超滤法对牛初乳中IgG含量和活性的影响

本文研究了超滤分离牛初乳乳清中IgG的方法，测定不同超滤温度和压力条件下IgG含量和活性的变化情况。结果表明：通过超滤可将乳清中IgG含量提高一倍左右；超滤压力增加，IgG含量相应增加．IgG活性基本不变。在压力0．08MPa时，IgG含量为45．98mg／mL，活性未变，仍为1024；超滤温度增加，初乳中的IgG含量先有较小增加然后减少，IgG活性则下降。在超滤温度40℃时，IgG含量最高，达到46、85mg／mL，IgG活性未有变化。     

乳酸菌发酵牛初乳的研究

本文提出了乳酸菌发酵牛初乳产品的生产工艺，测定了发酵初乳过程中IgG含量和活性的变化等。结果表明：脱脂初乳在80℃／15s和95菌／15s的杀菌条件下IgG含量分别较65菌／30min减少了51．19％和85．38％，损失较大。由于乳酸菌发酵产酸导致pH值降低，发酵初乳IgG活性也相应降低，其IgG活性降低至25％，在冷藏24h、48h后活性基本未变化。发酵初乳较普通酸奶颜色微黄、微涩、有腥味，凝乳时间比普通酸奶多出2，5h左右。     

新疆褐牛初乳产量及乳成分测定

测定10头全舍饲新疆褐牛母牛分娩后2h、24h、48h、72h、96h、120h的初乳产量及常规营养成分含量，结果2h(第1次)所挤初乳产量平均为4．73kg；3天(72h)内初乳平均总产量为46．6kg，占成母牛305天平均产奶量的0．9％；5天(120h)内初乳平均总产量为85．1kg，占305天平均产奶量的1，65％。母牛分娩后2h挤出的初乳其蛋白质、脂肪、乳糖、灰分的含量分别为11．59、6.5、2．87、1．11g／100g，是常乳的3．93、1．76、0．57、1．48倍。钙、磷、钠、镁、铁、锌的含量分别为186．03、167．10、89．65、23．31、0．30、2．25mg／100g，是常乳的1．66、2．01、1．81、2．05、2．14、6，43倍。随泌乳期的延长，初乳乳糖逐渐上升，其它成分则迅速下降，至第120h(第5天)，除蛋白质及矿物元素的锌以外，各种成分已和常乳相接近。新疆褐牛分娩后不同时间段初乳成分的变化规律和荷斯坦牛相似。     

牛初乳在犊牛生长发育中的应用

初乳是指奶牛分娩7d内,特别是分娩前3d所产生的乳汁。初乳相对于常乳更为浓稠,颜色呈现淡黄色,有苦味和异臭味。初乳内蛋白质、脂肪、无机盐及维生素含量显著高于常乳。在初乳中不仅含有多种营养物质,而且还含有大量活性物质。确保犊牛及时吃上初乳,对于犊牛及时从乳汁中获取母源抗体具有很好的作用。     

新疆褐牛初乳中蛋白质、氨基酸和IgG测定

测定10头全舍饲新疆褐牛母牛分娩后2h、24h、48h、72h、96h、120h初乳中蛋白质、免疫球蛋白G(IgC)含量以及2h、24h、48h 17种氨基酸含量，结果：蛋白质含量分别为12．59、6．08、4．75、4．41、4．10、4．09g／100g，是常乳(3．2g／100g)的3．93、1．90、1．48、1．38、1．28、1．28倍；IgG含量分别为60．56、16．67、4．00、1．77、1．09、0．74mg／ml，是常乳的108．14、29．77、7．14、3．16、1．95、1．32倍。母牛分娩后2h、24h、48h初乳中17种氨基酸总含量分别是常乳的5．03、2．25、1．34倍。牛初乳蛋白中的氨基酸构成和FAO／WHO推荐值十分相近，尤其对幼儿具有很高的营养价值。     

牛初乳的研究进展

初乳是指奶牛分娩后7 d内特别是3 d内所分泌的乳汁,新鲜初乳色泽黄而浓稠、酸度高、具有特殊的乳腥味和苦味.     

牛初乳中常规成分及免疫球蛋白含量的测定

对得益乳业牛场的中国荷斯坦奶牛1-7d内初乳中的常规成分及免疫球蛋白含量进行测定。结果表明：牛初乳中蛋白质、脂肪、乳糖、灰分、密度以及免疫球蛋白含量均在分娩后48h内发生显著变化（P〈0．05），72h后趋于平稳，到第5天时乳中各种营养成分接近常乳水平（P〉0．05）。     

牛初乳免疫球蛋白(IgG)的测定

实验用两种方法测定了牛初乳中IgG的含量 ,并对结果进行了比较。结果表明 :第 1天初乳中IgG含量最高 ,为43 2 7mg/ml,之后迅速递减 ,到第 6天基本降至常乳水平。两种方法测定的结果之间无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ,但免疫比浊测定法稳定 ,重复性好 ,精确度高。     

牛奶中的氨基酸含量及其营养价值

乳蛋白是牛奶的主要营养成分之一，荷斯坦牛的乳蛋白率为2．8％－3．4％，其中18种主要氨基酸含量为2．500－3．000mg/100g。乳蛋白中人体必需要氨基酸的比例和FEAO／WHO推荐的氨基酸比例十分接近，乳蛋白具有很高的营养价值，奶牛分娩后72h内的初乳中氨基酸含量是常乳的1．5－6．83倍，随着泌乳时间的延长，氨基酸含量逐渐下降，但其中6种人体必需氨基酸的比例有所上升，初乳中还含有多种免疫球蛋白和生长因子，是制造功能性食品的优质原料。     

不同泌乳时间阿拉善双峰驼驼乳中氨基酸的含量变化

研究10峰阿拉善双峰驼第一次分娩后不同泌乳时间驼乳中氨基酸的含量变化。第一次所挤驼乳的蛋白中Thr、Met、Ile、Leu、Phe和Lys的含量分别为6．50、2．10、4．05、7．94、4．38和7．40g／100g，7d时驼乳蛋白中相应的值分别为4．54、2．86、5．50、9．46、4．40和7．89g／100g，之后含量保持相对稳定；而泌乳前1d的时间内必需氨基酸Val的含量较高，之后含量保持相对稳定（6．11—6．25g／100g）。分娩后第一次所挤初乳中Asp、Ser、Gly、Ala和Arg的含量分别为8．39、6．01、3．48、3．76和4．94g／100g，之后随泌乳时间的延长含量降低，到泌乳7d时分别为7．16、4．72、1．49、2．51和4．27g／100g，之后含量保持相对稳定。在研究的泌乳时间内乳样中His（2．50—2．75g／100g）和Phe（4．31-4．73g／100g）的含量没有大的变化。     

Comparison of four methods to assess colostral IgG concentration in dairy cows

OBJECTIVE: To determine sensitivity and specificity of 4 methods to assess colostral IgG concentration in dairy cows and determine the optimal cutpoint for each method. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. ANIMALS: 160 Holstein dairy cows. PROCEDURES: 171 composite colostrum samples collected within 2 hours after parturition were used in the study. Test methods used to estimate colostral IgG concentration consisted of weight of the first milking, 2 hydrometers, and an electronic refractometer. Results of the test methods were compared with colostral IgG concentration determined by means of radial immunodiffusion. For each method, sensitivity and specificity for detecting colostral IgG concentration < 50 g/L were calculated across a range of potential cutpoints, and the optimal cutpoint for each test was selected to maximize sensitivity and specificity. RESULTS: At the optimal cutpoint for each method, sensitivity for weight of the first milking (0.42) was significantly lower than sensitivity for each of the other 3 methods (hydrometer 1, 0.75; hydrometer 2, 0.76; refractometer, 0.75), but no significant differences were identified among the other 3 methods with regard to sensitivity. Specificities at the optimal cutpoint were similar for all 4 methods. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggested that use of either hydrometer or the electronic refractometer was an acceptable method of screening colostrum for low IgG concentration; however, the manufacturer-defined scale for both hydrometers overestimated colostral IgG concentration. Use of weight of the first milking as a screening test to identify bovine colostrum with inadequate IgG concentration could not be justified because of the low sensitivity.     

Effects of long-term thrice-daily milking on mammary enzyme activity, cell population and milk yield in the goat

In two separate experiments, lactating goats were milked unilaterally thrice daily instead of twice daily for periods of 13 and 37 wk, starting at 2 to 5 wk after parturition. The other gland was milked twice daily throughout. In both experiments thrice-daily milking increased milk yield significantly. In the first experiment, after 37 wk the amounts of RNA and DNA, rate of cell proliferation and activities of several enzymes per cell were greater in the thrice-milked gland (P less than .05). In the second experiment, after 9 or 10 d of thrice-daily milking the activities of several key mammary enzymes per cell measured in biopsy samples had increased in the thrice-milked but not the twice-milked gland. After 13 wk of thrice-daily milking, the DNA content of the glands and the activity per cell of the key enzymes was the same in both glands, showing that the synthetic capacity of the gland was being used more effectively in the treated gland. These results indicate that several mechanisms contributed to the increased milk yield induced by thrice-daily milking.     

Comparison of weigh-suckle-weigh and machine milking for measuring ewe milk production.

Thirteen crossbred ewes were used to compare weigh-suckle-weigh (WSW) and machine milking (MM) methods for determining milk production of ewes that were rearing single or twin lambs. At parturition, ewes were 13 mo of age and produced six single lambs and seven pairs of twin lambs. Milk production estimates were initiated on d 6 of lactation and a 3-d rotation of the two techniques was implemented. On d 6, milk production was measured using WSW; on d 7, MM was used. No measurement was made on d 8. The 3-d rotation was repeated 20 times throughout a 63-d lactation, resulting in 20 point estimates of milk production for each method of measurement for each ewe. The WSW procedure consisted of a 3-h period in which lambs were withheld from suckling their dams. This was followed by a suckling period, a second 3-h withholding period, and a second suckling period. Differences in pre- and postsuckling lamb weights of the second suckling period were defined as milk consumption and, indirectly, 3-h milk production. The MM procedure included an administration of 10 IU of oxytocin (i.v.), followed by evacuation of the udder with a machine using commercially available sheep milking equipment, and the milk was discarded. Lambs were withheld from suckling the ewes for a 3-h period, followed by a repetition of the oxytocin and machine milking procedures. Milk from the second milking was weighed. Milk production estimates determined using the WSW and MM techniques were similar (P = .42). Average 3-h milk production was 340 and 351 g for WSW and MM, respectively. Machine milking provides a reliable tool in evaluating the milk-producing ability of ewes that are rearing single or twin lambs.     

猪乳中抗猪瘟IgA、IgG、IgM抗体动态变化规律研究

以猪瘟弱毒疫苗免疫空怀母猪,待母猪分娩后,分别收集10 d内的乳汁,以建立的间接ELISA方法检测猪瘟IgA、IgG、IgM水平,并观察各种抗体动态变化规律。试验结果表明,猪初乳中的IgA、IgG、IgM抗体效价均在分娩当天达到最高值,随后迅速下降,7 d后抗体水平与常乳基本一致。对照组母猪仅在分娩当天检测到较低的抗体水平。     

The acyclic period postpartum in automatic and conventional milking

The acyclic postpartum period in cows is prolonged due to frequent suckling when compared with twice daily milking. In conventional milking systems twice daily milking is common, while in automatic milking systems (AMS) three or more milkings are performed in early lactation. In this study, the hypothesis was tested that an increased milking frequency in AMS causes a delay in resumption of ovarian cyclicity postpartum and increases days open in German Fleckvieh cows (n = 124). Calvings were equally distributed throughout the 1-year experimental period. All cows were housed in one barn. Sixty-three cows were milked in an AMS (AC) and 61 cows were twice daily milked in a conventional milking parlour (PC). Forty-two AC and 36 PC remained in the herd until conception. After parturition, milk samples were analysed for progesterone twice weekly to record the ovarian activity until pregnancy was diagnosed. The first and the second ovulation were determined by the progesterone profile of each individual cow. The mean milking frequency during the first 3 weeks after parturition was higher in AC (3.17 +/- 0.09 milkings/day) than in PC (milked twice daily). The individual mean milking frequency of AC for the first 3 weeks of lactation ranged from 2.0 to 5.9 daily milkings. The time span from parturition until the first and second ovulation did not differ between AC and PC. However, first ovulation was observed earlier in primiparous (23 +/- 1 days) than in multiparous cows (29 +/- 1 days, P < 0.05). Within AC no relationship between milking frequency and duration of the acyclic period was observed. Days open did not significantly differ between AC and PC and between primiparous and multiparous cows. In conclusion, the increased milking frequency in AMS did neither cause a delay in resumption of ovarian cyclicity postpartum nor did it increase days open.     

Effects of diet energy density and milking frequency in early lactation on tumor necrosis factor-alpha responsiveness in dairy cows

A whole blood stimulation assay (WBA) with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were established to measure the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in bovine plasma. The assays were used to study the effect of time around parturition, and diet energy density, and milking frequency on TNF-alpha responsiveness of dairy cows in early lactation. Forty cows were included in a 2 x 2 factorial block design. One factor was high (H) versus low (L) diet energy density and the other factor was two versus three daily milkings. Blood samples were collected in weeks -3, -1, 2, 3, 5, 9, and 13 around parturition, and investigated for the TNF-alpha production ex vivo and CD14+ monocytes. The TNF-alpha response, CD14+ monocyte number, and CD14 expression level on monocytes were significantly increased in the weeks close to parturition. However, dips of varying sizes were observed for the measured parameters in week 3 after calving. Diet and milking frequency had no effect on the TNF-alpha response ex vivo or CD14 expression level on monocytes, but cows fed diet H had significantly higher numbers of CD14+ monocytes than cows fed diet L. The WBA with LPS was a fast reliable method for repeated measurements of TNF-alpha responsiveness in cattle. Previous findings of increased TNF-alpha responses in periparturient cows were confirmed, whereas diet energy concentration and milking frequency had no effect on the TNF-alpha responsiveness in early lactation.     

Effect of teat dipping with a germicide barrier teat dip in late gestation on intramammary infection and clinical mastitis during the first 5 days post-partum in primiparous cows

The effect of teat dipping with a barrier teat dip prior to parturition on intramammary infection (IMI) and clinical mastitis during the first 5 days post-partum was investigated in a split udder trial in 149 Holstein-Frisian heifers. Their left front and right hind quarters were dipped three times weekly (i.e. Monday, Wednesday and Friday) with a barrier teat dip containing 0.1% polyvidon iodine from day 260 of gestation until parturition. The opposite quarters (right front and left hind quarter) served as untreated control. Bacteria were isolated from 52.2% of quarter milk samples collected immediately after parturition prior to first machine milking. Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) were predominantly found in the samples (29.2 and 35.6% of the positive samples, respectively). At parturition 6.7% of the heifers showed signs of clinical mastitis and another 27.5% developed signs of clinical mastitis during the first five days of lactation. No significant differences were found between treated and control quarters regarding IMI and incidence of clinical mastitis. Teat dipping prior to parturition in primigravid dairy heifers did not improve udder health in this trial.     

Immunoglobulins in piglets from sows heat-stressed prepartum

Sows were subjected to moderate heat stress in a chamber (32 C) from d 100 of pregnancy until less than 8 h before delivery of first piglet, while control sows were in a thermoneutral chamber (21 C) or farrowing house (22 C). Blood serum and colostrum at parturition of heat-stressed sows and their piglets' serum at birth had elevated cortisol concentrations. Total protein, globulin and immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations in sow serum tended to decrease as parturition time was approached; albumin did not change. Total protein and IgG concentrations in colostrum at parturition and in milk 24 and 48 h later tended to be lower in heat-stressed sows. Concentrations of these four protein fractions (total, globulin, IgG and albumin) in piglet serum at birth did not differ among treatment groups, but soon after colostrum ingestion they increased markedly in all groups. Therefore, in all groups total protein remained constant while globulin and IgG decreased. Globulin concentration on d 1 was lowest in piglets from heat-stressed sows, but its rate of decrease after d 1 was not affected by sow treatment. Immunoglobulin G concentration was 11 mg/ml lower, but its rate of decrease through postnatal d 20 was slower in piglets from heat-stressed sows than in those from control sows; a 10-mg/ml difference in IgG concentration on postnatal d 1 has been associated with increased preweaning mortality in piglets. Higher cortisol concentration in serum and lower IgG in colostrum of sows under heat stress was associated in their piglets with higher serum cortisol at birth and lower serum IgG for the first 20 d postnatum.     

Suckling inhibits release of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone from the bovine median eminence following ovariectomy

The effect of suckling on depletion of hypothalamic LHRH from the median eminence (ME) following ovariectomy (OVX) was determined in cattle. Multiparous, postpartum Holstein cows were assigned randomly to three groups: intact, nonsuckled (INT, n = 4); ovariectomized (3 to 5 d after parturition), nonsuckled (OVX, n = 4); and ovariectomized (3 to 5 d after parturition) and suckled by three calves (OVX-S, n = 5). Blood samples were collected at three periods (1 to 7 d before parturition and 3 to 5 d and 31 to 37 d after parturition) to determine plasma LH concentration. At 31 to 37 d after parturition, all cows were slaughtered and each ME was collected and mid-sagitally sectioned. The left half of each ME was used to determine content and concentration of LHRH. Concentrations of LH and LHRH were determined by RIA. Plasma LH concentration was similar among the three groups at 1 to 7 d before parturition and 3 to 5 d after parturition; however, at 31 to 37 d after parturition, OVX cows had a greater (P less than .05) concentration of LH (2.25 +/- .64 ng/ml) than either INT (.47 +/- .10 ng/ml) or OVX-S (.92 +/- .14 ng/ml) cows. Content of LHRH in the ME of INT (80.12 +/- 15.0 ng) and OVX-S 109.8 +/- 16.4 ng) cows was similar but was greater (P less than .05) than that in OVX cows (48.95 +/- 5.9 ng).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)