without replacement was used to obtain a probability of herd detection of paratuberculosis for each evaluated sampling method and for simulated sample sizes between 30 and 150 cows. Marginal cost-effectiveness analysis was used to determine the cost increase relative to the increase in detection probability. RESULTS: Sampling cows in the third or higher lactation and > or = 200 days into lactation yielded the highest detection probability in most instances, resulting in a detection probability that was 1.4 to 2.5 times that obtained by sampling 30 cows in the second or higher lactation. Costs of testing via the alternative method with a 95% detection probability were approximately dollar 300 lower in a high-prevalence herd (31%) and dollar 800 lower in a low-prevalence herd (9%), compared with use of the reference method. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Detection of herds with paratuberculosis could be improved, and costs of testing substantially reduced by sampling targeted groups of cows.     

An investigation of skin temperature differentials in relation to estrus in dairy cattle using a thermal infrared scanning technique

To evaluate the effectiveness of thermal infrared scanning as a technique to detect estrus, 27 Holstein-Friesian cows were observed for a 90-d period beginning in the second week postpartum. The area enclosed by the 37-C isotherm on the gluteal region of a cow's body tended to increase in association with the occurrence of estrus. This increase became statistically significant at the third postpartum estrus. During the first 50-postpartum d, infrared scanning enhanced detection of estrus when compared with standard dairyman-detection accuracy. However, detection of estrus using infrared scanning was hampered by false positives (33% around the third postpartum estrus) and inability to detect estrus for some cows (7%). It appears at present that the usefulness of infrared scanning for routine detection of estrus in dairy cows is limited, but the technique may have potential as a research tool for the study of skin temperature patterns.     

Comparison of milk yield in dairy cows with different degrees of lameness

OBJECTIVE: To compare milk yield among cows classified as nonlame, moderately lame, and lame and to examine the relationship between severity of lameness and milk yield in cows classified as lame during the first 100 days after parturition. DESIGN: Longitudinal study. ANIMALS: 465 Holstein cows. PROCEDURE: Cows were examined weekly during the first 100 days after parturition and assigned a lameness score by use of a 6-point locomotion scoring system (ie, 0 to 5). Milk yield was compared among cows classified as nonlame, moderately lame, and lame. Among cows classified as lame (locomotion score > or = 4), milk yield was compared for cows with low, medium, and high cumulative locomotion scores. Cows classified as lame were further examined on a tilt table for diagnosis and treatment of lameness. RESULTS: 84 (18%), 212 (46%), and 169 (36%) cows were classified as nonlame, moderately lame, and lame, respectively. Among cows in their second or later lactations, milk yield in lame cows was significantly lower than that in moderately lame and nonlame cows. In addition, among cows classified as lame, milk yield was significantly lower in cows with high locomotion scores during the first 100 days after parturition, compared with cows with low scores. Most (58%) cows classified as lame had laminitis. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results indicate a linear relationship between increasing degree of lameness and decreasing milk yield among cows in their second or later lactations. The locomotion scoring system used in this study may be a useful management tool that veterinarians and dairy farmers could adopt for early detection of lameness in dairy cows.     

Preliminary observations on the effect of parity on first day ultrasonic detection of embryo and its organs in bovine

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of parity on the first day of ultrasonic detection of embryo and its organs using 8 MHz frequency. For this purpose, six nulliparous heifers, five primiparous cows and six multiparous cows of the Holstein breed were selected and mated by a single bull from the herd. From day 16 after mating, cows and heifers were examined by ultrasonography thrice weekly for the day of first detection of the embryo and its organs. The mean of first-day detection in heifers, primiparous and multiparous cows was as follows, respectively: allantois on days 22.3, 23 and 25.8; embryo proper on days 21.8, 23 and 27; heartbeat of embryo on days 26.1, 26.6 and 31.1; amnion on days 31, 31 and 30.8; limb buds on days 29.5, 28.8 and 30.6; stomach (abomasum) on days 32.2, 38.6 and 36.8; spinal column on days 32.6, 33.4 and 37.3; placentomes on days 33.3, 37 and 35.3; eyes on days 35.1, 35.4 and 38.6 and lens on days 40, 41.4 and 44. Although the mean of first day observation of all structures in heifers tends to be earlier than in the other groups, statistically, allantois, the embryo proper and its heartbeat in heifers and primipara were visualized significantly earlier than in multiparous cows. However, there were no differences between heifers and primiparous cows.     

母牛的发情特征与发情鉴定

外部行为特征观察法是母牛发情鉴定中最常用的方法,辅助行为特征和生理特征对母牛的发情鉴定也非常重要。应用发情特征综合评分可提高母牛发情鉴定率,评分较高的发情牛受胎率也较高。同时改善周围环境、加强泌乳牛体质等有助于提高母牛的发情鉴定率。本文从上述几方面对母牛的发情特征与发情鉴定技术进行阐述,为生产实践提供一定的依据。     

Oestrous behaviour in a herd of dairy cows.

A group of 60 housed Friesian cows were observed continuously for a period of 25 days, during which time all cows were recorded for incidence of mounting activity and 18 selected cows were recorded for various aspects of maintenance activity. All 60 cows were judged as showing oestrus. Average duration of oestrus (+/-SD) in 33 cows was 14-9 +/- 4-7 hours, and the cows were mounted 56-3 +/- 34-8 times. The greatest mounting activity was associated with the night hours. There was no diurnal pattern of onset of oestrus. The majority of mounting activity (79 per cent) occurred in the cubicle area of the building. Comparison of maintenance activities showed that oestrous cows spent, on average, less time standing in a cubicle (P less than 0-01), lying in a cubicle (P less than 0-001) and more time standing elsewhere (P less than 0-001) than non-oestrous cows. The results are discussed in relation to oestrus detection.