副鸡嗜血杆菌(Hpg-8株)培养条件的优化及免疫原性的测定

结合生产实际,采用不同添加量的酵母浸出液、鸡血清、NADH作为半合成培养基的辅料进行Hpg-8株的培养,通过活菌计数及菌液OD600吸光值的测定来比较各试验组的培养效果,并将所获得的培养物适当浓缩后制成油乳剂灭活疫苗免疫60日龄SPF鸡进行免疫原性的测定。最后,综合考虑各组培养物的抗原浓度、单位生产成本及免疫原性,确定使用在半合成培养基中添加5%鸡血清、10%酵母浸出液和0.0015%NADH的培养方案进行Hpg-8株的培养,采用该培养条件所获得的菌液的活菌数可达2.04×109CFU/mL,其免疫原性也符合中华人民共和国兽药典对Hpg-8株制苗抗原的要求。     

分光光度法与活菌计数法测定副鸡禽杆菌菌液浓度的相关性研究

为建立一种快速测定副鸡禽杆菌菌液浓度的方法,本研究选取副鸡禽杆菌血清A、B、C型代表性菌株（CVCC254株、CVCC257株和CVCC256株）,培养制备菌液,分别在450nm、540nm、600nm、650nm波长测定其吸光度值（OD值）,同时测定活菌计数值。回归分析两组数据,获取回归方程及标准曲线,分析回归方程的测定系数（R2）和标准曲线的点线离散度,确定最适测定波长。再选取不同培养时间点（10h、12h、14h、16h、18h、20h）的菌液,在最适波长下测定其OD值并代入回归方程获取活菌数,同时采用活菌计数法获取活菌计数值,将两组数据使用SPSS 17.0软件进行统计分析,进一步验证分光光度法与活菌计数法测定菌液浓度的相关性。结果显示,3株菌液在600nm波长测定的OD值与活菌计数值之间均呈最佳的线性关系,确定其菌液浓度最适测定波长均为600nm,其回归方程分别为y=14.302x－0.1441（R2=0.9962）、y=14.464x－0.2746（R2=0.995）和y=14.681x－0.01326（R2=0.9989）,y为活菌计数值（×108 CFU/mL）,x为OD600值。3株培养至衰退期前的菌液在600nm波长测定的OD值代入回归方程计算获得的活菌数值与其活菌计数值无显著差异（P＞0.05）。研究结果表明,衰退期前副鸡禽杆菌菌液的分光光度法与活菌计数法具有良好的相关性。因此,该分光光度法可用于快速测定衰退期前副鸡禽杆菌菌液浓度。     

用氨水控制培养基pH值制造猪丹毒(G4T10)弱毒活疫苗的工艺

在猪丹毒菌液培养过程中，用氨水控制培养基pH值，使菌液的活菌数达到较高水平，满足配苗要求。     

禽多杀性巴氏杆菌不同培养方法制备的种子液对高密度发酵培养菌数的影响

本试验用扁瓶固体培养法、摇床液体培养法和10L发酵罐培养法制备禽多杀性巴氏杆菌种子液,采用细菌比浊法和活菌计数法,计算高密度发酵菌液浓度,比较3种方法制备的种子液对禽多杀性巴氏杆菌抗原生产的影响。经过3批次试验,扁瓶固体培养法制备的种子液经高密度发酵培养后测得的活菌数为1.56×1010~1.65×1010 CFU/mL,比浊计数为2.10×1010~2.59×1010 CFU/mL;而摇床液体培养法制备的种子液经高密度发酵培养后测得的活菌数为1.54×1010~1.74×1010 CFU/mL,比浊计数为2.10×1010~2.45×1010 CFU/mL。发酵罐培养制备的禽多杀性巴氏杆菌种子接种200L发酵罐进行高密度发酵培养后测得的活菌数可达1.85×1010~2.05×1010 CFU/mL,比浊计数为2.45×1010~2.80×1010 CFU/mL。结果表明,10L发酵罐培养制备的种子液优于扁瓶固体培养法和摇床液体培养法制备的种子液,而后两者无明显差别;从3批次平均值看,前者比后两者活菌计数结果提高约21.60%,比浊计数结果提高约15.52%。说明采用10L发酵罐培养制备的禽多杀性巴氏杆菌种子进行高密度发酵培养可显著提高菌液浓度,增加单位抗原含量(P0.01)。     

仔猪副伤寒耐热保护剂活疫苗C500株生产工艺的优化

为优化仔猪副伤寒耐热保护剂活疫苗生产工艺,对细菌生长曲线、耐热保护剂和冻干曲线进行了研究,建立了发酵体积1%、2%和3%的二级种子接种量下分别发酵12 h~20 h的细菌生长曲线,检测3个配苗比例、4种耐热保护剂和3条冻干曲线下成品疫苗的冻干菌存率、活菌存活率和安全性,确定了接种3%二级种子液发酵培养17 h为最佳发酵培养条件,发酵菌数达到428×108CFU/m L;最佳配苗比例为菌液︰耐热保护剂1∶1(V∶V),优化保护剂B作为最佳耐热保护剂,设定冻干程序3#作为最佳冻干曲线。基于此,仔猪副伤寒耐热保护剂活疫苗抗原含量达到40头份/瓶,冻干菌存率和活菌存活率均达到95%以上,大幅度降低了猪体免疫副反应,极大提升了疫苗的产品品质。     

一种枯草芽孢杆菌-刺五加多糖合生元的制备

为优化枯草芽孢杆菌与刺五加多糖合生发酵的条件,本试验采用4×2因子试验设计,筛选适宜的温度(30、34、37、40℃)和转速(120 r/min和170 r/min);采用单因素试验设计筛选接种量(1%、2%、4%、6%、8%)、装液量(50、100 m L)和初始p H值(5.5、6、6.5、7、7.5、8、8.5);根据菌液的活菌数和芽胞产率确定刺五加多糖的添加量(0、0.4、0.8、1.6、2.4、3.6、4.8、6.4、8、10 mg/m L)及合生元的培养时间(24、36、48 h)。结果表明,种子液的培养时间为24 h,温度为37℃、转速为170 r/min,接种量为4%,250 m L锥形瓶中装液量为50 m L,培养基初始p H值为7.0,刺五加多糖的添加量为1.6 mg/m L,合生元培养时间为36 h,把培养好的菌液按1 L菌液∶0.5 kg麸皮的比例用干燥细麸皮吸附,在45℃烘箱中烘干即得枯草芽孢杆菌-刺五加多糖合生元。经检测,其活菌数为5×109cfu/g左右。     

鸡毒支原体活疫苗的保存期测定

将鸡毒支原体弱毒冻干疫苗和湿苗分别在不同温度下保存,然后分别在不同时间内测定其活菌数和鸡体内免疫效力测定。活菌数测定结果表明：鸡毒支原体冻干疫苗在－２５℃的条件下保存１１．５个月,活菌数维持不变;在－１５℃保存９．５个月,活菌数下降一个滴度;在４℃～１０℃条件下保存８．５个月,活菌数不变。湿苗（培养物）的室温２４℃保存４ｄ,活苗数不变,保存５ｄ活菌数下降两个滴度;在３２℃保存４８ｈ活菌数不变,保存     

不同佐剂对禽霍乱弱毒苗在鸡体内居留时间的影响

以不同佐剂处理的禽霍乱弱毒活菌液,胸肌接种鸡后,不同时间内剖杀试验鸡,分别采集注射部位、肝、脾、肾、肺、胸腺、胰、脑、法氏囊和心血等组织材料作巴氏杆菌分离。结果表明:(1)禽霍乱活菌在鸡体内器官居留时间十分短暂,在肝、脾、肾、肺居留时间最长只有1—2天;(2)不同时间剖杀试验鸡均末能从胸腺、胰、脑、法氏囊和心血等材料中分离到接种菌;(3)不同佐剂处理的活菌液在注射居留时间,以油佐剂的6—8天为最长,其次是铝胶佐剂的5天,不加任何佐剂的马丁汤稀释菌液在局部居留时间最短,只有1—2天。     

鸭疫里氏杆菌液体发酵培养工艺研究

本试验旨在利用液体发酵装置对鸭疫里氏杆菌(Riemerella anatipestifer,RA)GN52株在改良酵母肉汤中的发酵培养情况进行研究。通过染色镜检、活菌计数、D_{450 nm}值测定、pH测定等方法对RA的生长规律进行摸索,确定培养方法、最佳收菌时间及最佳灭活条件。结果表明,RA在培养过程中,菌液pH基本不变;37 ℃液体发酵培养20 h活菌含量最高,可达320亿~350亿CFU/mL;0.3%甲醛37 ℃灭活18 h为最佳;D_{450 nm}值与活菌数之间存在一定的函数关系,可通过测定RA菌液的D_{450 nm}值推算其活菌数。     

鸡霍乱口服弱毒菌株的选育及其性能的研究：ⅢR1—23口服苗两次饮水免疫剂量

通过不同饮苗剂量组合和不同时间间隔组合的选择试验，确定Ｒ１－２３固体培养弱毒活菌苗两次饮水免疫的最适总剂量为每只５０亿个活菌即２５亿＋２５亿饮苗剂量组合。两次饮苗的最佳间隔时间为４８小时。免疫鸡以每只初次饮服２５亿个Ｒ１－２３活菌后，间隔４８小时再饮服２５亿个Ｒ１－２３活菌的方法免疫，可产生９０－１００％的近期免疫保护率。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.