放牧与舍饲育肥对绒山羊胃肠道组织形态的影响

本试验旨在研究放牧与舍饲育肥对绒山羊胃肠道组织形态的影响。从内蒙古白绒山羊种羊场中选择体重与年龄相似的阿尔巴斯白绒山羊母羊60只,随机分为试验组(EG组)和对照组(CG组)。试验组进行舍饲育肥,饲喂全混合日粮,对照组进行放牧育肥。预试期l5 d,正试期60 d。在育肥试验结束时,分别从CG组和EG组中随机选取6只母羊进行屠宰取样,测定胃肠道的组织形态结构。结果表明:与CG组相比,EG组母羊瘤胃乳头长度和乳头宽度显著提高(P<0.05),但瘤胃、网胃、瓣胃及皱胃的胃壁厚度和肌肉层厚度没有显著变化(P>0.05);EG组的十二指肠、空肠、回肠的绒毛长度及绒毛长度/隐窝深度显著高于CG组(P<0.05),但对于隐窝深度2组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。综上所述,与放牧育肥相比,舍饲育肥可以改善绒山羊母羊的胃肠道组织形态结构。     

不同饲养方式对阿尔巴斯白绒山羊瘤胃发酵功能的影响

通过饲养试验、屠宰试验,研究不同饲养方式对阿尔巴斯白绒山羊成年母羊瘤胃发酵功能的影响,从而为科学制定阿尔巴斯白绒山羊成年母羊育肥方案和提高经济效益提供理论依据。采用单因子完全试验设计,将60只年龄、体重相近的淘汰成年母羊随机分为2组,每组30只。一组为对照组,在天然草场进行自然放牧育肥;一组为试验组,完全舍饲育肥,日粮采用全混合饲喂,每天饲喂2次,自由采食,育肥期60 d。在试验结束时,分别从对照组和试验组中选择6只羊进行宰后采集瘤胃液,测定pH值,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、菌体蛋白(BCP)浓度和挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)含量。结果表明,与自然放牧饲养相比,完全舍饲饲养可显著降低阿尔巴斯白绒山羊成年母羊瘤胃液pH值（P<0.05）,但能显著增加瘤胃液的NH3-N浓度（P<0.05）、BCP浓度(P<0.05)和VFA浓度(P<0.05),而对于乙酸/丙酸无显著影响(P>0.05)。完全舍饲饲养可以促进阿尔巴斯白绒山羊成年母羊的瘤胃发酵功能。     

不同饲养模式对阿尔巴斯白绒山羊羔羊育肥增重及屠宰性能的影响

试验主要研究了不同饲养模式对阿尔巴斯白绒山羊羔羊育肥增重及屠宰性能的影响。从内蒙古白绒山羊种羊场的4月龄断奶羔羊中选择日龄为(130±10)d的母羔和去势公羔(羯羔)各30只作为放牧补饲组,从淘汰群中选择与放牧补饲组日龄相近的母羔和去势公羔(羯羊)各30只作为舍饲组进行舍饲育肥,共120只,分为4组,每组30只。采用2×2完全随机试验设计,第一因素为饲养模式,设放牧补饲和舍饲育肥两种,其中,放牧补饲的羔羊按照原厂方式,每天在天然草场上放牧并每只补饲玉米(风干基础)300 g,舍饲育肥的羔羊,按照试验设计饲喂全混合日粮;第二因素为性别,分为母羔与羯羔,育肥期3个月。育肥结束时,采用单因子完全随机试验设计,分别从舍饲育肥和放牧补饲的羯羔组中每组选择接近平均体重的6只羯羔屠宰,研究不同饲养方式对羯羔屠宰性能的影响。结果表明,与放牧补饲相比,舍饲模式的育肥体重和增重显著增加,育肥期内舍饲组的日增重较放牧补饲组提高69%,饲料转化效率是放牧补饲组的2倍。屠宰试验结果表明,舍饲模式的胴体重、屠宰率、净肉率显著提高,分别较放牧补饲组增加64.60%、27.56%、37.39%。因此,阿尔巴斯白绒山羊羔羊进行短期舍饲育肥与放牧补饲相比,对增重性能、饲料转化效率和屠宰性能的促进效果明显,可显著提高产肉量。     

环县绒山羊羔羊冬季舍饲育肥效果

为了提高环县绒山羊冬季饲养效果,把6月龄的子午岭黑山羊羔羊和辽宁绒山羊(♂)×子午岭黑山羊(♀)杂种一代羔羊(简称F1代羔羊)作为试验对象,以环县农民群众传统采用的饲养模式——放牧加少量补饲(简称"放牧+补饲")作为对照,采用全舍饲方式对两个试验群体进行60d的育肥试验,综合测定绒山羊羔羊的生长结果、屠宰性能和肉品质指标,计算经济效益。结果表明,在两个试验群体内,全舍饲组的育肥末重、育肥期增重、平均日增重、胴体重和屠宰率均极显著高于"放牧+补饲"组(P0.01)。子午岭黑山羊羔羊全舍饲组的平均日增重、胴体重和屠宰率分别是102.5g、10.75kg和47.66%,分别较"放牧+补饲"组提高了87.2g、3.46kg和12.54%。F1代羔羊全舍饲组的平均日增重、胴体重和屠宰率分别是117.2g、11.71kg和49.62%,分别较"放牧+补饲"组提高了96.7g、4.16kg和13.83%。全舍饲组的失水率和嫩度显著低于"放牧+补饲"组(P0.05),其它肉品质指标在全舍饲和"放牧+补饲"组间无显著差异(P0.05)。子午岭黑山羊羔羊和F1代羔羊全舍饲组的纯收入较"放牧+补饲"组同类型羔羊分别提高了110.2和75元。因此,较传统饲养模式,全舍饲育肥能够明显增加环县绒山羊羔羊冬季生长效果和产肉性能,改善部分肉品质,显著提高养殖效益。     

饲养模式与年龄对阿尔巴斯白绒山羊日粮微量元素消化率的影响

试验研究了舍饲育肥与放牧育肥两种饲养模式对阿尔巴斯白绒山羊成年羊与羔羊日粮微量元素消化率的影响。采用2×2完全随机试验设计,从内蒙古白绒山羊种羊场选择5周岁成年母羊与4月龄断奶羔羊各60只,共120只,分为4组,每组30只。因素1为饲养模式,分为舍饲育肥和放牧育肥;因素2为年龄,分为成年母羊和断奶羔羊。母羊育肥期为60 d,羔羊育肥期为90 d。结果表明,绒山羊的日粮微量元素消化率存在年龄差异;在育肥前期,与羔羊组相比,成年母羊Cu的消化率极显著高于羔羊组(P0.000 1);Fe的消化率显著地低于羔羊组(P=0.02)。在育肥后期,成年母羊Cu、Zn的消化率极显著地高于羔羊组(P=0.001、P0.000 1);Fe和Mn的消化率显著地低于羔羊组(P=0.03、P=0.05)。不同饲养模式也会影响绒山羊对日粮微量元素的消化率;在育肥前期,与放牧组相比,舍饲组绒山羊Cu、Mn的消化率显著和极显著高于放牧组绒山羊(P=0.048、P0.000 1),Fe、Zn的消化率却极显著低于放牧组(P=0.003、P=0.000 4)。在育肥后期,舍饲组羔羊Cu、Mn、Zn的消化率极显著高于放牧组(P0.000 1)。     

肉羊专用添加剂预混料短期育肥效果试验

试验研究了含脲酶抑制剂的肉羊专用添加剂预混料对舍饲羔羊的短期育肥效果。结果表明,添加剂预混料组在试验结束后的增重、日增重分别为14.90 kg、248.3 g,比对照组的12.98 kg、216.3 g提高了14.79%,差异显著(P<0.05)。经济效益分析表明,预混料组比对照组每只羊一个育肥期可多收入7.94元。屠宰试验结果表明应用添加剂预混料对羊的屠宰性能没有影响。     

不同育肥方式对山羊屠宰性能及肉品质的影响

选择健康无病、体重相近、年龄6月龄左右的努比亚黑山羊公羊30只,随机分为放牧补饲育肥和全舍饲育肥2组,育肥期65d后进行屠宰测定和肉品质分析。结果显示,屠宰率、净肉率以及羊肉中蛋白质、粗脂肪、18种氨基酸及总氨基酸含量等指标差异均不显著(P0.05);但脂肪酸中的油酸含量舍饲组(43.6%)高于放牧补饲组(38.35%)5.25个百分点,差异显著(P0.05);而亚油酸、亚麻酸、花生酸和多不饱和脂肪酸含量放牧补饲组均显著高于舍饲组(P0.05);羊肉中微量元素铁含量放牧补饲组较舍饲组高47.02%,两组间差异极显著(P0.01),铜含量放牧补饲组较舍饲组高64.71%,两组间差异极显著(P0.01)。结论:努比亚黑山羊采取放牧补饲育肥和全舍饲育肥方式羊肉主要营养指标相当,其中放牧补饲育肥羊肉中所含的对人体健康有益的营养物质更丰富。山羊适度放牧补饲育肥是目前一种可行的育肥模式。     

两种不同养殖方式对山羊育肥性能的影响

选择6月龄左右努比亚山羊公羊30只,随机分成舍饲育肥组和放牧补饲组,进行65d的短期育肥试验,研究不同养殖方式对当年出生当年出栏山羊的育肥性能的影响。结果显示:育肥前期(35d)2组日增重无显著性差异(P>0.05),放牧补饲组较舍饲组提高3.62%;育肥后期(30d)2组日增重差异不显著(P>0.05),放牧补饲组较舍饲组提高10.89%;2组全期育肥日增重差异不显著(P>0.05),放牧补饲组较舍饲育肥组提高7.63%。舍饲组精粗料比为41.6:58.4,日采食干物质占体重4.76%。试验羊血液生理指标均在山羊血液生理指标正常范围内,差异均不显著(P>0.05);2种育肥方式血液生化指标差异均不显著(P>0.05),但放牧补饲组总蛋白、白蛋白低于正常值,在育肥日粮中要提高粗蛋白水平,这样有可能进一步提高育肥效果。2种育肥方式增重成本舍饲组(18.89元/kg)较放牧补饲组(13.64元/kg)增加5.32元/kg,放牧补饲组育肥收益(391.4元/只)较全舍饲组(311.1元/只)高80.3元/只。选择适宜季节和放牧场地,小群放牧补饲育肥效果要优于全舍饲育肥。     

两种育肥方式对阿尔巴斯白绒山羊羔羊瘤胃发酵功能的影响

文章旨在研究放牧补饲育肥与舍饲育肥两种育肥方式下绒山羊羔羊的瘤胃发酵功能,为有效调控绒山羊的瘤胃发酵、制定科学的育肥方案提供理论依据。采用单因子完全随机试验设计,将60只健康、体重、日龄相近的4月龄羯羊随机分为2组,各30只。对照组在原草场放牧并进行补饲;试验组采用全混合日粮进行舍饲育肥,育肥期为90 d。试验结束时,分别从各组选择6只羯羔进行屠宰,采集瘤胃。结果表明:舍饲育肥较放牧补饲育肥相比可显著增加绒山羊羔羊瘤胃BCP和NH3-N浓度(P0.05);有降低p H值的趋势(0.05P0.10);但对VFA的变化无显著影响(P0.05)。结果说明舍饲育肥较放牧补饲育肥而言,能有效促进绒山羊羔羊的瘤胃发酵功能。     

内蒙古阿尔巴斯白绒山羊羔羊短期育肥效果与屠宰性能分析

[目的]研究内蒙古阿尔巴斯白绒山羊羔羊短期育肥效果,并评价育肥羊的屠宰性能。[方法]选择体重相近的4月龄断奶羔羊520只,选取260只作为试验组,采取全舍饲的饲养模式,分别在3个牧户家饲养,饲养管理标准与饲料保持一致;选取260只作为对照组,采取传统放牧饲养模式,选择草场质量相近的2个牧户家饲养。育肥期为4个月。测定、计算并比较不同饲养模式下阿尔巴斯白绒山羊在不同育肥阶段的体重以及平均日增重;育肥结束后进行屠宰试验,测定并比较不同饲养模式下阿尔巴斯白绒山羊的屠宰性能指标;计算不同饲养模式下阿尔巴斯白绒山羊的养殖经济效益。[结果]与对照组相比,试验组在育肥120 d的体重显著（P<0.05）高于对照组;试验组在育肥30~60 d、60~90 d的平均日增重显著（P<0.05）高于对照组,在育肥90~120 d的平均日增重极显著（P<0.01）高于对照组。试验组宰前活重、胴体重、屠宰率、净肉重、净肉率、骨骼重、肾脏及肾脂重量、眼肌面积均极显著（P<0.01）高于对照组,骨肉比极显著（P<0.01）低于对照组;在非胴体组成部分重量方面,试验组血重、头蹄重、皮重、消化系统重（胃、肠）、内脏重（心、肝、肺）、大网膜脂肪及肠系膜脂肪重均极显著（P<0.01）高于对照组。试验组育肥纯利润较对照组增加345.60元/只。[结论]阿尔巴斯白绒山羊舍饲育肥与传统放牧模式相比,育肥增重效果和屠宰性能显著提高,取得了良好的经济效益,适合在鄂尔多斯市推广。     

Effects of feeding systems on social and feeding behavior and performance of finishing pigs

Two experiments were conducted to study the effects of feeding systems on feeding behavior, aggression, social ranks and average daily gain (ADG) of pigs. In Exp. 1, feed was delivered during the day from 1100 to 1400 and at night from 2300 to 0200. One pen containing 10 barrows and 10 gilts was used. Correlation coefficients were calculated between pairs of traits. In Exp. 2, four feeding systems were tested using similar group composition as in Exp. 1. Two feeding systems were ad libitum, offering either dry or wet feed; the other two used time-restricted feeding from 0900 to 1100 and from 1600 to 1800, but with water supplied either ad libitum or time-restricted. Analyses of variance were used to test feeding system effects; correlation coefficients were calculated for pairs of traits. Results of Exp. 1 indicated that pigs displayed predominantly daytime activities. Frequency of aggressive acts were correlated significantly with feeding frequency (r = .48), time to first feeding (r = -.50) and ADG (r = .56). In Exp. 2, pigs on time-restricted feeding with ad libitum water had significantly depressed ADG and reduced feed intake. A possible association between time-restricted feeding and water intake is postulated. Feeding behavior, aggression and social rank were associated with ADG in time-restricted systems but not in ad libitum systems. There was a tendency in time-restricted-fed pigs for the more aggressive pigs to perform more feeding activities, to rank higher in the social order, and to gain faster.     

小黑麦干草对羔羊生产性能及采食行为的影响

为探究小黑麦(×Triticale Wittmack)干草对舍饲羔羊生产性能和采食行为的影响,本研究选用18只舍饲湖羊公羔,随机分为对照组、试验Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组,每组6只;对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组在基础日粮中分别用10%、20%的小黑麦干草等量替代粗料。结果表明:Ⅰ组试验羊的平均日增重为189.72 g,显著高于对照组和Ⅱ组(P<0.05);试验羊采食量随小黑麦干草添加比例的增加而降低,Ⅱ组采食量显著低于Ⅰ组和对照组(P<0.05),采食时长极显著高于Ⅰ组和对照组(P<0.01);Ⅰ组试验羊排泄次数显著高于对照组(P<0.05),与Ⅱ组无显著差异(P>0.05);Ⅰ组试验羊反刍周期、反刍时间、反刍食团数和食团咀嚼总次数都极显著高于Ⅱ组(P<0.01)。综上可知,小黑麦干草作为粗饲料在羔羊日粮中适宜添加比例为10%,这为小黑麦干草饲料化开发利用提供了理论基础。     

褐色中脉（bmr）高粱农艺性状与饲用价值

高粱(Sorghum bicolor)是一种适应性强、抗逆性良好的饲料作物。高粱中褐色中脉（bmr）突变可有效降低木质素含量，提高饲用价值，但bmr突变品系在提高饲用价值的同时降低了农艺性状表现。本研究从牧草品质、农艺性状和饲用价值3方面论述了国外bmr高粱研究概况，并对bmr高粱未来研究方向做了展望，旨在为bmr高粱在我国的研究利用提供参考。     

Effects of forage feeding versus grain feeding on the growth performance and meat quality of Yangzhou geese

1. Highly palatable and nutritious meat products can be produced through dietary interventions. Previous studies have shown that forage feeding has a significant impact on the growth performance and nutrition of cattle in various regions, but whether the same effects can be induced in geese remains unclear.

2. Three hundred and sixty Yangzhou goslings were divided according to body weight at 29 d old, assigned to one of 4 treatments and raised in separate pens. The treatments applied were (A) grazing, (B) grazing, grain supplemental diet (64 to 70 d), (C) grazing, grain supplemental diet and (D) confined.

3. Eviscerated carcass yield was lower in the grazing treatment. Protein content and muscle collagen in both the breast and thigh muscles were significantly higher in the grazing treatment than the confined, while fat content exhibited the opposite tendency. Those fed on grass and supplementary grain had a higher Mg and Cu content in breast muscle.

4. Geese will grow to their full potential when they are allowed to consume grass from pasture supplemented with grain, protein, collagen, Mg and Cu content was greater to a degree, which suggests this feeding regime is an ideal model for goose production.     

Effect of choice feeding on the performance of broilers

1. Male broilers from 21 to 56 d of age were fed their diet either mixed as pellets or mash, or as separate ingredients presented on a free‐choice basis, to determine whether feeding method affected growth, carcase composition or profitability to 56 d of age.

2. The 12 treatments were: 2 completely balanced diets fed as mash or pellets, 8 choice fed diets containing maize or sorghum as the energy source (whole or mash) and protein concentrate (pellets or mash) and 2 unbalanced mixed mash diets containing 50% grain (maize or sorghum) plus 50% protein concentrate.

3. For the choice treatments, one food, grain (maize or sorghum) or protein concentrate (mash or pellets), was placed in each feeder. Broilers fed the complete pelleted or mash diet received the diet in both feeders. Food consumption was recorded weekly. Broilers were weighed at 42 and 56 d of age.

4. There were no significant differences between treatments and the pelleted control diet with regard to body weight, food consumed, food efficiency, carcase ash, dressing percentage and mortality.

5. Choice fed broilers receiving the energy source as whole grains had larger gizzards while the higher protein diets (50/50) resulted in a higher carcase moisture and protein but lower carcase fat than the broilers fed the pelleted control diet.

6. The main advantage of choice feeding appears to be the economical savings of feeding whole grains as the energy source.     

不同饲养密度对育肥猪生产性能的影响

本试验旨在研究不同饲养密度对生猪生长性能的影响。试验选取47 kg左右的健康育肥猪336头,分为4组(试验1、2、3、4),分别按头均面积1.09 m2/头、0.93 m2/头、0.84 m2/头、0.79 m2/头饲养,自由采食,试验期56 d。结果显示试验1日增重、料肉比均优于其他组(P0.01或P0.05),表明育肥猪占地面积以1.0 m2/头为宜。     

Zilpaterol improves feeding performance and fabrication yield of concentrate-finished cull cows

The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH) on feeding performance and fabrication yield of concentrate-finished cull cows. Three hundred twenty commercial cull cows (2 to 10 yr old) were obtained from ranches in Missouri and South Dakota and assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: 1) a control diet containing no ZH and 2) a diet that contained ZH. Cows were fed for 75, 88, or 110 d, and all received the control ration until ZH treatments were initiated. Twenty-four days before slaughter, ZH feeding began for the designated treatment pens; cows were fed ZH [8.33 mg/kg (100% DM basis)] for 20 d with a 4-d withdrawal period before slaughter. No differences (P>0.05) were detected between the 2 treatment groups for initial BW or DMI. Final BW (640.5 vs. 619.1 kg), ADG for the last 24 d (2.75 vs. 2.17 kg), and G:F for the last 24 d (0.160 vs. 0.126) were greater (P<0.01) in cows fed ZH than the control cows. No differences (P > 0.05) were found for lean or skeletal maturity score, fat thickness, LM area, HCW, or calculated yield grade among the 2 treatment groups. Feeding ZH increased (P<0.01) HCW (390.1 vs. 369.2 kg), dressed carcass yield (61.01 vs. 59.45%), and LM area (93.3 vs. 86.5 cm(2)) and decreased (P<0.01) marbling score (Slight(63) vs. Slight(86)) compared with control cows. Cows fed ZH had greater (P<0.05) primal weights for chuck (mock) tender (2.63 vs. 2.28 kg), lip-on rib eye roll (13.54 vs. 12.56 kg), top sirloin butt (12.74 vs. 11.82 kg), top (inside) round (14.58 vs. 12.89 kg), and peeled knuckle (12.87 vs. 11.51 kg) while yielding a decreased percentage of mechanical knife trimmings (1.15 vs. 1.35%; P<0.01) and more top (inside) rounds (3.71 vs. 3.46%; P=0.02) than the control cows. No differences (P>0.07) were found for the remaining fabrication yield attributes. The ZH-treated cows had greater (P<0.05) fabrication dollar values for chuck (mock) tender (8.82 vs. 7.66 $/carcass), lip-on rib eye roll (64.20 vs. 59.56 $/carcass), strip loin (0 × 1; 49.13 vs. 44.75 $/carcass), top sirloin butt (35.60 vs. 33.01 $/carcass), bottom round (flat; 44.23 vs. 39.23 $/carcass), top (inside) round (60.30 vs. 53.33 $/carcass), knuckle (peeled; 44.26 vs. 39.57 $/carcass), and total salable yield (879.50 vs. 803.70 $/carcass) than control cows. These results suggest the feeding of ZH to concentrate-finished cull cows enhances production efficiencies and can add new value to the cull cow market.     

限时饲喂对鸡体重及性成熟的影响

用自来航鸡研究了在育成期采用限制饲喂时间的效果。试验鸡在0～4周龄之内自由采食，4～24周龄饲养在25℃的恒温室内，每日12h照明并采用限制饲喂。限制饲喂的时间分成3h(18周龄以后为2．5h)、6h(10周龄以后不限时)、12h。结果限时饲喂使鸡生长变慢、体重变小，12h组与其它2组差异明显。4～24周龄公雏的3h组采食量是12h组的80％、母雏为84％：而4～24周龄各组间的饲料转化率差异不显著。3h、12h组母雏的初产日龄分别为153d、137d，解除限时饲喂后4周时的3h组蛋重54g、12h组为50g，解除限时饲喂后10周时3h组产蛋率为70％、12h组为67％。     

通过TMR饲养技术提高奶牛生产性能

一、序言牛是草食动物。牛吃草后分解、合成乳蛋白和脂肪及碳水化合物，给人们提供牛奶或肉。为了将植物蛋白转换成动物蛋白，牛具有与单胃动物不同的消化器官。象上述图１一样，牛具有４个胃。所以消化过程也和单胃动物明显不同，要经过特殊的过程，其中第一胃（瘤胃、反刍胃）在消化过程中起着非常特殊的作用。为了提高对反刍家畜奶牛的生产性能，需要提供合适的反刍胃环境。对反刍家畜来说，反刍胃负担消化过程的９０％以上。肉和牛奶的生产是从反刍胃开始的。奶牛为了维持生命、生产牛奶、体内储存和利用的能量和蛋白质中，７５％由反刍…