奶牛乳房炎早防快治，减少经济损失

奶牛乳房炎可根据有无临床症状分为临床乳房炎和隐性乳房炎，其中临床性约占30％，隐性乳房炎约占70％：奶牛乳房炎不仅降低了牛奶的产量（下降10％～15％）和质量，而且会延长母牛产后发情和妊娠时间，甚至使病牛失去生产性能，同时也是造成牛奶抗生素残留的重要原因：本文就引起奶牛乳房炎的病原、分类、临床症状、诊断、治疗以及预防措施等方面进行分析，并提出减少奶牛乳房炎的关键是加强预防。     

山豆根多糖对猪圆环病毒2型感染小鼠体内外炎性因子分泌水平的影响

旨在探究山豆根多糖对猪圆环病毒2型（porcine circovirus 2,PCV2）感染小鼠体内外炎性因子分泌水平的影响。通过PCV2感染小鼠脾淋巴细胞建立体外炎症模型,用不同浓度（100、200、400 μg/mL）的山豆根多糖作用细胞,采用ELISA法测定细胞分泌IL-1β、IL-8、MCP-1水平和细胞内COX-1活性;利用PCV2体内感染昆明种小鼠建立氧化胁迫模型后,腹腔注射低、中、高浓度[100、200、400 mg/（kg·BW）]的山豆根多糖,应用ELISA法测定小鼠脾脏、肺脏组织和血清中炎性因子IL-1β、IL-8、MCP-1分泌水平和COX-1活性。结果显示,与PCV2感染模型细胞相比,经不同浓度山豆根多糖处理的小鼠脾淋巴细胞中炎性因子IL-1β、IL-8、MCP-1水平和细胞内COX-1活性均不同程度降低,其中,400 μg/mL的山豆根多糖作用最佳（P<0.01）;利用不同浓度的山豆根多糖腹腔注射PCV2感染小鼠后,均能抑制PCV2感染小鼠的脾脏、肺脏组织和血清中炎性因子IL-1β、IL-8、MCP-1分泌水平和COX-1的活性,其中,高浓度[400 mg/（kg·BW）]的山豆根多糖作用最佳（P<0.01）。综上提示,山豆根多糖能够抑制PCV2感染小鼠炎性因子分泌,从而发挥抗炎作用。     

奶牛隐性乳房炎的诊断与治疗

奶牛隐性乳房炎的诊断与治疗张禹阿淑艳（黑龙江畜牧兽医杂志社·哈尔滨·１５００４０）（黑龙江省家畜繁育指导站）奶牛隐性乳房炎（以下简称隐服）是奶牛乳房疾病的常见、多发病之一。它不仅影响牛奶的产量，降低牛奶的品质，有害食乳者的健康，还能延长产后发情和妊娠...     

重庆部分地区泌乳奶牛乳房炎的病因及发病情况调查

对重庆部分地区６个奶牛场１１８头泌乳奶牛进行临床型乳房炎的病因及发病情况调查,并对其中７６头泌４乳奶牛进行隐性乳房炎检查。同时对２２６份患乳房炎和健康奶牛奶样进行细菌学分离鉴定,结果表明：临床型乳房炎奶牛及阳性乳区分别为８．４７％（１０／１１８）和３．３２％（１５／４５２）;隐性乳房炎奶牛及阳性乳区分别为７８．９４％（６０／７６）和５０．３４％（１４８／２９４）;临床型乳房炎、隐性乳房炎奶牛的阳性     

奶牛急性乳房炎的治疗及预防

乳房炎是奶牛最常见的疫病,对奶牛生产的危害性很大,据对我场多年来的奶牛乳房炎发病情况统计,约占奶牛总发病的25%左右。发病后,造成奶牛产奶量下降,牛奶品质降低,如果治疗不及时,导致奶牛乳房丧失泌乳能力,给生产造成巨大损失。下面就我场奶牛急性乳房炎的治疗情况报告如     

奶牛乳房炎的研究进展及防控措施

奶牛乳房炎发病率高且危害大,在奶牛养殖中属于常见疾病。该病主要是由于病原微生物入侵奶牛乳腺组织而引发的局部炎症,其不仅会造成奶牛产奶量降低,而且还会影响牛奶的品质。由于治疗过程中的兽药残留和由某些病原微生物感染引起的奶牛乳房炎治愈率低等问题,奶牛乳房炎的防治显得极为重要。从病原菌的种类、致病机理以及诊断方法和防控措施等方面介绍了奶牛乳房炎的研究进展,以期为奶牛乳房炎的科学防治提供参考。     

中药对奶牛隐性乳房炎疗效观察

为了防治奶牛乳房炎,增强奶牛抗病能力,减少或避免抗生素残留,提高牛奶质量,笔者等通过在奶牛日粮中添加中药对奶牛隐性乳房炎进行防治试验,现将试验结果报道如下。1材料与方法1.1材料1.1.1试验奶牛白银市白银区某奶牛场检测为荷斯坦（黑白花）产奶隐性乳房炎或慢性乳房炎患牛,平均质量（600±151）kg。     

乳酸链球菌素治疗奶牛乳房炎效果观察

乳酸链球菌素（Nisin）是由乳酸链球菌产生的合有34个氨基酸的抗菌肽,对人体无害。本研究将患临床型乳房炎奶牛92头（107个乳区）和隐性乳房炎奶牛90头（90个乳区）随机分成试验组和对照组。试验组的治疗方法是在患病乳区灌注Nisin;临床型乳房炎以庆大霉素乳房内灌注作对照,隐性乳房炎的对照组不作任何处理。临床型乳房炎的Nisin治疗组细菌学治愈率和临床治愈率分别为60．8％和90．2％,而庆大霉素治疗组则分别为44.6％和91．2％,两者无统计学差异。隐性乳房炎经Nisin治疗后,高体细胞数奶牛的数量和牛奶中NAGase的活性均显著下降,细菌转阴率提高。乳酸菌发酵试验表明,经Nisin乳房内灌注治疗临床型乳房炎后,牛奶在第36小时恢复正常发酵,而庆大霉素治疗则需要72h。     

复方环丙沙星治疗奶牛乳房炎的试验研究

复方环丙沙星治疗奶牛乳房炎的试验研究赵林山（哈市松花江乳制品厂·１５００７６·）刘凤秋（哈市兽医隆重防商站）赵雅芝（哈市兽药质量监督检验所）郭耕收王涛（松花江乳制品厂）奶牛乳房炎是养牛业中发病率高，应用大剂量青霉素治疗，已经产生严重的耐药性，治疗效果...     

堵住奶牛养殖企业（户）财富流失的通道——奶牛乳房炎的综合防治

全世界累计约有2.2亿头乳牛,其中1/3患各种类型的乳房炎,经济损失十分严重。据报道,奶牛乳腺炎发病率为20%～60%,我国几大城市调查乳房炎发病率大约是20%～70%。在奶牛的各种疾病中,临床型乳房炎占奶牛总发病的21%～23%,隐性乳房炎在牛群中更为普遍,75%～95%的乳房炎为隐性型。奶牛感染乳房炎后可造成泌乳牛产奶量严重下降、治疗费用增加以及成年母牛过早淘汰等重大损失。Zhang等（1994）[6]报道,美国乳房炎研究会估计美国平均每头母牛每年因乳房炎的花费是225美元;加拿大每头母牛每年因乳房炎的花费是140～300美元;德国乳牛业因隐性乳房炎年损失10亿欧元;我国（1982）每年隐性乳房炎造成的损失约为1.35亿元人民币;Lund等（1994）报道,在丹麦由于乳房炎引起经济损失估计每头奶牛每年225美元,其中大约60%的损失是由奶产量下降引起的。专家指,乳房炎极大多数情况下是由病原微生物经过损伤的乳头侵入乳腺组织而引起的。目前已发现约有150多种病原体能引起奶牛乳房炎,其中包括有细菌、真菌或酵母菌、霉形体、支原体、病毒等。根据其传播方式的不同大体上可分为两大类：接触传染性病原和环境性病原。自抗生素世以来,该类药物一直是治疗奶牛乳房炎的主要药物,由于长期大量使用,甚至滥用,病原体产生严重的耐药性,不但疗效降低,而且使得乳汁中的抗生素残留量增加,严重影响食品卫生。我国加WTO后对乳产品质量要求进一步严格,因此,进行乳房炎的综合防治,提高奶牛业的经济效益,障人民身体健康很有必要。专家针对该病给养奶牛生产企业（户）支招,希望对读者有所帮助。[编者按]     

β-Lactoglobulin Phenotypes in Finnish Ayrshire and Friesian Cattle with Special Reference to Mastitis Indicators

An unselected material consisting of composite milk samples from 1029 Ayrshire and 113 Friesian cows were analysed for the β-lactoglobulin types. The frequencies of β-Lg types were AA 8.3 %, AB 45.5% and BB 46.3 % for Ayrshire cows and 22.1 %, 45.1 % and 32.8 % for Friesian cows, respectively. The relationship between β-Lg type with milk BSA, somatic cell count, protein percentage, fat percentage and milk production were analysed. AA cows were significantly higher in daily milk yield but lower in protein percentage and fat percentage than BB cows; AB types were intermediate. The annual production was highest in AB-animals. There was a tendency for AA cows to have high somatic cell counts but low milk BSA concentrations.β-lactoglobulins; milk BSA; somatic cell count; bovine mastitis; bovine milk; milk proteins.     

Association of endometritis and ovarian follicular cyst with mastitis in dairy cows

The occurrence of multiple metabolic and inflammatory diseases in dairy cows is higher during the periparturient period, which may be triggered by bacterial components, but not a viable bacterium. This study aimed to determine the association of endometritis and ovarian follicular cyst (OFC) with mastitis in dairy cows. Ninety-eight Holstein dairy cows were clinically examined for endometritis and OFC approximately 30–50 days after calving. Blood and milk samples were collected for the determination of milk somatic cell count (SCC); milk interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), and interleukin-8 (IL-8) concentrations; and plasma haptoglobin (Hp) and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) concentrations. Of the 98 dairy cows included in this study, 12 were diagnosed with endometritis and 37 cows were identified as OFC-positive, whereas the remaining 49 cows were healthy (without endometritis or OFC). The average and maximum SCCs and plasma Hp and LBP concentrations were not significantly different between the healthy cows and those with endometritis or OFC. However, when the maximum SCC was classified as <300, 300–1,000, or >1,000 × 10³ cells/ml, the percentage of cows with the maximum SCC <300 × 10³ cells/ml was significantly lower in the endometritis and OFC-positive groups than in the healthy group. These results suggested that cows with endometritis and OFC during the postpartum period exhibit high SCC, indicating that some bacterial components can be transferred between organs.     

基于DHI平台开展奶牛乳房炎诊断及治疗效果的研究

为评估DHI中的体细胞值对奶牛乳房炎的预警作用,以湖南省DHI中心对宁乡某规模化奶牛场2019年3-4月份DHI数据为基础,结合乳房炎快速检测液,筛选临床或隐性乳房炎奶牛,确定为药物治疗效果试验组。采集筛选牛群奶样,进行细菌分离培养、鉴定,结合药敏实验开展针对性治疗,观察治疗效果。结果发现:从试验组奶样中均分离出各种乳房炎致病菌,其中主要是大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌;经敏感药物治疗后,患牛乳中体细胞数(SCC)下降极显著(P<0.01)。结论:体细胞数(SCC)作为DHI检测的一项重要指标,对奶牛乳房炎起到第一预警作用;DHI报告同时针对出现的问题提出相应的改进措施,以期使DHI成为牛场发现管理问题、增加养殖效益的有效工具,切实服务于奶牛场的实际生产。     

Isolation and Identification of Pathogenic Bacteria Causing Bovine Subclinical Mastitis in Eastern Hebei Province

In this study, the milk samples of 1 021 cows in eight dairy farms in Eastern Hebei Province were collected and detected with LMT reagent and somatic cell count for subclinical mastitis. Pathogenic bacteria in subclinical mastitis positive milk samples were isolated and identified.The results showed that 60.63%(619/1 021) of the sampled cows were diagnosed with subclinical mastitis, and mixed infections accounted for 88.21%(546/619) of the cases. In addition, 82 strains of 14 species were isolated from the subclinical mastitis positive milk samples, including 36 strains of Staphylococcus(43.90%), 33 strains of Streptococcus(40.24%), 8 strains of Enterobacteriaceae(9.76%) and 5 strains of Corynebacterium(6.10%), respectively. The results proved that Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae are the main pathogenic bacteria causing bovine subclinical mastitis in Eastern Hebei Province.     

异体移植炎症因子1通过核因子κB信号促进牛乳腺上皮细胞炎症因子的释放

奶牛乳腺炎是指在不同理化因素刺激下奶牛乳腺的炎性反应,其严重影响了奶牛养殖业的健康发展。许多细胞因子是炎症调节剂,但与奶牛乳腺炎相关的关键细胞因子还未被鉴定。异体移植炎症因子1（allograft inflammatory factor-1,AIF-1）在免疫调节中扮演重要角色,并在多种炎性疾病中过量表达。因此,本研究探讨了牛AIF-1在乳腺炎中的可能作用。首先,利用ELISA试剂盒检测了乳腺炎牛奶中牛AIF-1的含量,并用RT-PCR方法克隆牛AIF-1基因,然后,用亲和层析纯化牛AIF-1蛋白。用此重组蛋白刺激牛乳腺上皮细胞,ELISA试剂盒检测肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素6和单核细胞趋化蛋白1的分泌,Western blot测定IκBα的磷酸化。结果显示,患乳腺炎奶牛乳中AIF-1的平均含量显著高于健康奶牛,而抗生素治愈后的奶牛乳中AIF-1的含量回落到正常水平。这些结果提示,牛AIF-1是一个分泌型蛋白,可能与乳腺炎相关。为了进一步探索这种关系,本研究克隆了牛AIF-1基因并纯化了牛AIF-1蛋白。此蛋白上调了牛乳腺上皮细胞肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素6和单核细胞趋化蛋白1的分泌,并刺激了IκBα的磷酸化。IκBα磷酸化抑制剂BAY 11-7085阻断了牛AIF-1刺激的炎性细胞因子上调。综上表明,牛AIF-1通过核因子κB信号促进了牛乳腺上皮细胞炎症因子的释放。     

Differentially expressed genes associated with Staphylococcus aureus mastitis of Canadian Holstein cows

To study pathway specific gene expression within the immune-endocrine axis of dairy cows with Staphylococcus aureus mastitis, mRNA was collected from blood mononuclear cells (BMCs) and milk somatic cells (MSCs) of cows (n = 7) identified as culture positive for S. aureus and their matched negative control cows (n = 7) with no evidence of S. aureus mastitis. Labeled cDNA probes derived from BMCs and MSCs of infected and healthy cows were applied to a bovine immune-endocrine cDNA array containing 167 genes. Genes with a log₂ ratio ≥ 0.5 were considered to be up-regulated and genes with a log₂ ratio ≤ −0.5 to be down-regulated. In total, 22 genes were differentially displayed in BMCs and 16 genes in MSCs of case versus controls. Expression of selected genes in BMCs and MSCs were confirmed by real-time PCR. The RT-PCR results were highly correlated with microarray measurements. Some of these genes, such as interleukin (IL)-8 have been previously implicated in other bacterial diseases, and are known to regulate immune responses; whereas, others may reflect novel pathways or genes involved in progressive mammary gland disease. For example, IL-18 was up-regulated in BMCs but not MSCs of mastitic quarters, while IL-17 was more highly expressed in MSCs compared to BMCs. This study identified a number of differentially expressed genes associated with bovine S. aureus mastitis and demonstrates the intricacy of the patterns of gene expression that influence host response to a complex pathogen of significant relevance to both human and veterinary medicine.     

Changes in mRNA of immune factors expressed by milk somatic cells of Holstein cows with hypocalcemia after calving

Changes in immune factors expressed by milk somatic cells from Holstein cows with hypocalcemia after calving were investigated in this study. Fourteen multiparous Holstein cows after their 3rd or 4th calving in one farm were used. The cows were divided into 2 groups: 7 cows needing treatment due to onset of hypocalcemia (hypocalcemia group; age = 5.53 ± 0.27 years, parity = 3.14 ± 0.14) and 7 cows without health problems (control group; age = 5.88 ± 0.31 years, parity = 3.57 ± 0.26). Milk samples were collected aseptically using a cannula and mRNA of immune factors expressed by milk somatic cells were analyzed. Milk samples (50 mL) were collected from the right rear mammary gland of cows before milking at day 1 and weeks 1, 2, 4, and 8 after calving. All milk samples showed a negative reaction to the California Mastitis Test. Levels of relative interleukin (IL)-6 and cathelicidin in the hypocalcemia group were lower than those in the control group in weeks 1 to 8. A significant difference in relative IL-6 levels was found in week 4 (P < 0.05). These results suggest that levels of IL-6 expressed by milk somatic cells may be affected by hypocalcemia in dairy cows.     

Association between Coxiella burnetii shedding in milk and subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle

The objective of this research was to explore the potential association between Coxiella burnetii shedding in milk and chronic subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle. In two separate studies, we identified an association between PCR-based detection of C. burnetii in milk and chronic subclinical mastitis in lactating dairy cows. These studies were conducted in a commercial dairy herd where there was ongoing intensive monitoring of subclinical mastitis by aerobic bacteriology, but no prior knowledge or management of C. burnetii infections. In a case-control study, quarter level C. burnetii status determined by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was strongly associated with chronic subclinical mastitis as measured by milk somatic cell counts. In a subsequent cross sectional study, 147 (45%) of 325 lactating cows were positive for C. burnetii by RT-qPCR of composite milk samples. In a generalized linear model, accounting for the effect of covariates including aerobic intramammary infection status, C. burnetii PCR status was a significant predictor of linear somatic cell count score. In agreement with a small number of previous reports, this research provides evidence that there may be mammary gland specific manifestations of C. burnetii infections in dairy cattle.     

Novel SNPs in IL-17F and IL-17A genes associated with somatic cell count in Chinese Holstein and Inner-Mongolia Sanhe cattle

Background: Bovine mastitis is the most common and costly disease of lactating cattle worldwide. Apart from milk somatic cell count(SCC) and somatic cell score(SCS), serum cytokines such as interleukin-17(IL-17) and interleukin-4(IL-4) may also be potential indicators for bovine mastitis. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) in bovine IL-17 F and IL-17 A genes on SCC, SCS and serum cytokines in Chinese Holstein and Inner-Mongolia Sanhe cattle, and to compare the m RNA expression variations of the cows with different genotypes.Results: A total of 464 lactating cows(337 Holstein and 127 Inner-Mongolia Sanhe cattle) were screened for SNPs identification and the data were analyzed using fixed effects of herd, parity, season and year of calving by general linear model procedure. The results revealed that SNP g.24392436 C T in IL-17 F and SNP g.24345410 A G in IL-17 A showed significant effects on SCC and IL-4 in Holstein(n = 337) and on IL-17 and IL-4 in Sanhe cattle(n = 127). The homozygous GG genotype of SNP g.24345410 A G had significantly higher m RNA expression compared with the heterozygous AG genotype.Conclusions: The results indicate that IL-17 F and IL-17 A could be powerful candidate genes of mastitis resistance and the significant SNPs might be useful genetic markers against mastitis in both dairy and dual purpose cattle.     

The Effect of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Gene on Reproductive Performance and Immune Function in Dairy Cattle

The present study aimed to assess the effect of polymorphisms in the tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) promoter (A/A, A/G and G/G) and exons (T/T, T/C and C/C) on immune function and reproductive performance in dairy cows. The occurrence of the first postpartum ovulation within 3 weeks in the cows with the TNF-α promoter A/G and G/G genotypes was higher than in the A/A group. Among the different TNF-α exon genotypes, the occurrence of early first postpartum ovulation was higher in the T/C and C/C genotype groups than in the T/T group. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TNF-α gene did not affect the rate of artificial insemination (AI) or duration from parturition to next conception (days open). The apoptosis rate of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) did not differ among the TNF-α promoter genotypes, but the PMN transmigration rate was significantly higher for the A/A and A/G genotypes than for the G/G genotype. Interleukin 8 (IL-8) mRNA expression in PMNs and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) before culture was significantly higher for the A/A genotype compared with the G/G genotype. There were no significant differences between the genotypes in the mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in PMNs and PBMCs before and 4 h after culture. IL-8 and IL-1β production by PBMCs cultured for 4 h was significantly higher for the animals with the A/A genotype than for those with the G/G genotype. On the other hand, no significant difference was observed in IL-8 and IL-1β production by PMNs among different TNF-α genotypes. Taken together, these results suggest that SNP in the TNF-α gene affects immune function and reproductive performance in dairy cows.