19种菊科植物花药结构及绒毡层的发育类型研究

花药结构和绒毡层的发育类型对菊科植物的系统分类和系统演化具有重要的意义。本研究采用苏木精和苯胺番红整体染色以及石蜡切片的方法,通过显微镜观察,对菊科7族19属19种植物花药结构及绒毡层的发育类型进行研究。结果表明,18种植物的花药由4个花粉囊组成,1种由2个花粉囊组成。花粉囊壁由表皮、药室内壁、中层和绒毡层4层细胞组成,中层细胞在花粉母细胞时期解体。随着花粉粒的形成,药室内壁先"U"形增厚,再进行条带状增厚。花粉母细胞胞质分裂类型有连续型和同时型2种,小孢子四分体以四面体形为主。绒毡层的发育类型有变形绒毡层和分泌绒毡层两种类型,变形绒毡层是管状花亚科植物的共同特点,分泌绒毡层是舌状花亚科植物的共同特点。从向日葵族向菊苣族的逐渐演化过程中,绒毡层的发育类型从向日葵族的变形绒毡层、经过变形绒毡层向分泌绒毡层的过渡类型逐渐演化为菊苣族的分泌绒毡层。变形绒毡层的形态在管状花亚科不同族之间有明显差异,绒毡层的发育类型和形态可以作为亚科和族分类的依据之一。     

花椰菜2种雄性不育系花器特征及花药发育的细胞学研究

本试验以花椰菜细胞质雄性不育系09-R9、保持系09-24和温敏细胞核雄性不育系GS-19为试验材料,采用形态学和细胞学方法研究2种雄性不育系的形态特征和花药发育的细胞学特点。结果表明,2种雄性不育系在育性转换、花器形态特征及花药发育的细胞学特征都存在着差异。不同温度处理的09-R9、09-24和GS-19之间的育性转换存在差异。09-R9和09-24的育性不受温度影响,09-R9表现为不育,09-24完全可育;GS-19的育性受温度影响,高温(20 ℃)不育,低温(15 ℃)育性恢复。GS-19和09-R9花蕾和花药大小差异显著,GS-19花蕾和花药显著小于09-R9;不育株与其可育株花的差异达到显著水平,不育株花显著小于可育株。显微结构观察发现2种雄性不育系之间的花药败育时期和方式不同,09-R9花药早期可以形成外形正常的花粉囊,但囊内物质随着花蕾的发育逐渐解体,最终这种不正常的花粉囊全部解体消失,花药发育受阻于花粉母细胞形成之前,属于无花粉囊败育类型。GS-19的花药发育过程有花粉母细胞的分化,能形成正常花粉囊,不产生花粉粒或者产生微量的无生活力的花粉粒,花药发育受阻于花粉母细胞到四分体时期,属于花粉母细胞败育类型。超微结构观察发现,不育系09-R9和高温条件下不育系GS-19花药败育相似,发生在花粉母细胞减数分裂时期,没有四分体的形成,形成了花粉粒外壁发育异常的“拟小孢子”,最后“拟小孢子”逐渐降解,只剩下花粉空壳。说明2种雄性不育系的败育方式有差异,但是败育时期一致,花药发育均受阻于四分体形成之前。     

花粉的结构与发育

１花粉的产生植物雄蕊是被子植物产花粉的器官 ,由纤细的花丝和产生花粉的花药组成 ,花药是由弯曲的花粉囊所组成。每个花粉囊中充满着花粉粒 ,在花药发育的早期 ,花粉囊内产生花粉母细胞 ,每一个花粉母细胞经过减数分裂产生４个称为孢子的单倍体细胞 ,每个小孢子又分化成为一个花粉粒。当花粉粒成熟时花药沿一裂缝开裂 ,散出其中的花粉。２花粉的形状花粉粒是植物的雄配子体 ,其中孕育着雄性生殖细胞或精子以及营养细胞 ,花粉还有内壁和外壁。内壁主要成分为纤维素、果胶质、半纤维素及蛋白质 ,较薄 ,软而有弹性 ;外壁主要成分为孢粉素和纤…     

冷蒿小孢子分化过程的观察研究

以内蒙古草原地区的冷蒿为研究对象,采用石蜡切片制片法对冷蒿小孢子分化过程进行了观察研究.结果表明:冷蒿花药壁的发育属于双子叶型;绒毡层为变形绒毡层;小孢子减数分裂过程所发生的胞质分裂为连续型,在四分体时期冷蒿4个小孢子以左右对称形和四面体形排列.     

新疆不同生态区域苜蓿花粉败育情况及影响因素的细胞学研究

连续2年对新疆4个生态区域8个观测点的苜蓿花粉败育情况及影响因素的细胞学进行研究,结果显示,1)不同生态区域苜蓿花粉的败育率不同,而同一生态区不同观测点之间也不同;2008年北疆塔城地区3个观测点苜蓿花粉败育率分别为(20.05±5.33)%,(23.41±3.76)%,(29.80±5.45)%,(P<0.05);伊犁地区为(28.34±3.19)%;呼图壁两观测点苜蓿花粉败育率分别为:(15.57±2.18)%,(31.47±4.59)%,(P<0.05);南疆地区2个观测点的北疆小叶与新疆大叶苜蓿的花粉败育率分别为(20.79±2.89)%,(26.51±4.74)%,(P<0.05);2)同一观测点不同年份之间苜蓿花粉的败育率表现出极显著差异,2007,2008连续2年对新疆呼图壁种子基地的新牧1号杂花苜蓿与新疆大叶苜蓿进行观测显示:2007年2个苜蓿品种的花粉败育率分别为(37.96±2.10)%,(38.70±2.40)%;2008年则分别为(15.57±2.18)%,(31.47±4.59)%,(P<0.01); 3)在群体水平上,花期不同阶段花粉败育率没表现出显著性差异;在同一株上苜蓿花粉的败育率在单花之间差异很大,但没有明显的位置和时间效应; 4) 从花粉发育的细胞学特点看,无明显的制约因素影响花粉的发育。受环境因素影响,绒毡层降解时期的波动是导致同一苜蓿品种在年份和区域之间差异的主要原因。     

无刺蜂采集的花粉化学组成和自由基清除力

为了评价蜂花粉的化学组成、植物来源和自由基清除能力,以巴西无刺蜂（Melipona subnitida）采集的黄色和褐色花粉为样品,黄色花粉由三种类型的植物花粉组成,其中Mimosa gemmulata花粉占98．95％。褐色花粉由五种类型植物来源的花粉组成,其中豆科植物浅色花粉占89．84％。在巴西东北部半干旱的地区植物种类丰富,无刺蜂（Mimosa subnitida）采集几种植物的花粉。从黄色花粉中分离出的化合物有柚皮素、异鼠李素和D－甘露醇,从褐色花粉中分离出的化合物有β－谷甾醇、3’,4’,5’,5,7－五羟黄酮、亮石松碱和8－甲氧基草质素。亮石松碱和D－甘露醇（34．9％）是首次从蜂花粉分离得到的化合物。用清除DPPH自由基实验评价不同溶剂蜂花粉提取物的抗氧化活性,抗氧化活性大小按下面顺序依次递减：乙酸乙酯提取液〉乙醇提取液〉己烷提取液。结果表明,蜂花粉乙酸乙酯提取物富含黄酮类化合物,是一种良好的活性氧自由基清除剂。     

菊苣种质资源研究进展

菊苣(Cichorium intybus)属于多年生宿根植物,是菊科的一种重要牧草,具有产量高、适口性好、蛋白质含量高、适应性强、对土质要求不严、耐寒、耐热、抗干旱等优良特性,可将菊苣和粮食作物进行间种,解决牧草种植与粮食作物争地问题。近年来,菊苣在我国的高海拔地区已被广泛运用。从形态学、细胞学和分子水平上综述了菊苣种质资源的遗传多样性研究概况,在此基础上探讨了菊苣转基因研究、品种选育和栽培利用以及菊苣产品的开发利用情况,针对目前菊苣研究中存在的问题提出了几点建议。     

牧草菊苣及其利用潜力 Ⅱ利用价值和开发潜力

菊苣Cichorium intybus是菊科菊苣属多年生宿根植物。作为一种高产优质的牧草,菊苣已在世界上许多国家广泛栽培利用。作为青鲜牧草饲用,其综合营养价值高,如粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、无氮浸出物和粗灰分含量等指标都优于苜蓿Medicago sativa,此外牧草菊苣富含矿物质,适口性好,消化率高,利用期长,并且具有适应性广,产草量高,易于栽培管理等优势,可用于建立高产人工割草场和放牧场。除了作为优良牧草利用外,菊苣亦可用作天然产物提取等深加工利用,例如,药品、饮料、功能性食品和饲料添加剂等方面具有较大潜力。     

新疆高葶韭雄蕊开花动态特征与花粉育性研究

为进一步研究国内仅分布于新疆的高葶韭（Allium obliquum）花粉发育、传粉生物学以及为高葶韭人工有性繁殖提供理论依据和试验方法,定株观察了花期高葶韭雄蕊的开花进程以及形态变化特征,并采用6种方法测定了高葶韭花粉育性。结果显示,高葶韭单花开放经过5个形态变化至花药脱落和花被片完全闭合。高葶韭内轮花丝先于外轮花丝伸长,内轮花药先伸出花被片,随后外轮花药陆续伸出花被片。雄蕊开放至6枚花药全部脱落4～5 d。单枚花药从散粉到完全散粉一般需要1.5～2.0 h。散粉后高葶韭花粉活力（萌发率） 0～10 h内超过50%。0.5%氯化三苯基四氮唑、四甲基偶氮唑、联苯胺和离体萌发法可以用来检验高葶韭花粉活力和花粉萌发率,而醋酸洋红和碘 碘化钾不适合高葶韭花粉育性的测定。高葶韭具有雌雄异熟、雄蕊先熟于雌蕊的花部特征,花粉可育且寿命短。     

菊苣EST-SSR分子标记开发及通用性分析

为了开发菊苣（Cichorium intybus）简单重复序列（Simple sequence repeat,SSR）分子标记,采用菊苣表达序列标签（Expressed sequence tags,EST）序列设计EST-SSR引物,并验证引物的有效性和通用性。结果表明：菊苣EST序列中共搜索到648个SSR位点,146种重复基序,SSR出现频率为1.61%;三核苷酸重复类型最多（46.45%）,TC/GA基序出现频率最高（14.35%）;152对EST-SSR引物在菊苣中的有效扩增率和多态率分别为78.29%和57.24%。其中37对引物在31份莴苣亚族（Lactucinae Less.）材料中的扩增转移率为86.05%,遗传多样性分析显示不同种间存在明显的遗传分化,聚类结果与材料的地理来源有较高相关性。综上所述,基于菊苣EST序列开发的SSR引物可用于菊苣及其近缘属种遗传多样性分析及种间鉴定,为菊苣族（Lactuceae Cass.）种质资源评价、系统进化研究及分子标记辅助育种奠定了重要基础。     

金色狗尾草的大,小孢子发生及雌,雄配子体发育

金色狗尾草花药壁分四层，即表皮，内壁，中层，绒毡层。表皮细胞在花粉发育过程中始终沉积呈颗粒状小体。绒毡层属腺质型。小孢子母细胞在减数分裂过程中，胞质分裂属连续型，并偶见有染色质穿壁现象。生殖细胞壁在初期具有纤维素。成熟花粉为３细胞，崆贮大量淀粉粒。金色狗尾草胚珠具有双珠被，珠孔由内珠被形成，外珠被有一突起伸向花柱。     

Comparative morphology of the tapetum lucidum (among selected species)

Objectives The phenomenon of ‘eye‐shine’ is seen in a variety of animal species, and is generally thought to be related to the presence of an intraocular reflecting structure, the tapetum lucidum. The tapetum lucidum is a biologic reflector system that is a common feature in the eyes of vertebrates. It normally functions to provide the light‐sensitive retinal cells with a second opportunity for photon‐photoreceptor stimulation, thereby enhancing visual sensitivity at low light levels. The tapetum lucidum is presented here according to a classification based on the location, as well as the composition, of this reflective layer. Finally, the physical and chemical properties, as well as the origins of the different tapeta lucida, are discussed and compared. Methods The anatomic and biochemical aspects of the tapetum lucidum in various vertebrates are examined. Morphologic observations were made from paraffin and plastic embedded specimens. Specimens were treated with traditional stains and observed by light and transmission electron microscopy. Results Some species (primates, squirrels, birds, red kangaroo and pig) do not have this structure and they usually are diurnal animals. In vertebrates, the tapetum lucidum exhibits diverse structure, organization and composition. Therefore, the retinal tapetum (teleosts, crocodilians, marsupials, fruit bat), the choroidal guanine tapetum (elasmobranchs), the choroidal tapetum cellulosum (carnivores, rodents, cetacea), and the choroidal tapetum fibrosum (cow, sheep, goat, horse) are described. Conclusions The tapetum lucidum represents a remarkable example of neural cell and tissue specialization as an adaptation to a dim light environment and, despite these differences, all tapetal variants act to increase retinal sensitivity by reflecting light back through the photoreceptor layer. These variations regarding both its location and structure, as well as the choice of reflective material, may represent selective visual adaptations associated with their feeding behavior, in response to the use of specific wavelengths and amount of reflectance required.     

蝶形花亚科植物花粉释放机制

花粉是植物生殖的基础,其中花粉的成功释放是其繁殖的保障,蝶形花植物的花粉释放是一个复杂的过程,包括生理过程(内源释放)和机械(物理)过程(外源释放)。本研究对蝶形花植物花粉释放机制做出综述,回顾了蝶形花植物花粉内源释放的时空模式,包括花药形成和花药开裂,以及花粉外源释放的机制,如爆炸机制、活塞机制、毛刷机制和瓣膜机制,并就今后其花粉释放机制研究的热点领域及其应用进行了展望。     

Spatial relationships among the cellular tapetum,visual streak and rod density in dogs

The dog visual system is well suited to dim light conditions due to rod-dominated retina and the reflective tapetum. The topographical distributions of rods and thickness of the tapetum of the dog were quantified in retinal whole mounts stained with thionine, and spatial relationships among the tapetum, rod density and visual streak of high ganglion cell density were elucidated. The relationship between the retina and tapetum was analyzed in parasagittal sections stained with thionine or hematoxylin-eosin. The tapetum was thick in its center, and the thickest part consisted of 9 to 12 tapetal cell layers. Rod density ranged from 200,000 to 540,000/mm². Maximum rod density was found in the area dorsal to the visual streak, and the density in that area was significantly higher than the rod density in the visual streak and accorded spatially with the thickest part of the tapetum. The horizontal visual streak was found over the horizontal line through the optic disc in the temporal half and extended slightly into the nasal half. The central area of the highest density of ganglion cells was approximately located midway between the nasal and temporal ends of the visual streak. The visual streak was located within the tapetal area, but ventrally to the thick part of the tapetum.     

黄花苜蓿小孢子发育时期与花器形态的相关性研究

以新疆野生黄花苜蓿（Medicago falcata）为材料,观察其小孢子发育各时期的细胞学特征及花蕾和花药形态特征,并研究黄花苜蓿小孢子发育时期与花器形态的相关性,以期为单倍体培养（DH系）的育种方法提供依据。结果表明：黄花苜蓿小孢子发育分为4个时期,分别为四分体时期、单核早中期、单核靠边期、双核期,且各时期有明显的细胞学特征;试验材料的花蕾纵径和花瓣长在小孢子发育4个时期之间均表现极显著差异,其它花器形态指标只是部分时期之间差异显著,因此花蕾纵径和花瓣长适宜作为小孢子发育时期的判断依据;小孢子发育不同时期花药大小差异不显著,花药颜色变化明显,由淡黄色逐渐变为深黄色;小孢子处于单核靠边期时,花蕾纵径和花瓣长度分别在3.61～4.32 mm和2.68～3.61 mm之间,此时可见花瓣微露出萼片。     

Immunocytochemical identification of Pit-1 containing cells in the anterior pituitary of hens

Our goal was to identify the cells expressing Pit-1 protein in chicken anterior pituitary. The anterior pituitaries were collected from laying hens after perfusion with formalin-PBS, and fixed with Bouin's fixative followed by paraffin embedding. Sections of the anterior pituitaries were immunostained for Pit-1 in the first staining sequence followed by staining for 6 types of pituitary hormones in the second sequence. Pit-1 positive nuclei were observed in the glandular cells in both the cephalic and caudal lobes. Pit-1 immunoreaction products were colocalized in the glandular cells immunopositive for growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone or prolactin. These results indicate that Pit-1 protein induction occurs in 6 types of glandular cells, suggesting that Pit-1 may regulate hormone synthesis in each glandular cell in the chicken pituitary.     

Fine Structure of the Bovine Tapetum Fibrosum

The fine structure of the tapetum lucidum of the domestic cow was studied by electron microscopy. In this ungulate the reflective layer is a tapetum fibrosum situated in the choroid and mainly restricted to the superior fundus. The tapetum is composed of a large array of fine extracellular collagen fibrils separated into lamellae by fibrocytes. The collagen fibrils display the normal cross-striations of native collagen, are 0.2 μm in diameter and are arranged in a hexagonal pattern with a center-to-center spacing of about 0.2 μm. The diameter and spacing of these fibrils is consistent with the constructive interference of reflected light. A vascular lamella adjacent to the retinal epithelial layer contains the choriocapillaris and some irregularly arranged collagen fibrils. The tapetum is pierced by blood vessels which supply the choriocapillaris. Over the tapetum the retinal epithelium is non-pigmented while in nontapetal regions this layer is pigmented. The choriocapillaris is not indented into the retinal epithelium as is the case in species with a tapetum cellulosum.     

Retinal Epithelial Fine Structure in the Domestic Cat (Felis catus)

The morphology of the retinal epithelium (RPE) and closely associated choriocapillaris and Bruch's membrane (complexus basalis) has been investigated in the eye of the domestic cat (felis catus) by light and electron microscopy. The RPE consists of a single layer of cuboidal cells joined laterally by apically-located junctional complexes. Basally (sclerally) these cells display numerous infoldings while apically (vitreally) two distinct types of processes enclose photoreceptor outer segments. Internally the large vesicular nucleus is centrally located. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, polysomes and lysosome-like bodies are abundant. Rough endoplasmic reticulum while present is not plentiful. Over the tapetum lucidum, melanosomes are absent from the RPE cells while in non-tapetal locations melanosomes are large and plentiful. The endothelium of the choriocapillaris is highly fenestrated and these capillaries are deeply indented into the epithelial layer over the tapetum. Bruch's membrane (complexus basalis) is non-tapetal regions is the typical pentalaminate structure noted for most mammals. Over the tapetum however it is reduced to a trilaminate structure and when associated with the indented capillary profiles is further reduced to a single thickened basal lamina.     

Crb1在小鼠生后不同发育阶段子宫组织中的表达

应用HE染色方法和免疫荧光组织化学技术对小鼠生后不同发育阶段子宫组织结构的发育以及极性调控蛋白Crb1的定位表达进行了研究,结果显示,随个体发育,子宫管腔及子宫腺腔不断扩大,子宫内膜上皮持续增厚、固有层内子宫腺逐渐发达;4周龄时子宫腔面出现纤毛,随发育进程越来越发达;在各发育阶段的小鼠子宫组织中均有Crb1的表达,随个体发育表达呈现先增强后减弱的趋势,在8周龄时达到最强;Crb1主要定位于子宫内膜上皮细胞和子宫腺上皮细胞的胞膜和胞质,提示Crb1可能与小鼠子宫内膜上皮细胞和腺上皮细胞的极性建立和维持有关。