家畜隐孢子虫病的流行和诊疗

<正>世界各地都确认存在隐孢子虫病,主要发生于新生犊牛,但绵羊羔、山羊羔、马驹与仔猪也能患此病。隐孢子虫能在新生农畜中,引发不同程度的自然腹泻。隐孢子虫通常与其他肠道病原菌并发,造成肠道损伤与腹泻。本病尚无有效疗法。可试用文末提及的治疗方法。本病有人兽共患病风险,需做好防护。1病原与流行微小隐孢子虫感染常见于幼龄反刍动物,也见于包括人在内的多种哺乳动物。感染常见于犊牛,在1～3周龄的奶犊     

兔三种孢子虫病的诊治

1兔隐孢子虫病 兔隐孢子虫病是由寄生兔等动物的胃肠黏膜上皮细胞内引起的寄生虫病。引起哺乳动物特别是犊牛和羔羊的严重腹泻,禽类的呼吸道症状。人也可感染,感染后腹泻,是一种重要的人畜共患病。     

贵州省四县山羊隐孢子虫调查

隐孢子虫病是由隐孢子虫科隐孢子虫属的隐孢子虫 (Cryptosporidium)寄生于人和动物的消化系统、呼吸系统等系统器官而引起的一种以严重腹泻为主要特征的世界性人畜共患寄生性原虫病。自1 90 7年 Tyzzer首先在实验小鼠的胃腺中发现以来 ,国内外已有大量人体和动物感染的报道。但贵州地区山羊隐孢子虫的感染和致病情况目前尚未见报道。近年来贵州省由于山羊腹泻每年导致 2 0 %左右的羊死亡 ,造成巨大的经济损失 ,已严重地影响养羊业的发展。为了及时查清贵州山羊腹泻的病因 ,为有效防治该病提供科学依据 ,我们于 1 999年 1 2月至2 0 0 0年 4…     

隐孢子虫病诊断技术研究进展

隐孢子虫病（Cryptosporidiosis）是由隐孢子虫寄生于人和其它脊椎动物的胃肠道和呼吸道粘膜上皮细胞内,引起以持续性腹泻为主要临床特征的一种全球性、机会性感染的原虫病。可造成哺乳动物（尤其是反刍动物）的严重腹泻,禽类腹泻及卡他性呼吸症状,两栖类、鱼类的胃炎等;隐孢子虫也是导致儿童和免疫缺陷病人腹泻的重要病原,其临床表现与转归常与宿主的免疫状态和营养状况紧密相关,     

用酶联免疫吸附试验诊断牛的隐孢子虫病

隐抱子虫是一种肠道寄生性原虫,可以引起许多哺乳动物腹泻,也可感染人引起人腹泻。隐孢子虫主要感染幼畜,其经济意义在于发病面广,偶而也有致死。 隐孢子虫病的诊断依赖于鉴定粪便样品中虫卵。本文报道了检验粪便样品中虫卵抗     

隐孢子虫病的诊断与防治

隐孢子虫病(Cryptosporidiosis)是由隐孢子虫属的寄生虫引起的一种全世界性的人畜共患病。临床上以严重腹泻为主(尤其是反刍动物和人)；幼龄动物易感该虫病，且死亡率很高，表现为生长缓慢，呼吸加快，最明显症状为水样腹泻；禽类主要表现为呼吸困难和腹泻。虽然，本病在生产实际中已普遍存在，但是很少引起养殖户和基层兽医工作的重视。     

隐孢子虫病研究近况

隐孢子虫病(Ｃｒｙｔｏｒｒｉｏｄｉｓｉｓ)是一种人畜共患的、广泛存在的寄生性原虫病。病原是隐孢子虫,是仅次于轮状病毒的主要肠道疾病。隐孢子虫广泛寄生于哺乳动物、禽类、两栖类、鱼类及人的消化道及其它器官中,引起动物腹泻和隐性感染,它还能加速ＭＤ肿瘤的发生,与人的爱滋病(ＡＩＤＳ)有着密切的联系。对免疫力正常的动物来讲,其症状表现为自限性腹泻,当免疫功能缺损时,水泻不止而死亡。1　隐孢子虫病的分布及流行1907年Ｔｙｚｚｅｒ在小鼠胃腺粘膜中首次发现,1929年在鸡的盲肠上皮细胞中发现,自1971年发现第1例犊牛隐孢子虫病及197…     

畜禽隐孢子虫病

畜禽隐孢子虫病黄光红云南省畜牧兽医学校（６５０２１２）隐孢子虫病（Ｃｒｙｐｔｏｓｐｏｒｉｄｉｏｓｉｓ）是由隐孢子虫引起的一种世界性的人兽共患病。据报道，在人、牛、羊、狗、兔、鸡、鸭、孔雀、鹦鹉、鼠和蛇等动物体内均发现隐孢子虫虫体。隐孢子虫病是以腹泻为...     

羊隐孢子虫病的防控

正隐孢子虫病是一种世界性的人兽共患寄生虫病,可引起哺乳动物产生严重腹泻,并伴有厌食、生长停滞等症状,严重者可导致死亡。1病原及生活史在我国,寄生于羊体内的隐孢子虫有2种,分别为小鼠隐孢子虫和小隐孢子虫,分类上均属于隐孢子虫科隐孢子虫属。前者寄生于胃黏膜上皮细胞,后者寄生于小肠黏膜上皮细胞。隐孢子虫为单宿主生活     

我国牛隐孢子虫感染情况及危险因素研究进展

动物感染隐孢子虫会出现腹泻、厌食等症状,甚至出现死亡,尤其对免疫系统尚未发育完全的幼畜威胁更大。隐孢子虫病的危害往往被低估和忽视,被感染的动物产品对人类的健康存在潜在威胁。不同地区牛的隐孢子虫感染情况和影响因素存在差异。基于此,本文就隐孢子虫在我国的感染情况及其危险因素进行综述,为其防控提供参考。     

Coccidiosis and cryptosporidiosis in sheep and goats

The protozoan diseases, coccidiosis and cryptosporidiosis, are important enteric diseases of sheep and goats, resulting in diarrhea, inefficient weight gains, and occasionally death. Coccidiosis is a widespread, serious economic disease affecting animals who are preweaned, recently weaned, or in unsanitary, stressful, or crowded conditions, as well as after entering feedlots. The Eimeria species in sheep and goats are relatively host specific. Control is accomplished through sanitation and by incorporating one of the modern coccidiostats, such as lasalocid or decoquinate, in feed or salt to ensure an intake of approximately 1 mg of drug per kg of body weight per day for at least 30 consecutive days. Prevention and control of coccidiosis results in significantly greater weight gains and production, whereas disease with or without treatment is likely to result in inefficient production and economic loss to the producer. Cryptosporidiosis, caused by Cryptosporidium parvum, is primarily a disease of lambs and kids less than 30 days of age and is usually a milder disease than coccidiosis. Infective oocysts are passed in feces and are transmitted by oral ingestion. Oocysts readily infect a variety of animals, including humans. Cryptosporidiosis is a prevalent disease in neonatal ruminants and in humans. Effective treatments are not available, but because the disease is usually mild and self-limited, supportive care, primarily hydration, is important. Control is strict sanitation and quarantine of sick animals. Disinfection of contaminated housing with ammonia or formalin will kill the oocysts. The cyst-forming coccidia diseases, toxoplasmosis and sarcocystosis, utilize two hosts in their life cycles: sheep or goats and carnivores. Abortions and reproductive failures are major manifestations of disease. Control is through elimination of carnivore feces from the premises through management.     

隐孢子虫病及其在牦牛中的流行现状

隐孢子虫病是由隐孢子虫寄生于人或动物所引起的常见寄生虫病,其主要症状为腹泻,是一种人兽共患病,不仅对畜牧业经济生产造成损失,也威胁着人类健康。论文从隐孢子虫病的病原学、临床症状、病理变化、诊断与防控以及该病在牦牛中的流行情况等方面进行综述,可为牦牛隐孢子虫病的研究提供参考。     

Occurrence and risk factors of Coxiella burnetii in domestic ruminants in Lebanon

Coxiella burnetii causes diseases in humans (Q fever) and animals, domestic ruminants playing a major role in the epidemiology of the infection. Information on C. burnetii infection in Lebanon is scanty. In order to assess the prevalence of C. burnetii infection in ruminants, a cross-sectional study was undertaken in 2014. A total of 1633 sera from ruminants (865 cattle, 384 sheep and 384 goats) from 429 farms (173 cattle, 128 sheep and 128 goats), in seven provinces of Lebanon were randomly selected and assayed for the presence of antibodies.39.86% of farms (95% CI: 35.23–44.56) resulted positive. The seroprevalence was 30.63% in Cattle-farms, 46.88% in sheep-farms and 45.31% in goat-farms.Milk samples collected from 282 seropositive animals (86 cows, 93 sheep and 103 goats) from 171 positive farms were tested by a high sensitive Real-Time PCR targeted to the IS1111 transposon of C. burnetii. The overall prevalence in farms was estimated to be 14.04%. Cattle-, sheep- and goat farm prevalence rates were 15.09%, 10% and 17.24%, respectively.The findings of the study show that C. burnetii prevalence in Lebanese domestic ruminants is related to animal species and farming practices. Indeed, the mixed herds with sheep (p < 0.01), the presence of common lambing/kidding areas (p < 0.001) in farms where the use of disinfectants was not a routine practice (p < 0.05) were identified as important risk factors.The results of the study provide baseline information for setting up herd management and public health measures for the prevention and control of Q fever in Lebanon.     

Cryptosporidiosis in a feline leukemia virus-positive cat

A 4-year-old FeLV-positive cat with a 1-year history of intermittent diarrhea and subsequent anorexia, depression, and weight loss had enteric cryptosporidiosis at necropsy. Cryptosporidium sp is an important cause of gastroenteritis and diarrhea in various species, including human beings with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. A major determinant of the severity of the disease caused by Cryptosporidium sp is the immunologic status of the affected animal. Cryptosporidiosis should be included in the differential diagnosis of protracted diarrhea in FeLV-positive cats. Because cryptosporidiosis now is recognized as a zoonosis, cats with this disease should be considered a potential source of human infection.     

Cryptosporidium infection as a cause of calf diarrhea

Cryptosporidiosis is a self-limiting protozoal disease of the intestinal tract. Although identified as possible agents of calf diarrhea less than 15 years ago, Cryptosporidium spp. are now believed to be common in calves and in many other host animal species worldwide. Recent literature on all aspects of cryptosporidiosis in calves is reviewed, predicaments in diagnosis and management are discussed, and public health concerns are raised.     

The first detection of anti-West Nile virus antibody in domestic ruminants in Egypt

West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne disease, usually present as a symptomatic disease but can cause various clinical signs ranged from mild fever to severe encephalitis and death in various animals and humans. In Egypt, the epidemiological data about WNV infection in different animal species particularly in domestic ruminants are scarce. The present study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of WNV in cattle, buffalo, camel, sheep, and goats at some Governorates northern Egypt. In total, 360 serum samples (100 cattle, 50 buffalo, 50 camels, 85 sheep, and 75 goats) were examined using ELISA. The results revealed that the seroprevalence of WNV among ruminants was highly significant (P = 0.03) at Kafr El Sheikh Governorate (17.6%) in comparison with other the Governorates. Besides, the seroprevalence of WNV antibodies significantly differed between the examined species (P = 0.0001); it was 22%, 0%, 40%, 3.5%, and 5.3% in cattle, buffalo, camel, sheep, and goats, respectively. This is the first study to confirm that domestic ruminants act as a reservoir in the epidemiology of WNV infection and represent a risk for human and equine infections in Egypt.

     

Slaughter stock abattoir survey of carcasses and organ/offal condemnations in Arusha region,northern Tanzania

The current study reviews a 3-year record of slaughtered animals in Arusha abattoir to determine the causes of carcasses and organ/offal condemnations. A total of 115,186 cattle, 61,551 sheep, 37,850 goats and 13,310 pigs were slaughtered. Out of the slaughtered cattle, 8.6% were pregnant. Up to 125 (0.108%), 39 (0.063%), 40 (0.106%) and 132 (0.992%) of all cattle, sheep, goats and pig carcasses, respectively, were totally condemned. Cysticercosis was the leading cause of total carcass condemnations in cattle (0.051%) and in pig (1.397%), while emaciation accounted for 0.045% and 0.074% of carcass condemnations in sheep and goats, respectively. Livers and lungs were the most condemned organs in all four animal species. The main cause of condemnations of cattle livers was fasciolosis (8.6%), while stilesiosis in sheep and goats accounted for 8.1% and 7.3%, respectively. Ascariasis (4.03%) was the only cause of liver condemnation in pigs. Pneumonia was the leading cause of lung condemnations at the rates of 3.99%, 2.43% and 2.83% in cattle, sheep and goats, respectively. Because of their zoonotic nature, occurrences of hydatidosis, cysticercosis, fasciolosis and tuberculosis may pose a public health risk. Thus, there is a need to introduce appropriate control measures of livestock diseases to minimise the rate of infection and reduce economic losses.     

隐孢子虫病检测技术研究进展

隐孢子虫是动物和人腹泻的重要病原,也是人类艾滋病患者的主要致死因素之一.当前,对隐孢子虫病的研究已成为全球寄生虫学研究领域的热点由,于迄今尚无治疗隐孢子虫病感染的特效药物,因此,快速、简便、准确地发现隐孢子虫是控制该病的关键.随着分子生物学技术的应用,隐孢子虫病的检测技术得到了极大的发展.笔者就近年来隐孢子虫病检测技术进行了简要综述.     

Fluorescence spectra and measurement of phylloerythrin (phytoporphyrin) in plasma from clinically healthy sheep, goats, cattle and horses

AIM: To measure the background concentration of phylloerythrin in plasma from clinically healthy sheep, goats, cattle and horses on pasture. METHODS: Blood samples were taken from 34 sheep of the Dala breed, 20 female Norwegian dairy goats, 35 Norwegian Red cows and 34 horses of different breeds. All animals were grazing green pasture when blood samples were taken. Blood samples were collected from each of four clinically healthy newborn lambs, goats, calves and foals, and pooled into one sample per species. Plasma samples were analysed for phylloerythrin by fluorescence spectroscopy, using a Perkin-Elmer LS-50B luminescence spectrometer equipped with a red-sensitive photomultiplier. The fluorescence spectra of phylloerythrin in plasma from the adult ruminants were compared with those in plasma from the neonatal ruminants, to which a known concentration of phylloerythrin had been added. RESULTS: Plasma obtained from the adult ruminants had spectral characteristics similar to those of phylloerythrin, namely weak emission peaks at 650 and 711 nm, when excited at 425 nm. Emission spectra obtained from plasma from the neonatal ruminants showed no fluorescence at these wavelengths. On average, 0.012 (SD 0.004), 0.06 (SD 0.04), and 0.05 (SD 0.03) micromol/l phylloerythrin were present in plasma samples from the sheep, goats, and cattle, respectively. The fluorescence spectra of plasma from the newborn foals were similar to spectra of plasma from adult horses, with weak emission at 669 nm. CONCLUSION: Small concentrations of phylloerythrin were detected in plasma from clinically healthy sheep, goats and cattle, but none could be detected in plasma from clinically healthy horses.     

Prevalence and distribution of Peste des petits ruminants virus antibodies in various districts of Tanzania

Despite the widespread prevalence of infection with Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) in goats and sheep industry in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, there have been few, if any, structured population-based studies examining the epidemiology of this infection in Tanzania. In this study, we investigated the seroprevalence, and risk factors, of Peste des petitis ruminants(PPR) in sheep and goat flocks from seven different geographical administration authorities (Ngorongoro, Monduli, Longido, Karatu, Mbulu, Siha and Simanjiro) located in Northern Tanzania. Serum samples from 657 and 892 sheep and goats, respectively, corresponding to 91 sheep/goat flocks and 43 villages were collected. Competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA) was used to detect the presence of antibodies in the serum against PPRV. Chi-square analysis and multivariable logistic regression model were used to identify risk factors for PPRV seropositivity. Findings suggested that the sero-positive cases were significantly higher in goats than in sheep (49.5% versus 39.8%; P = 0.002). The overall seroprevalence of PPRV infection in small ruminants was 45.8%. Highest seroprevalence (42.6–88.02%) was observed in Mbulu, Siha, Longido, Ngorongoro districts, while antibodies less than 40% to none were found in serum from Monduli, Karatu and Simanjiro, respectively. These findings confirm natural transmission of PPRV under field condition for the first time in Tanzania. Results may be correlated with variations in the sheep and goat husbandry practices within different geographic localities, the uncontrolled movement of animals, the levels of natural immunity and the sharing of grazing field amongst agro and pastoralists.