大城市犬类管理探讨

随着城市经济的快速发展、广大人民群众生活水平的提高,家庭饲养宠物犬已成为老年人的伴侣、成年人的一种时尚或生活情趣.大城市养犬数量从20世纪90年代初至目前增长很快,并每年还在以8%～10%的速度上升,以上海为例目前的准养犬达到10万余条（还有无证犬约30万条）.与此同时,由于管理体制的滞后、法律法规的不健全、管理力量的薄弱,使大城市的犬类管理面临严峻的形势,如未经注册犬的数量之多、流浪犬在社会上的急剧增加、犬类伤人事件时有发生等.近几年以来,北京、上海、广州等大城市对犬类管理先后进行地方立法,调整了养犬注册费,强化了犬类的免疫,明确了犬主的职责等,推行了一系列管理新举措,使大城市犬管工作赋予一种改革的动力.因此,如何满足广大人民群众的需求,适应大城市犬类的增加趋势,因势利导,切实做好狂犬病等人畜共患病的预防和控制,开展流浪犬的收容与处置,解决养犬带来的社区卫生及管理问题,制定适合现代城市发展的犬类管理法律法规以及办法,真正体现出国际化都市较为先进的犬类管理模式和管理方法,维护城市公共安全体系和社会稳定,是一个大城市管理工作中必须解决的课题.笔者就此对犬类饲养、经营和管理等有关问题,做一个研究和探讨.     

中型城市养犬管理的实践与建议

正随着人们生活水平的不断提高,城市规模的不断扩大,养犬的市民和犬只的养殖数量迅速增加。但"犬患"问题日益凸显,养犬引发的影响市容环境、犬只伤人、扰民事件频频发生,犬类的管理问题成为备受关注的民生热点,文明养犬的呼声高涨。扬州市通过立法先行、综合服务、信息化、法制化和人性化管理,实现了市民满意度高、狂犬病发病率下降,我     

城市居民应树立依法养犬意识

随着国内社会经济的发展，城市居家生活中饲养各类犬和已成为一种时尚。在饲养犬的过程中，由于一些饲养者法律意识的淡薄和对养犬专业知识的缺乏，往往造成一些侵权行为的产生，带来不必要的纠纷和经济损失。对于养犬爱好者而言，应当熟悉掌握当地政府部门制定准于养犬的相关规定，把个人的养犬行为置于国家法律和道德规范之中，做到依法保障个人养犬权益，     

狂犬病及其防治

近年来，我国狂犬病病例不断增加，一些省区的“打狗风暴”引发国际关注，许多法律学者以及动物权利保护者谴责这种行为“残酷血腥”，舆论则将疫情的蔓延归责于政府对于FI常防疫工作的“懒政”，犬主不约而同地关注起自家宠物的安全和健康，引起了人们的恐慌。随着经济的持续发展，市民养犬与Et俱增。养犬在给市民带来欢乐的同时，一些犬主未能做到科学养犬、文明养犬，不重视狂犬病的预防接种工作，加之城市流浪犬的剧增，发生狂犬病的隐患日渐增大，尤其对儿童生命安全构成一定的威胁，     

国内外犬类管理现状探讨

随着城市经济的发展、人民生活水平的提高、人口的老龄化,养犬热正逐年升温,犬作为市民饲养宠物的首选正悄然走进千家万户.但由于管理的问题,城市养犬所产生的负面效应正日趋体现.如何审时度势,更新观念,充分运用现代管理手段注入管理中,正视养犬行为,合理解决和调节好城市养犬的负面效应,是当前全国各大城市管理部门面临的首要问题.     

做好城市犬类管理和免疫工作几点体会

犬是人类的朋友。随着人民生活水平的提高,城市规模的扩大,城市养犬数量逐年增加。养犬已成为年轻人追求时尚和老年人情感寄托的趋势。如何做好城市犬类管理和免疫工作,     

城市养犬究竟该如何管

本刊2006年第23期刊登了《养宠物犬是时尚还是公害》一文后．读者非常关注。他们认为加强宠物犬管理刻不容缓．尤其是在人口密度高度集中的城市．因为宠物犬伤人事件和部分地方逐渐回潮的狂犬病危害事件日益增多。那么犬患横行．城市养犬究竟该如何管理？记者再次进行了追踪报道．[编者按]     

我国城市养犬管理立法的特点、存在问题及对策

上世纪80年代起,国内大中城市养犬渐成风气,在“宠物热”升温的同时也带来了一系列的社会争议和管理难题,在这样的背景下地方立法机关、政府管理部门从加强养犬管理角度出发,于上世纪90年代初陆续出台了以地方性法规、政府规章为主的犬类管理规范,主导思想是对养犬实行高额收费、严格管理、总量限制。本文主要对这一阶段我国各大中城市出台的限制养犬管理规定的特点、存在问题进行分析,探讨相关对策,认为:1·要制定家养动物保护法及配套法案;2·要加强和改善养犬行政管理;3·须充分发挥养犬协会等中介组织的作用;4·在尊重、实现养犬者的合理私权的同时,必须尊重和保障不养犬人的权利。     

城市养犬管理的几点思考

城市养犬成为城市发展必须面临的一个问题,它之所以成为困扰城市发展的问题已经不是单一事物发展的结果,恰恰是各个因素综合产生的。结合基层从事城市养犬管理的经验,从制度建设,执行措施,执法实践,效果等几个方面提出一些观点。     

江门“禁狗令”折射城市养犬管犬之困

城市养犬目前仍呈增长趋势,由此引发的养犬者与不养犬者的矛盾以及因养犬带来的弊端,给城市管理者带来了新的管理课题。但是,这个新的管理课题并没有引起管理者应有的重视,面对压力甚至是挑战,由于思想准备、工作调研和科学决策的不足,使得城市养犬者和管犬者都陷入一种困境之中。近期,发生在广东江门的"禁狗令",似乎极有典型意义。     

Comparison of in vitro and in situ methods in evaluation of forage digestibility in ruminants

The objective of this study was to compare the application of different in vitro and in situ methods in empirical and mechanistic predictions of in vivo OM digestibility (OMD) and their associations to near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy spectra for a variety of forages. Apparent in vivo OMD of silages made from alfalfa (n = 2), corn (n = 9), corn stover (n = 2), grass (n = 11), whole crops of wheat and barley (n = 8) and red clover (n = 7), and fresh alfalfa (n = 1), grass hays (n = 5), and wheat straws (n = 5) had previously been determined in sheep. Concentrations of indigestible NDF (iNDF) in all forage samples were determined by a 288-h ruminal in situ incubation. Gas production of isolated forage NDF was measured by in vitro incubations for 72 h. In vitro pepsin-cellulase OM solubility (OMS) of the forages was determined by a 2-step gravimetric digestion method. Samples were also subjected to a 2-step determination of in vitro OMD based on buffered rumen fluid and pepsin. Further, rumen fluid digestible OM was determined from a single 96-h incubation at 38°C. Digestibility of OM from the in situ and the in vitro incubations was calculated according to published empirical equations, which were either forage specific or general (1 equation for all forages) within method. Indigestible NDF was also used in a mechanistic model to predict OMD. Predictions of OMD were evaluated by residual analysis using the GLM procedure in SAS. In vitro OMS in a general prediction equation of OMD did not display a significant forage-type effect on the residuals (observed - predicted OMD; P = 0.10). Predictions of OMD within forage types were consistent between iNDF and the 2-step in vitro method based on rumen fluid. Root mean square error of OMD was least (0.032) when the prediction was based on a general forage equation of OMS. However, regenerating a simple regression for iNDF by omitting alfalfa and wheat straw reduced the root mean square error of OMD to 0.025. Indigestible NDF in a general forage equation predicted OMD without any bias (P ≥ 0.16), and root mean square error of prediction was smallest among all methods when alfalfa and wheat straw samples were excluded. Our study suggests that compared with the in vitro laboratory methods, iNDF used in forage-specific equations will improve overall predictions of forage in vivo OMD. The in vitro and in situ methods performed equally well in calibrations of iNDF or OMD by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy.     

大庆市羊东毕吸虫病流行病学调查

对大庆市羊东毕吸虫病的流行病学进行了调查研究。结果表明，大庆有3种东毕吸虫，即程氏东毕吸虫（O.cheni)、土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫（O.turkestanica)和土耳斯坦东毕吸虫结节变种（O.turkestanican var.thuberculata)；中间宿主螺类有1种，即卵萝卜螺；东毕吸虫病在大庆分布很广，所调查的4区2县均有发生，羊东毕吸虫平均感染率分别为50．33％，平均死亡率为21．12％，大庆羊急性病例发病时间为8月上旬至10月下旬，慢性病例为11月上旬至翌年2月中旬。     

ELISA试验在防制猪伪狂犬病中的应用

猪伪狂犬病是由伪狂病病毒(Pseudorabies virus PRV)引起的急性传染病。其特征是成年猪常为隐性感染，可有流产、死胎、呼吸系统症状，新生仔猪除神经症状外还可侵害消化系统，并伴大批死亡。本病已经给全世界的养猪业造成严重的损失，我国许多地区已报道该病。为进一步探讨该病的控制、净化措施，我们对12个养猪场共856分血清采用美国嗍公司的ELISA试剂盒进行了抗体检测。     

中国圈养野生动物疫苗使用调查

2005年对中国动物园协会单位中的18家动物园饲养野生动物疫苗免疫情况进行调查。受调查动物园在野生动物疫苗使用和动物种类方面具有一定的代表性。调查结果显示动物园动物现共使用18类36种疫苗,预防31种疫病。其中哺乳动物使用14类24种疫苗,预防24种疫病;禽类使用4类12种疫苗,预防7种疫病。使用范围最广的有禽流感、犬瘟热疫苗等、新城疫疫苗、猫瘟热疫苗等。共有24目58科动物接种疫苗,其中食肉动物类1目8科,食草动物类3目9科,杂食动物类2目3科,禽类18目38科。研究结果提示应加强动物园之间疫病信息交流、防疫资源的利用、疫病监测和研究,加大对动物园动物疫病的研究投入,逐步建立动物园动物统一的防疫规程。     

Use of cyclocryotherapy in management of glaucoma in dogs

In 5 cases of glaucoma (2 from trauma, 2 from narrowed drainage angles, 1 secondary to lens extraction), cyclocryotherapy was used to control intraocular pressure. In all cases the intraocular pressure decreased, with the usual result being a cosmetic and painless but blind eye.     

Estimate of economic impact of fowl cholera in turkeys in Georgia in 1986

Information gathered from cases of fowl cholera (FC) in commercial turkey flocks through case records, flock records, and telephone and mail surveys was used to estimate disease costs. The cost to the Georgia commercial turkey industry in 1986 from preventive measures, treatment of outbreaks, and production losses from the disease was estimated at $634,545. The cost of FC per kg of live production was estimated to be $0.015.     

Occurrence of MRSA in pigs and in humans involved in pig production--preliminary results of a study in the northwest of Germany

In 2007, 678 pigs of all age groups out of 347 different farms from Lower Saxony and Northrhine-Westphalia and 86 persons occupationally exposed to pigs were investigated for their nasal colonisation with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus areus (MRSA) by the Field Station for Epidemiology of the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover and the Robert Koch-Institute. At the individual animal level, a frequency of positive results of 13% (n = 85 positive animals) and at the herd level, a frequency of positive results of 18% (n = 62 positive herds) were found. All isolates were assigned to the Multilocus Sequence Typing Type ST398. Within MRSA-positive herds, there were more MRSA-negative than MRSA-positive animals. Among the occupationally exposed persons (veterinarians, laboratory personnel and meat inspection personnel), 20 persons (23%) showed a nasal colonisation with MRSA ST398. A quite strong association between the intensity of the contact to pigs with the frequency of nasal colonisation in the occupationally exposed persons was detected. None of the animals or the humans nasally colonised by MRSA ST398 showed any clinical symptoms of a staphylococcal infection. Conclusions are drawn on the herd and intra-herd prevalence of the nasal colonisation of pigs with MRSA ST398 in pigs, but especially on which questions need to be addressed by further research.     

2017年西藏拉萨市家禽禽流感抗体水平检测

为了解西藏拉萨市家禽禽流感抗体水平,2017年8月随机选择免疫过H5禽流感疫苗的8个规模养殖场、2个散养户、3个活禽交易市场,共13个群体,采集1 041份家禽血清样品进行H5、H7、H9亚型禽流感HI抗体检测。结果显示：H5亚型禽流感免疫抗体合格率为45.73%,H7、H9亚型抗体阳性率分别为21.13%、52.64%;养殖场、散养户和活禽交易市场的不同亚型抗体水平存在较大差异,规模化养殖场的H7亚型抗体阳性率最高（29.92%）,活禽市场的H5、H9亚型阳性率最高（78.16%、79.31%）,散养户的所有亚型抗体阳性率均最低。结果表明,拉萨市H5亚型禽流感疫苗免疫效果较差,特别是散养户,疫病发生风险较高,H7、H9亚型疑似自然感染率较高,应进一步查明原因,及时采取相应的措施,防止疫情发生。