活蛹缫丝中不同浓度硅酸钠对蚕蛹健康和产卵量的影响

活蛹缫丝能直接选拔茧丝质优良的个体继代,是家蚕品种改良和选育中提高丝质的有效方法。试验表明：用不同浓度的硅酸钠＋0．1％氢氧化钠的混合液作浸茧液进行活蛹缫丝时,对家蚕的蛹体健康性和产卵量有不同程度的影响。0．4％～0．6％硅酸钠＋0．1％氢氧化钠处理区健蛹率保持在96．67％～98．33％,与对照差异不显著;产卵量比对照减少13．54％～16．44％,对家蚕蛹体影响较小,宜选作活蛹缫丝浸茧液。浓度0．7％以上的硅酸钠＋0．1％氢氧化钠的混合液作浸茧液,对家蚕蛹体健康性及产卵量均有显著影响。     

小型空气能烘茧机应用测试初报

对小型空气能烘茧机的烘茧量与烘茧用时,不同季节烘茧效果,不同烘茧机烘茧质量进行比较,并测试了不同处理方式对蚕蛹品质的影响。结果表明：随着一次烘茧量增多,烘干蚕茧所需时间增长,干茧的适干率和解舒率下降幅度增大,在不同蚕茧生产季节使用烘茧效果差异不大,三种烘茧机具所烘出来的干茧质量相差不明显,缫出的生丝等级都达到4A以上。小型空气能烘茧机烘干茧缫丝后的干蛹品质接近鲜蚕蛹的水平,完全达到食用标准。     

Effects of propionic acid and urea on the quality of whole-crop corn silage

以全株玉米（Zea mays）为研究材料,通过对其发酵品质和化学成分的分析,探讨添加丙酸（0．3％）、尿素（0．5％）、丙酸（0．3％）＋尿素（0．5％）对袋装全株玉米青贮品质的影响,60d后取样分析。结果表明,全株玉米可以单独调制出良好的青贮料,添加丙酸可以降低青贮饲料的pH值、乙酸和氨态氮含量,并能显著提高全株玉米青贮乳酸含量（P〈0．05）;添加尿素能显著提高全株玉米青贮的粗蛋白含量（P〈0．05）;添加丙酸＋尿素可以进一步改善全株玉米青贮品质。     

活蛹缫丝工艺对蚕蛹主要组分含量与性状的影响

活蛹缫丝是蚕茧不经过烘茧、煮茧直接缫丝的新工艺,从蚕蛹资源开发利用的角度,考察蚕蛹经过活蛹缫丝工艺各个流程处理后,其主要组分含量与性状变化。活蛹缫丝工艺中,机械脱衬造成蚕蛹质量损失约12.21%,但蚕蛹中蛋白质和油脂2种主要组分的比例无显著变化,质量比仍保持在1.20～1.23∶1。活蛹缫丝工艺各个流程取样制备蚕蛹蛋白的不良气味明显变淡,而理化性状则出现不同程度的变化,其中经缫丝和机械脱衬后的蚕蛹蛋白几乎完全变性,但缫丝后的蚕蛹蛋白的乳化性和溶解性最好。活蛹缫丝工艺各个流程取样制备蚕蛹油脂的化学性状(如酸价、碘值、过氧化值、皂化值等)也发生一定程度的变化,其中机械脱衬后蚕蛹油脂的酸价和过氧化值升高,不饱和度降低,使粗制蚕蛹油的品质下降。研究结果表明,活蛹缫丝工艺中的机械脱蛹衬与传统缫丝工艺机械脱蛹衬相比,同样会造成蚕蛹主要营养组分损失,并对蛹蛋白质和油脂的性状有不利影响,因此活蛹缫丝的蚕蛹仍不适于作为高档食品开发的原料。     

蚕蛹喂鸡四注意

蚕蛹含有很高的营养价值，全脂蚕蛹粉中含粗蛋白５０％～６０％，脂肪２０％以上；蛋白质中的必需氨基酸含量也很高，蛋氨酸为２．８３％、赖氨酸为３．０９％，是喂鸡的好饲料。但若使用方法不当，也会给鸡造成很大危害。为此，笔者现将蚕蛹喂鸡时需要注意１喂雏鸡要控制用量蚕蛹为缫丝厂的副产品。蚕茧在缫丝过程中，要经过碱液（烧碱或纯碱）处理，因此在蚕蛹（尤其是新鲜蚕蛹）中含有较高的碱性，据测定，pH值为１０．５。用这种蚕蛹制成的饲料，碱性也较强，pH值达７．６～８．２，而饲料的碱性，又会降低雏鸡肠道对钙、磷（磷酸钙、…     

不同处理方式对蔗梢营养价值的影响

[目的]为弄清不同处理方式对蔗梢营养品质的影响,为科学利用甘蔗梢提供依据。[方法]采用切碎、直接青贮、添加0.6%尿素青贮和添加0.7 mL/kg EM青贮的不同方式处理蔗梢,青贮60 d后测定其pH值、常规营养成分、纤维成分和能量含量。[结果]1）直接青贮与添加尿素或EM青贮,青贮饲料感官评定均属优质青贮料。2）与鲜蔗梢相比,直接青贮可提高蔗梢的EE含量（P〈0.01）,但降低了CP（P〈0.01）、Ca（P〉0.05）和P（P〈0.01）的含量。3）与直接青贮蔗梢相比,添加尿素和EM青贮均显著提高了蔗梢的CP、EE、Ca和P（P〈0.01）含量。4）不同方式处理蔗梢的主要纤维成分之间没有显著差异（P〉0.01）。5）直接青贮、尿素青贮和微贮三种方式均可提高蔗梢的能量含量,且添加尿素和EM青贮的提高幅度更大（P〈0.01）。[结论]直接青贮对提高蔗梢的营养价值意义不大,但在青贮过程中添加尿素或EM均可改善青贮甘蔗梢品质,提高其营养价值。     

复合抗氧化剂对高温季节公犬精液品质及抗氧化指标的影响

本试验主要研究高温季节日粮中添加复合抗氧化剂对德国牧羊犬公犬精液品质、抗氧化指标的影响。试验采用随机区组设计,选取性状相近成年公犬随机分为2组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中添加4%的复合抗氧化剂,在试验第0天、30天和60天,测定精液指标。结果表明:添加复合抗氧化剂处理组种公犬第60天的精液精子畸形率显著低于对照组(P 0.05),而第0天和第30天差异不显著(P 0.05);添加复合抗氧化剂处理组种公犬第60天的SOD、GSH-Px显著高于对照组(P 0.05),MDA显著低于对照组(P 0.05)。夏季高温季节添加由多种抗氧化剂组成的复合抗氧化剂,能有效提高夏季种公犬的精液抗氧化性能,改善精液品质,可为高温季节种公犬科学饲养和营养标准的制定提供可靠的理论依据。     

添加不同水平的玉米粉对紫花苜蓿青贮营养成分的影响

在3种不同含水量（60％、70％、80%）的紫花苜蓿中添加不同水平玉米粉（0％、5％、10%）进行了30天的青贮试验。结果表明：添加10％的玉米粉，紫花苜蓿青贮NH3-N／TN值在0.56％～0．73％之间，显著低于其它各处理组（P〈0．05）和（P〈0．01）；含水量70％的紫花苜蓿中添加10％的玉米粉，青贮感官品质较好，粗蛋白损失0．34％，低于其它处理组；添加玉米粉显著降低紫花苜蓿青贮NDF ADF和粗脂肪含量（P〈0．01）。     

叶黄素对鸡生产性能和蛋品质的影响

本试验旨在研究日粮中添加不同水平的叶黄素对蛋鸡生产性能和蛋品质的影响。将150d海兰灰蛋鸡144只随机分为4个处理．每个处理3个重复．每个重复12只鸡。采用单因素随机试验设计．日粮叶黄素的添加量分别为0、60、120和240mg／kg,构成Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组的日粮。结果表明：添加叶黄素对生产性能影响不大,对常规蛋品质及蛋黄色泽有一定影响。其中．第Ⅲ组哈氏单位较第1组提高1．60％（P〈0．05）,蛋黄相对重提高2．37％（P〉0．05）．蛋黄系数提高2．00％（P〈0．05）。随叶黄素添加水平的增加．生鸡蛋蛋黄罗氏等级（RCF）值和蛋黄红值（a^＊）值逐渐升高．第Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组较第Ⅰ组蛋黄RCF值分别提高3．05（P〈0．05）、3．59（P〈0．01）和4．29（P〈0．01）个等级,蛋黄红值（a^＊）值分别提高7．40％（P〈0．05）、14．53％（P〈0．05）和18．69％（P〈0．05）。鸡蛋煮熟后,第Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组蛋黄RCF值较第Ⅰ组分别提高0．67（P〉0．05）、1．67（P〈0．05）和4．00（P〈0．05）个等级;蛋黄黄值（b^＊）值分别提高3．52％（P〈0．05）、4．07％（P〈0．05）和6．13％（P〈0．01）。表明日粮中添加120mg／kg叶黄素,可提高蛋黄颜色,改善蛋品质。     

添加甲酸和丙酸对甘蔗梢青贮品质的影响

新鲜甘蔗梢粉碎后直接青贮，添加0.3%和0.6％甲酸以及0．5％和1．0％到青贮，结果表明：甘蔗梢青贮添加0．5％丙本的pH值和IVDMD（体外干物质消化率）分别为3．9和53．33％，青贮品质最好，其次为添加0．6％甲酸，1．0％丙酸和青接青贮，pH值分别为3．8，3．9和3．9，IVDMD分别为51．34％，51．27％和33．77％，添加0．3％甲酸青贮品质最差，pH值和IVDMD分别为4．1和30．66％。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Prevalence and Intensity of Helminth and Coccidial Infections in Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

A survey of gastrointestinal parasite infections of young (<6 months old), immature (6–12 months old) and adult (>12 months old) dairy cattle on 16 farms in Kiambu District, Kenya was conducted during a dry season (September 1991 to January 1992) and during a wet season (March to July 1992). The survey was based on monthly coproparasitological examination of cohorts and worm counts in tracer calves. The effects of age, sex, farm and season on the prevalence and intensity of helminth and coccidial infections were determined. Faecal egg and oocyst counts revealed that the overall prevalences were: strongyles (including trichostrongyles) (85.5%), liver flukes (Fasciola gigantica) (34.0%), coccidia (30.9%) and tapeworms (9.6%). Eight species of the protozoan Eimeria were identified, the most prevalent species being E. bovis and E. zuernii. The most prevalent nematode genera were Haemonchus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus. Season, farm and age of the animals had a significant (p<0.05) influence on the intensity of infection with strongyles, liver flukes and coccidia, whereas the sex of the animals had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the prevalence or intensity of infections. A higher intensity of infection with strongyles and coccidia was found in the wet season than in the dry season (p<0.05). The age-specific intensity was in the following order: for strongyles, immature animals of 6–12 months of age had the highest egg counts, followed by young calves and adults. Calves had significantly (p<0.05) higher oocyst counts than immatures or adults. Liver fluke egg counts did not differ significant (p>0.05) between immatures and adult cattle.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。