悬浮培养MDCK细胞制备的H9亚型禽流感灭活疫苗免疫剂量试验

为研究由悬浮培养的MDCK细胞制备的H9亚型AIV抗原所制备的灭活疫苗的免疫剂量,在生物反应器中悬浮培养MDCK细胞,接种H9亚型禽流感病毒WD98和HN04种毒,收获抗原液,以2种抗原液分别制备2个毒株的单价油佐剂灭活疫苗。每种疫苗均按照0.3、0.2、0.1、0.05mL/只(107.5 EID50/只~105.52 EID50/只)的剂量接种21日龄SPF鸡,免疫接种后3周采血测定AIV的HI抗体,采血后分别用与制苗株同源的H9亚型AIV种毒静脉注射攻毒,测定疫苗保护率。2种疫苗不同剂量免疫接种后21d的AIV HI抗体水平达到3.8log2~5.6log2,对照组鸡AIV HI抗体均为0log2。攻毒试验证实,以105.52 EID50/只~107.5 EID50/只剂量进行免疫接种,免疫鸡只获得了80%以上的保护。按照兽药典H9亚型禽流感疫苗攻毒保护率90%为合格的标准,悬浮培养MDCK细胞制备的H9亚型禽流感疫苗的最小免疫接种剂量为106.82 EID50/只。     

基于悬浮细胞制备的鸡新城疫-H9亚型禽流感二联灭活疫苗(La Sota株+BX13株)安全性和免疫产生期研究

为探讨悬浮细胞制备的鸡新城疫-H9亚型禽流感二联灭活疫苗(La Sota株+BX13株)(以下简称二联灭活疫苗)的安全性和免疫产生期，试验用新城疫病毒(NDV)La Sota株和H9亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)BX13株分别接种BHK-21和MDCK悬浮细胞，收获抗原液，制备二联灭活疫苗；采用1 mL/只的剂量接种21日龄SPF鸡进行二联灭活疫苗的安全性试验；以0.02、0.05、0.1、0.3、0.5 mL/只的剂量接种21日龄SPF鸡，免疫后7、14、21 d采血测定NDV HI和AIVHI抗体，并于免疫后21日龄攻毒进行免疫保护试验和免疫产生期试验。结果显示：二联灭活疫苗对SPF鸡安全，鸡只无不良反应，疫苗吸收良好；各剂量组免疫后抗体水平均逐渐升高，免疫后21 d NDV HI效价为6.1～8.5 log₂,AIV HI效价为7.5～11.2 log₂；免疫后21 d,0.02 mL/只剂量组对两种毒株的攻毒保护率均为9/10，其余剂量组均为10/10保护。研究表明，二联灭活疫苗对SPF鸡安全，以0.1 mL/只的剂量免疫SPF鸡21 d可...     

禽流感灭活疫苗（H5N2亚型，D7株）与同类产品对鸭和鸡免疫后血清学比较试验

为评价禽流感灭活疫苗（H5N2亚型,D7株）与同类产品对不同日龄鸭及SPF鸡的免疫效果,将该疫苗与国内两家禽流感生产企业的2批重组禽流感灭活疫苗（H5N1亚型,Re-5株）分别免疫鸭和SPF鸡,免疫后14、21、28、42 d采血测定各免疫组的HI抗体效价。禽流感灭活疫苗（D7株）以0.25 mL剂量免疫鸭后14 d,所有免疫组鸭的HI抗体几何平均滴度（GMT）即能达到6㏒2以上,28 d HI抗体GMT达到峰值9.1㏒2,而两批重组禽流感灭活疫苗以0.5 mL剂量免疫鸭21 d后HI抗体GMT均没有达到6㏒2;两种疫苗分别免疫21日龄SPF鸡21 d后各免疫组的HI抗体GMT基本相似。试验结果表明,禽流感灭活疫苗（D7株）对鸭的免疫效果要明显优于重组禽流感灭活疫苗(Re-5株),而对鸡的免疫效果相似。     

H9亚型禽流感病毒HF株灭活疫苗对流行毒株的免疫保护研究

为评价H9N2亚型禽流感病毒HF株灭活疫苗对流行毒株的免疫保护效果,将禽流感病毒HF株灭活疫苗和商品化鸡新城疫、禽流感(H9亚型)二联灭活疫苗分别以0.3 mL/只接种21日龄SPF鸡,3周后采血测定HI抗体效价,并用2018年-2019年分离的4株H9亚型禽流感病毒分别进行攻毒。结果显示,免疫后21 d, HF株灭活疫苗免疫组HI抗体效价达到9.1 log2以上,商品化疫苗HI抗体效价几何平均值则为6.3 log2以内。4株H9亚型禽流感病毒流行毒株以10~(7.0)EID_(50)的剂量静脉攻毒后,HF株灭活疫苗免疫组可抵抗流行毒株的攻击,保护率为100%;而商品化疫苗对流行毒株的攻毒保护率仅为40%～60%。说明H9N2亚型禽流感病毒HF株灭活疫苗具有较强的免疫原性,能使免疫鸡抵抗流行毒株的攻击。     

悬浮培养和鸡胚尿囊液抗原制备的H9亚型禽流感疫苗免疫效力比较试验

为了探讨悬浮培养和鸡胚尿囊液培养得到的H9亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)抗原制备的疫苗的免疫效力,试验用3株H9亚型AIV株分别接种微载体悬浮培养的MDCK细胞制备3种悬浮培养的细胞疫苗抗原,以3株H9亚型AIV株接种10日龄SPF鸡胚制备3种鸡胚尿囊液抗原,测定6种抗原液HA效价和鸡胚半数感染量(EID50);分别使用6种抗原液制备灭活疫苗,免疫21日龄SPF鸡,并在免疫后第21天采血测定HI抗体水平,采血后进行攻毒并在攻毒后第5天进行病毒分离试验。结果表明:两种方式制备的AIV抗原HA效价为7~9 lb,鸡胚半数感染量为1×106.9~7.9EID50,疫苗免疫后第21天用同源毒株作为工作抗原测定的免疫鸡HI效价差异不大,用异源毒株测定时有一定差异;两种方法得到的抗原制备的疫苗均能获得很好攻毒保护。     

H7N9亚型重组禽流感病毒rGD76株灭活疫苗的研制

利用H7N9亚型重组禽流感病毒rGD76株进行灭活疫苗的研制,并对疫苗的免疫效果进行评价,为家禽H7N9亚型流感的防控提供科学数据及手段。将AIV-rGD76株用灭菌生理盐水作104倍稀释后,接种11日龄非免疫鸡胚,37℃孵育72h后收获感染鸡胚尿囊液,经甲醛灭活后,加矿物油佐剂乳化制成油乳剂灭活疫苗,对制备疫苗的性状、安全性、免疫效力等进行检验。结果显示,制备的3批重组禽流感病毒灭活疫苗(H7N9亚型,rGD76株)均为油包水型,黏度均在50cP以内,对3批疫苗取样,样品经3000r/min离心15min,管底无水相析出。安全性试验结果显示,将疫苗按1mL/只超剂量接种3周龄SPF鸡,试验鸡在观察期内全部健活,未出现局部或全身不良反应,表明疫苗对SPF鸡具有良好的安全性;免疫效力及攻毒保护试验结果显示,用疫苗按0.3mL/只的剂量免疫接种3周龄SPF鸡1次,免疫接种后21d试验鸡血清中rGD76株的HI抗体平均效价可达8log2以上,使用H7N9亚型高致病性禽流感病毒GD16株滴鼻接种0.2mL/只(含100LD50)对免疫鸡进行攻毒,疫苗对免疫鸡的保护率均为100%。在实验室条件下研制出重组禽流感病毒灭活疫苗(H7N9亚型,rGD76株),疫苗的各项指标均符合标准。     

Re-8株H5亚型禽流感灭活疫苗对野鸟源H5N8流感病毒的免疫保护性研究

为评估当前应用的Re-8株种毒相关禽流感灭活疫苗对野鸟源H5N8流感病毒的免疫预防效果,本研究将重组禽流感病毒(AIV)H5亚型Re-8株灭活疫苗(H5N1亚型,Re-8株)和重组AIV(H5+H7)灭活疫苗(H5N1Re-8株+H7N9 H7 Re-1株)分别以0.3 m L/只的剂量接种3周龄SPF鸡,免疫3周时进行HI抗体检测和攻毒试验。结果显示,上述2种疫苗免疫的SPF鸡血清中针对H5亚型Re-8株抗原的HI抗体均在8 log2以上,以105EID50的剂量、鼻腔感染途径攻击野鸟源H5N8病毒BHG/QH/2/16和BHG/Tibet/3/16后,所有免疫组鸡在14 d观察期内均全部健活,不排毒,而对照组鸡在攻毒后4 d内全部发病、死亡、排毒。现地免疫重组AIV H5亚型三价灭活疫苗(Re-6株+Re-7株+Re-8株)的商品蛋鸡直接进行HI抗体检测和攻毒试验,结果显示,免疫蛋鸡血清中针对Re-8株抗原的HI抗体平均滴度为8.3 log2,以相同攻毒方式和剂量分别攻击2株H5N8病毒后,免疫鸡也获得完全免疫保护,不发病、不死亡、不排毒。本研究结果表明,含有重组AIV H5 Re-8株抗原的灭活疫苗可有效防控野鸟源H5N8流感病毒,为我国及其他国家H5N8亚型禽流感免疫防控提供了科学依据。     

鸡新城疫、传染性支气管炎、禽流感(H9亚型)三联灭活疫苗对禽流感H9亚型流行株攻毒的保护作用

为了监测鸡新城疫、传染性支气管炎、禽流感(H9亚型)三联灭活疫苗(LaSota株+M41株+SS/94株)对H9亚型禽流感病毒流行毒株的免疫保护效果,采用H9亚型禽流感病毒SS/94株及2009—2010年现地分离的3株H9亚型禽流感病毒对已免疫上述三联灭活苗的SPF鸡进行攻毒试验。结果显示,试验鸡以0.3 mL/只的剂量免疫三联灭活苗后21 d,其H9亚型禽流感病毒的HI抗体效价可达8～11log2,此抗体水平可抵抗2×106EID50的H9亚型禽流感病毒SS/94株、BLCN09株、WDZ09株、YT10株的攻击,攻毒保护率均达90%(9/10)以上。可见,以SS/94株作为禽流感疫苗抗原制备的三联灭活苗具有良好的免疫原性,能使免疫鸡抵抗2009—2010年期间现地分离的多株H9亚型禽流感病毒的攻击。     

H7亚型禽流感病毒灭活疫苗安全性和免疫效力评估

按照《中国兽药典》要求的方法,对3批制备的H7亚型禽流感灭活疫苗的物理性状、安全性和免疫效力进行评估。结果:疫苗物理性状稳定;大剂量和单剂量重复免疫SPF鸡后未出现局部或全身不良反应;免疫后21 d,3批疫苗免疫鸡HI抗体效价平均值分别为8.5 log2、8.4 log2、8.5 log2;以H7N9亚型禽流感病毒株106EID50剂量攻击,14 d观察期内,对照鸡全部排毒,免疫鸡均不排毒,说明疫苗免疫后能阻止病毒的排泄。结果表明:制备的H7亚型禽流感灭活疫苗安全、有效。     

H9亚型禽流感病毒油乳苗免疫SPF鸡后HI抗体效价与保护关系

以H9亚型低致病性禽流感病毒（AIV）的LG1株第20代种毒接种10日龄SPF鸡胚，收获尿囊液，经浓缩制成常规灭活疫苗。用浓缩疫苗及其不同稀释度的疫苗对12日龄的SPF鸡颈部皮下注射0.2ml/只.SPF动物隔离罩内饲养21d后采集血清,随即用此病毒的第8代进行攻毒.结果表明,该浓缩疫苗及其1:1稀释后的疫苗对12日龄SPF鸡具有较好的免疫原性,平均HI滴度均达到9.4log2.并且各免疫鸡只血清中HI抗体大于7log2,但稀释至1/4的疫苗免疫后平均HI滴度只有5.log2.在人工攻毒后3d和7d,对照组有7/10和1/10分离到病毒,但3个试验组免疫后均未分离到病毒.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Prevalence of Faecal Pathogens in Calves of Racing Camels (Camelus dromedarius) in the United Arab Emirates

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Species of Ticks on Camels and Their Seasonal Population Dynamics in Eastern Ethiopia

A study was conducted to identify the species of ticks found on camels (Camelus dromedarius) and their seasonal population dynamics in Eastern Ethiopia. Collection and identification of the ticks were undertaken at 2-month intervals from December 1997 to August 1999. On each occasion, all the visible adult ticks were collected from one side of the body of each of the same 17 camels. The most abundant species of ticks on the camels were Rhipiephalus pulchellus (85.2%), Hyalomma dromedarii (5.9%), Amblyomma gemma (4.0%) and Amblyomma variegatum (1.8%). The average tick load per camel was higher during rainy months than during dry months. The smallest number of ticks per camel was observed during the driest month (December), whereas the highest was recorded in the wettest month (August). Any strategy intended to mitigate problems of tick infestation of camels in this area should take into account the identified tick species and their season of abundance.     

Accumulation of Sapogenin Conjugates and Histological Changes in the Liver and Kidneys of Lambs Suffering from Alveld,a Hepatogenous Photosensitization Disease of Sheep Grazing Narthecium ossifragum

Sixteen lambs exhibiting hepatogenous photosensitization (alveld) after grazing pasture containing Narthecium ossifragum and seven nonphotosensitized lambs grazing the same pastures were studied. All the alveld-affected lambs revealed liver damage dominated by single cell necrosis, portal fibroplasia and bile duct proliferation. Crystalloid clefts were demonstrated in the bile ducts of two and in the hepatocytes and Kupffer cells of nine photosensitized lambs. Plasma bilirubin concentration was severely increased in ten of the cases of alveld whereas the activity of aspartate aminotransferase was moderately to severely increased in seven cases. The activity of glutamate dehydrogenase was moderately elevated in one of the photosensitized lambs. The main histopathological findings in the kidneys from the alveld-affected lambs were dilated tubules, often with eosinophilic material in the tubular lumina. Regenerative changes were seen in a large proportion of the renal sections. Elevated plasma concentrations of urea and creatinine, and the renal histopathological changes, suggested that the photosensitized lambs had been through a phase of renal injury. Analysis of the free and conjugated sapogenin content in liver tissue and bile was performed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. There were significantly higher concentrations of conjugated episapogenins in both the liver and bile in the alveld-affected lambs than in the nonphotosensitized lambs.     

Measurement of Faecal Cortisol Metabolites in Cats and Dogs: A Non-invasive Method for Evaluating Adrenocortical Function

The aim of this comparative study was to gain more information about the metabolism and excretion of glucocorticoids in cats and dogs in order to establish non-invasive methods for evaluating stressful conditions. Therefore, in a first experiment, [¹⁴C]cortisol was administered intravenously to 8 animals (two of each sex and species). Over a period of 6 days, faeces and urine were collected immediately after spontaneous defecation and urination. Marked species differences were found, as cats mainly excreted cortisol in the faeces (82%±4% of the total recovered radioactivity), whereas in dogs only a small portion was found there (23%±4%). The highest urinary radioactivity was observed after 9±3 h in cats and 3±1 h in dogs. Peak concentrations in the faeces occurred after 22±6 h in cats and after 24±4 h in dogs. Most of the radioactivity was not extractable with diethyl ether, indicating that the metabolites excreted in urine and faeces were mainly of the conjugated or polar unconjugated types. This was confirmed by RP-HPLC, which also revealed marked differences between cats and dogs concerning the metabolites formed. In addition, the immunoreactivity of the metabolites was tested in cortisol, corticosterone and 11-oxoaetiocholanolone EIAs. The latter, measuring 11,17-dioxoandrostanes (11,17-DOA) detected the highest quantities of immunoreactive metabolites in cats, but not in dogs. In a second experiment, the adrenal cortex of both species was stimulated by ACTH and, three weeks later, suppressed by dexamethasone. In this study, only faeces were collected over a period of 7 days. In both species, inter-animal variability in the basal and maximal/minimal faecal cortisol metabolite concentrations and the time course was observed. The 11-oxoaetiocholanolone EIA in cats and the cortisol EIA in dogs proved best suited for monitoring changes in adrenocortical activity. ACTH injections resulted in an increase above baseline values of 355% (median) in 11,17-DOA concentrations in cats and of 702% in the concentrations of cortisol equivalents in dogs by about 25 h and 22 h (median) after injection, respectively. Minimal concentrations after dexamethasone administration were about 17% in cats and 31% in dogs (in relation to baseline values) and were reached in 66 h and 72 h, respectively. It was concluded that measuring cortisol metabolites in faeces should be a useful non-invasive tool for monitoring stress in carnivores.     

Epidemiological Studies on Gastrointestinal Parasitic Infections of Lambs in the Coastal Savanna Regions of Ghana

The types of gastrointestinal parasites (Eimeria and helminths) encountered by 70 lambs and the seasonal pattern of both Eimeria and strongylate infections in these lambs in the derived Coastal Savanna were followed for three years. Eimeria oocysts and helminth eggs were detected in the faeces of lambs at the same time, indicating the concurrence of both Eimeria and helminth infections. Eimeria oocysts were first seen in the lambs 20 days after birth (DAB) and the level of oocyst output increased by the fourth week. Eimeria species identified in the lambs were E. parva, E. pallida, E. faurei, E. ahsata, E. bakuensis, E. intricata, E. granulosa, E. ovinoidalis and, occasionally, E. marsica. E. ovinoidalis, the most pathogenic species, dominated the oocyst output during the early part of the life of the lambs. Strongyloides papillosus eggs appeared at 46 DAB, preceding strongylate nematode eggs, which were seen at 57 DAB and those of Moniezia at 69 DAB. The pattern of Eimeria oocyst output paralleled that of the worm egg output, and high oocyst and strongylate worm egg counts corresponded with the period of high rainfall during the study period. Although oocyst and worm egg output fluctuated, high Eimeria oocyst counts were seen again in the lambs when they were 1 and 2 years old. Haemonchus species formed 71% of the infective larvae revealed by larval culture.     

A Simple Apparatus for Frequent Measurement of Gastrointestinal Intraluminal PCO2

The accuracy and precision of an end-tidal infrared CO₂ monitor and customized capnography tubing system designed to measure gastrointestinal intraluminal CO₂ partial pressure (P_iCO₂) were tested in vitro. Samples were taken from the customized capnography tubing placed in either 5% or 10% CO₂ gas at discrete intervals ranging from one minute to twelve minutes. For a given time interval, the tubing PCO₂ measurement was a constant fraction of the actual PCO₂ (all standard errors < 0.02). For increasing time intervals, the ratio of the tubing PCO₂ to actual PCO₂ increased logarithmically. In the 5% and 10% CO₂, the regression coefficients were 0.89 and 0.85 for 8 French tubing and 0.99 and 0.91 for 6 French tubing. Beacuase of its accuracy and precision, this system may provide automated gastrointestinal CO₂ partial pressure monitoring at short intervals (e.g. 5 minutes), facilitating testing of the role of gastrointestinal P_iCO₂ information in treatment algorithms. (Vet Emerg & Crit Care, 1998; 8: 109–116)     

Caecal disease in equids

Objective To review the breed, age, gender, clinical and laboratory findings, treatment and outcome of horses with caecal disease presented to a referral centre. Design Retrospective study of 96 cases. Procedure The breed, age, and gender of the study population were compared with the corresponding hospital population for the same period. The means (± SD) for clinical and laboratory findings were recorded for each caecal disorder. Treatment was categorised as medical or surgical, and outcome was recorded. Results Caecal diseases included impaction (40% of total cases), rupture associated with concurrent unrelated disease (13%), rupture with parturition (9%), rupture with no associated disease (5%), infarction (11%), torsion (9%), abscess or adhesion (7%), tumour (3%), and miscellaneous conditions (3%). The breed or gender of affected horses did not differ from the hospital population, although horses > 15 years were more frequently represented (P < 0.05). This age group was specifically more predisposed to caecal impaction (P < 0.05), as were Arabian, Morgan, and Appaloosa breeds (P < 0.05). In horses with caecal impaction transrectal examination was the most useful diagnostic procedure; 90% of affected horses treated medically were discharged while horses treated by typhlotomy alone, or typhlotomy and blind end ileocolostomy, had survival rates to discharge of 71% and 86%, respectively. Horses with caecal rupture associated with concurrent un-related disease showed no signs of impending rupture; all were receiving phenylbutazone, all were euthanased, and 50% had caecal ulceration at necropsy. Of horses with caecal rupture with parturition 56% had prior dystocia; in two-thirds the site of rupture was the ileocaecal junction and all were euthanased. Horses with caecal rupture with no associated disease died or were euthanased; rupture was idiopathic. Horses with caecal infarction usually had signs of abdominal pain and abdominal fluid changes consistent with peritonitis; transrectal examination was nonspecific, and typhlectomy was successful in seven of eight horses. Horses with caecal torsion had signs of severe, acute abdominal pain and typhlectomy was successful in three of five horses. Diagnosis of caecal adhesion or abscess was assisted by transrectal palpation in two of seven horses and surgical treatment was successful in two of five horses. A caecal tumour was diagnosed in three horses aged 20 years or older that presented with chronic weight loss. Other caecal diseases were uncommon. Conclusion Caecal disease is uncommon in equids but some specific features of the history and physical findings can alert the veterinarian to the possibility of caecal involvement in horses with gastrointestinal dysfunction. Medical or surgical therapy can be effective in horses where caecal rupture has not occurred.     

Studies on the Pathogenesis of Shimao Zheng (Fleece-eating) in Sheep and Goats

Research on the disease called shimao zheng, which had resulted in widespread fleece-eating and shedding by sheep and goats in the Haizi area of Akesa County of Gansu Province of China, was carried out by both laboratory studies and pathological observations. There was a marked deficiency of sulfur in the wool and tissues of the affected animals. The pathological changes were mainly loss of fleece, exposure of the skin, keratinization of the epidermal cells, narrowing and reduced numbers of the fleece follicles, and fewer sebaceous glands and sweat glands. Histologically, there was atrophy of the striated and cardiac muscles and of the epithelium of the convoluted tubules of the kidney, together with a glomerulonephritis. The disease was considered to be a local nutritional and metabolic disorder, probably mainly caused by sulfur deficiency.