嗜水气单胞菌亚单位疫苗的研制

首先提纯嗜水气单胞菌Ｊ－１株的外毒素一ＨＥＣ毒素和脂多糖，进而将脂多糖脱去类脂Ａ，再用ＥＤＣ法将ＨＥＣ毒素与多糖偶联。偶联物经双抗体夹心ＥＬＩＳＡ和ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－２００层析鉴定确认，ＨＥＣ毒素与多糖的偶联比为１：１．３。偶联物作为亚单位苗，对小鼠和鲫鱼均无毒性，能诱导免疫小鼠和鲫鱼产生坚强的保护，对同源菌株的攻击保护率，小鼠１００％，鲫鱼８３％。与嗜水气单胞菌的全菌苗和毒素苗相比，亚单位苗诱导的抗体出现早，滴度高，持续时间长。     

36株气单胞菌外毒素溶血性和致病性的测定

溶血试验和动物试验检测３６株气单胞菌外毒素的溶血性和致病性。结果显示其中３０株细菌产生的外毒素有溶血性。溶血价在菌株间差异较大。毒素的溶血介与对实验动物的致死率有明显相关性,溶血价在１：１６以上的外毒素对小鼠的致死率均为１００％,溶血价在１：８以下的餐毒素对小鼠的致死率在０￣１００％。此外,两株浊和气单力培养物无菌上清液无溶血性,但对小鼠的致死率达６６．６％,可能与细菌产生了胞外蛋白酶有关。     

长春市售乌鳢携带嗜水气单胞菌情况调查

为探讨乌鳢体内嗜水气单胞菌携带情况,本调查以长春市售表观健康乌鳢为研究材料,从其体内分离并鉴定嗜水气单胞菌,并对分离株携带毒力基因情况进行调查,同时选取代表株进行致病性试验。结果显示:共分离嗜水气单胞菌107株,其中56%以上分离株携带3种以上毒力基因,88.79%(95/107)的分离株携带Lux S基因;致病性试验结果显示,携带毒力基因菌株对小鼠、斑马鱼均有一定致病性,随着菌株携带毒力基因种类的增多,致病力也相应增强。研究结果对研发食用乌鳢的公共卫生安全具有一定意义。     

嗜水气单胞菌不同分离株生化特性及胞外蛋白酶的检测

嗜水气单胞菌可引起多种宿主患病,该菌致病性与其产生的多种毒力因子特别是胞外蛋白酶有关。本研究检测了26株嗜水气单胞菌不同分离株的生化指标,采用脱脂乳平板法检测了胞外蛋白酶的产生情况,并利用PCR技术检测了2种胞外蛋白酶基因ahp-A(编码丝氨酸胞外蛋白酶)和eprCAI(编码温敏胞外蛋白酶)。结果表明,大部分菌株生化指标表现为蔗糖(+)、阿拉伯糖(+)、葡萄糖(+)、甘露醇(+)、鸟氨酸脱羧酶(-)、肌醇(-)、七叶苷(+);脱脂乳平板法检测发现,91.7%(22/24)的致病菌株均能产生胞外蛋白酶,而2株无毒株则不能产生,对2个胞外蛋白酶基因的检测也得到相似的结果。本研究将为嗜水气单胞菌的流行病学调查和致病机制的深入研究奠定基础。     

嗜水气单胞菌检验程序的研究

本试验系统研究了嗜水气单胞菌（Ａｅｒｏｍｏｎａｓｈｙｄｒｏｐｈｉｌａ,Ａｈ）的细菌学及毒力因子检测。对不同来源菌株的细菌作分离及生化鉴定,确定了Ａｈ的六项生化鉴定指标,同时比较确定了ＡＨＭ和ＲＳ作为Ａｈ的选择培养基。检验中氧化酶阳性反应是Ａｈ重要的鉴别指标。比较Ａｈ毒素、蛋白酶及Ｓ蛋白三种毒力因子的常规检测及免疫学检测,根据检测结果选出毒力因子分布各异的Ａｈ菌株作动物致死性试验,最终在Ａｈ三项毒力因子指标中选择蛋白酶一项作为检测指标,具有代表性,同时简化了检验程序,使Ａｈ的检测实际可行。     

嗜水气单胞菌弹性蛋白酶的纯化及特性分析

为阐明嗜水气单胞菌弹性蛋白酶的性质及其在致病过程中的作用，试验以我国分离的嗜水气单胞菌J-1株为研究对象．纯化了其弹性蛋白酶．并对该酶进行热稳定性、蛋白酶抑制剂抑制作用、金属离子影响和致病性等特性分析。结果表明．嗜水气单胞菌J-1株的培养上清经35％～60％硫酸铵沉淀、阴离子交换层析和凝胶过滤层析，可获得纯化的弹性蛋白酶．SDS-PAGE显示单条带．相对分子质量约38000。该酶对热稳定，EDTA可抑制其活性，PMSF对其无影响，金属离子铜、锌、钴等抑制其活性。说明此酶属于热稳定金属蛋白酶。腹腔注射纯化的弹性蛋白酶能致死小鼠．其对小鼠的LD50为6．4μg（0．2mL）．表明该酶是一种直接致病因子。     

甲鱼病原性豚鼠气单胞菌的分离鉴定

自杭州市郊某甲鱼场送检的病死甲鱼中分离到２２株细菌，在与嗜水气单胞菌抗血清不产生凝集的多株细菌中挑选３株作进一步鉴定，生理生化特性显示它们均属豚鼠气单胞菌。小鼠试验显示有毒力，用其中１株回归本动物发病死亡，并出现与自然病例类似症状。用１株分离菌制备的抗血清与其他２１株分离菌株进行玻板凝集试验，其中１１株有毒力菌株都出现凝集反应，显示豚鼠气单胞菌为本病的主要病原。     

4型菌毛、毒素及蛋白酶在动物源气单胞菌的检测

将来源于鱼、猪、犬等９种动物的１８株气单胞菌分离株通过ＡＤ（氨苄青霉素－糊精）培养基纯化。另以大肠杆菌束状菌毛相关（ｂｆｐ－ｒｅｌａｔｅｄ）基因的ＰＣＲ引物对ＥＢ１（ＧＡＴＴＧＡＡＴＣＴＧＣＡＡＴＧＧＴＧＣ）—ＥＢ２（ＧＧＡＴＴＡＣＴＧＴＣＣＴＣＡＣＡＴＡＴ）扩增,用ｄｉｇｏｘｉｎｇｅｎｉｎ－１１－ｄＵＴＰ标记,构建核酸探针,作斑点杂交试验,用以检测上述气单胞菌菌株的４型菌毛,同时以溶血试验检测其毒素,用脱脂奶溶蛋白圈试验检测其蛋白酶。结果显示,在１８个菌株中,４型菌毛、毒素和蛋白酶均为阳性者为１０株（５５．６％）;３项指标均无肯定的阳性结果者４株,两者合计共１４株,占检测总数约８０％（１４／１８）,提示这３种毒力因子存在较高的相关性。所有鱼源株（５株）三项指标皆为阳性;４株猪分离株三项指标均为阳性者占一半;其它动物分离株检测结果无明显规律性     

聚合酶链反应(PCR)法检测嗜水气单胞菌丝氨酸蛋白酶基因

根据已报道的鱼源嗜水气单胞菌的丝氨酸蛋白酶基因序列设计和合成了 1对可扩增目的片段长度为 893bp的引物 ,建立了检测嗜水气单胞菌丝氨酸蛋白酶基因 PCR方法。脱脂奶平板产溶蛋白圈的 10株鱼源嗜水气单胞菌株以及 ATCC796 6检测均为阳性 ,检测的灵敏度可达 2 .0× 10 - 3g/ L的模板 DNA。表明 PCR法在分子水平快速、特异检测嗜水气单胞菌丝氨酸蛋白酶并可作为流行病学调查的手段     

嗜水气单胞菌与迟缓爱德华氏菌亚单位二联疫苗对小鼠的免疫效果

将嗜水气单胞菌（Ａｈ）Ｊ－１株的ＨＥＣ毒素和胞外蛋白酶（ＥＣＰ）分别与迟缓爱德华氏菌（Ｅｔ）３８株的脂多糖（ＬＰＳ）及脱毒多糖（ＰＳ）偶联,制成３种亚单位二联疫苗;ＨＥＣ－ＰＳ、ＨＥＣ－ＬＰＳ。将它们与ＡｈＪ－１和Ｅｔ３８全菌灭活疫苗一同分别免疫小鼠,并设注射ＰＢＳ对照组,检测各组小鼠体液免疫及细胞免疫水平。结果显示,用间接ＥＬＩＳＡ、溶血抑制和全菌凝集试验检出这３种亚单位疫苗的抗体水平无明显差异     

Identification of unique DNA sequences present in highly virulent 2009 Alabama isolates of Aeromonas hydrophila

In 2009, a disease outbreak caused by Aeromonas hydrophila occurred in 48 catfish farms in West Alabama, causing an estimated loss of more than 3 million pounds of food size channel catfish. Virulence studies have revealed that the 2009 isolates of A. hydrophila are at least 200-fold more virulent than a 1998 Alabama isolate AL98-C1B. However, up to now, no molecular markers have been identified to differentiate the highly virulent 2009 isolates from other isolates of A. hydrophila. To understand the genetic differences between the highly virulent 2009 isolates and the less virulent AL98-C1B at molecular level, PCR-select bacterial genome subtractive hybridization was used in this study. A total of 96 clones were selected from the subtractive genomic DNA library. Sequencing results revealed that the 96 clones represented 64 unique A. hydrophila sequences. Of the 64 sequences, three (hypothetical protein XAUC_13870, structural toxin protein RtxA, and putative methyltransferase) were confirmed to be present in the three virulent 2009 Alabama isolates but absent in the less virulent AL98-C1B. Using genomic DNAs from nine field isolates of A. hydrophila with different virulence as templates, two sequences (hypothetical protein XAUC_13870 and putative methyltransferase) were found to be only present in highly virulent A. hydrophila isolates, but absent in avirulent isolates.     

Motility in relation to virulence of Bacteroides nodosus

Fourteen Bacteroides nodosus isolates from footrot lesions of sheep were examined microscopically and all were found to have twitching motility. The mean percentage of cells showing motility was 40% and 9% for virulent and benign strains, respectively. This corresponded with mean agar colony diameters of 17 mm and 7 mm, respectively, for these strains. Two strains of intermediate virulence had values of motility and colony diameter similar to the benign strains. However, the intermediate and the virulent strains produced relatively stable protease compared to the benign strains. All virulent, benign and intermediate strains produced abundant pili. Included for comparison in this study was an avirulent variant strain which was highly motile, formed large colonies and produced stable protease, but showed no pili on electron microscopy. It was concluded that the properties of motility and protease stability may be used to distinguish, in the laboratory, wild-type virulent, benign and intermediate strains of B. nodosus.     

3株嗜水气单胞菌弱毒株的毒力相关特性分析

对健康鲫鱼和水体环境中分离的3株嗜水气单胞菌NJ-4、NJ-13和CS-13的毒力相关特性进行分析。采用PCR技术检测该菌5种主要毒力基因：气溶素（aer）、细胞毒性肠毒素（act）、细胞兴奋性肠毒素（alt）、温敏胞外蛋白酶（eprCAI）和丝氨酸蛋白酶（ahp）,并进行溶血性、溶蛋白性、细胞毒性、细胞黏附特性和主要外膜蛋白（MOMP）图谱分析,以及斑马鱼致病性试验。结果显示：NJ-4不合上述5种毒力基因,NJ-13只含有ahp基因,CS-13仅具备aer基因。3个菌株培养上清均不溶血、不溶蛋白;NJ-4和CS-13培养上清不能致细胞病变,NJ-13上清对细胞的毒力效价达1：128;而强毒株BSK-10培养上清的溶血价、溶蛋白效价和细胞毒力效价分别为1：128、1：256和1：256。NJ-4、NJ13和CS-13对HEp-2细胞有一定的黏附能力,但与强毒株BSK-10相比,黏附能力较弱。NJ-4、NJ-13和CS-13的培养液上清均不致斑马鱼死亡,菌体有一定致病作用,对斑马鱼的LD50超过10^8CFU／mL;而BSK-10培养上清和菌体致病性均很强,菌体对斑马鱼的LD50小于10^5CFU／mL。NJ-4、CS-13的MOMP条带与BSK-10相似度很高,而与NJ-13有一定差别,可能与菌株的来源有一定关系。结果表明,3株细菌均属弱毒株,特别是NJ-4的毒力最弱。     

嗜水气单胞菌粘附特性的研究

不同来源的６株嗜水气单胞菌（Ａｅｒｏｍｏｎａｓｈｙｄｒｏｐｈｉｌａ）对１０种不同红细胞的血凝试验表明，Ｊ－１株能凝集所有的１０种红细胞，而与其他菌株的血凝谱有所不同。血凝图式有２种：人、鸡、麻雀的红细胞凝集快，呈大小不等的絮状；而鲫鱼、绵羊、猪、小鼠、兔、鸭、犬的红细胞凝集慢，且呈均匀颗粒状。这两种血凝均能被Ｄ－甘露糖抑制，但不能被Ｊ－１株Ｒ菌毛抑制。组织粘附试验显示，Ｊ－１株能粘附小鼠和鲫鱼的肠组织和肠绒毛。将提纯的Ｒ菌毛预处理肠组织，或用Ｄ－甘露糖或木瓜蛋白酶消化的Ｒ菌毛抗血清Ｆａｂ片段预处理菌体，都不能抑制上述的粘附作用。Ｊ－１株对ＨＥｐ－２细胞显示强粘附，菌体随机粘附在细胞上，有少数侵入细胞浆内。其余５株菌的粘附特性与Ｊ－１株不尽相同。所有６株菌对草鱼肠组织及肠绒毛、ＥＰＣ细胞（鲤鱼乳头状上皮瘤细胞系）均无粘附性。     

中华鳖致病性嗜水气单胞菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

对江西省进贤县某中华鳖养殖场送检的2只患病中华鳖进行细菌分离,且对分离的细菌进行培养特性观察、生化特性鉴定、毒力因子检测、毒力基因PCR检测、实验动物攻毒及体外药敏试验。结果表明,从2只中华鳖肝脏分离到3株菌,均为革兰阴性短杆菌,其中体型稍大中华鳖2株,体型稍小中华鳖1株;经过实验动物感染试验得出3株菌都为强毒力致病菌;通过生化鉴定、毒力因子及PCR检测确定为嗜水气单胞菌;体外药敏试验结果显示,3株菌对头孢曲松都高度敏感,对利福平、甲氧苄啶、氨苄青霉素都不敏感。     

Adhesive properties and iron uptake ability in Escherichia coli lethal and nonlethal for chicks

Escherichia coli that are virulent for poultry usually result in a respiratory disease, which is frequently followed by a general infection. Adhesiveness of E. coli to epithelial cells and iron-uptake ability of E. coli could be involved in different steps of the disease. These properties were studied in 59 E. coli strains originating from poultry, with reference to lethality for day-old chicks. Adhesive properties were found in 64% of the lethal strains and in only 23% of the nonlethal strains. The ability to grow in limited iron conditions was strongly correlated with lethality. Fifty-two percent of the lethal E. coli strains, but none of the nonlethal strains, possessed both adhesive and iron-uptake abilities. It is suggested that these two properties play a role in the virulence of E. coli for poultry.     

Characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from dogs in Korea.

Twelve strains of the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) recovered from hospitalized dogs were analyzed for in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence, and were genetically characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Antibiotic susceptibility test showed that nearly all isolates were resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics tested and all the strains were fully susceptible to glycopeptides. There were no inhibitory activities among the aminoglycosides. The 50% lethal dose (LD50) was determined by intraperitoneal injection of cell suspensions and estimated by the Spearman-K?rber method. The mouse lethality of MRSA and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) was not significantly different in both normal and cyclophosphamide-treated mice (p>0.05), indicating that they were equally virulent. There was a great difference in the incidence of toxin production between the MRSA and MSSA group; 83.3% (10 of 12) of the MRSA and 14.3% (1 of 7) of the MSSA were toxin producers. The predominant types produced by MRSA was B. All the MRSA strains were capsular type 5 producers, while of 7 MSSA strains, four were type 5, one for type 8, and two were nontypeable. Based on the PFGE analysis, the 12 MRSA isolates generated 9 to 11 fragments in the size range of <48.5 to 630.5 kb, and yielded 6 different patterns. The results indicated that production of toxin and capsule type do not play a role in the pathogenicity to mouse and PFGE is a valuable tool for the characterization of MRSA. This report is the first such cases in the veterinary literature in Korea and may indicate the frequent emergence of MRSA in veterinary clinic hereafter.     

罗非鱼嗜水气单胞菌的分离鉴定

北京某鱼场饲养的罗非鱼陆续发病死亡,其体表鳞片局部出血,肝、胰、脾脏肿大坏死,肠腔积水等,从病死及濒死罗非鱼的肝、胰脏中分离到 ４ 株细菌,经形态学、生理生化特性及血清凝集试验,鉴定为嗜水气单胞菌。４ 株细菌均能致死小鼠和鲢鱼。药敏试验表明,４ 株细菌对环丙沙星、蒽诺沙星高度敏感,而对青霉素和红霉素不敏感。     

绿色荧光蛋白基因标记嗜水气单胞菌的研究

嗜水气单胞菌广泛存在于水体环境中,可引起人和动物发病,尤其是引起鱼类的败血症。本文构建了pWSK129-gfp重组载体,并分别导入到嗜水气单胞菌强毒株J-1和无毒株4332中。在荧光显微镜下观察,菌体呈现绿色荧光。稳定性试验表明,Ah4332GFP传至70代,质粒稳定率可达100%;而AhJ-1GFP在同样条件下培养10代后,质粒的稳定率仅为15.1%。绿色荧光蛋白基因的导入为研究嗜水气单胞菌与宿主的相互关系提供了一种简单而直观的方法。