正交试验优化黄芩中黄芩苷水提酸沉工艺

为了探索黄芩中黄芩苷水提酸沉的最佳工艺,采用正交试验,以黄芩苷得率作为考察指标,考察提取时间、混悬液醇浓度、酸沉pH值3种因素对黄芩苷水提酸沉工艺的影响。结果表明,黄芩苷水提酸沉工艺最佳条件为提取时间3 h、混悬液醇浓度30%、酸沉pH值2.0,此条件下黄芩苷提取物的得率可达9.758 8%。优化的黄芩苷最佳水提酸沉工艺操作简单、方法可行,为黄芩苷的工业化生产提供了理论参考。     

槐花中芦丁的提取及检测方法的建立研究

采用碱提酸沉法对槐花中芦丁进行正交提取试验,并对提取物进行TLC法、红外和紫外光谱检测。结果表明,碱提酸沉法最佳正交提取工艺为碱提pH=9,酸沉pH=3,煮沸时间10 min,提取率最高可达4.4%。其提取物经光谱检测可确定为芦丁纯品。     

微波协同高压热水浸提法提取金针菇多糖的研究

为了研究微波协同高压热水浸提法提取金针菇多糖的最佳工艺条件,试验通过单因素试验和正交试验,探讨了料液比、微波功率、微波处理时间、高压热水浸提温度、高压热水浸提时间对金针菇多糖提取率的影响。结果表明:此法提取金针菇多糖的最佳条件是料液比为1∶50,微波功率为640 W,微波处理时间为6 min,高压热水浸提温度为108℃,高压热水浸提时间为80 min。在此条件下,金针菇多糖提取率为12.43%。     

猪毛蒿醇提物最佳提取工艺条件研究

[目的]研究菊科植物猪毛蒿醇提物的最佳提取工艺条件。[方法]采用冷凝管回流提取法,以乙醇作为提取溶剂,以提取温度、乙醇浓度、料液比、提取时间为关键提取条件,采用四因素三水平设计正交试验,根据提取物得率确定猪毛蒿醇提物的最佳提取工艺。[结果]分析方差和极差R值表明,4个因素对猪毛蒿醇提物得率影响的主次顺序是：提取温度>乙醇浓度>提取时间>料液比;提取温度对提取物得率影响差异极显著（P<0.01）,是影响猪毛蒿乙醇提取效果的主要因素,乙醇浓度、料液比、提取时间对提取物得率影响差异不显著（P>0.05）,是影响提取效果的次要因素。确定猪毛蒿有效成分的醇提物最佳提取工艺条件是：乙醇浓度65%,料液比1∶7,提取温度75 ℃,提取时间3.0 h。[结论]在实验室条件下,确定了猪毛蒿醇提物的最佳提取工艺条件,为猪毛蒿提取物及其生物活性成分的进一步研发与应用提供了参考。     

微波-酶法制备壳寡糖工艺优化

壳寡糖具有抗菌、抗癌和提高免疫力等功能,可溶于水,在饲料、食品和医药行业应用前景广泛,提高壳寡糖产率是其工业化的前提,为优化壳聚糖制备工艺,试验利用微波与果胶酶相结合的方法制备壳寡糖,通过单因素试验和正交试验确定壳寡糖最佳制备工艺条件为:果胶酶用量2 000 U/g,酶解温度45℃,pH值4.5,微波功率550 W,在此工艺条件下,微波辅助果胶酶酶解壳聚糖所得产物还原糖含量达1.755 mg/mL。     

超声波法提取紫锥菊中菊苣酸的工艺优化研究

利用超声波技术对紫锥菊主要有效成份菊苣酸提取工艺条件进行了研究。在提取过程中采用单因素试验和正交试验分析了提取时间、提取次数、提取溶剂用量等对紫锥菊菊苣酸含量有主要影响的几个因素,确定了紫锥菊菊苣酸的最佳提取工艺条件。结果表明,超声波提取紫锥菊菊苣酸的最佳工艺条件为:以体积分数为55%的乙醇作为提取剂,提取时间45 min、提取次数为2次、乙醇用量为紫锥菊药材的8倍,提取物干膏得率为12.2%,菊苣酸含量为1.2%。所确定的最佳提取工艺稳定可行,适于工业化生产。     

铁苋菜抗菌成分的提取及其抗菌效果研究

铁苋菜(Acalyphaaustralis L) ,大戟科植物,一年生草本,全草均可入药,具清热解毒、止痢、止血等功效,民间常用于治疗肠炎、痢疾、尿血、便血等症。铁苋菜的抗菌作用虽有记载,但国内相关报道极少。游兰英(1 996)报道,铁苋菜水煎剂和醇提物对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、志贺氏痢疾杆菌、枯草杆菌等有不同程度的抑菌作用。本试验旨在研究铁苋菜有效抗菌成分的提取工艺条件,并对在该工艺条件下提取的铁苋菜有效抗菌成分提取物进行抑菌效果试验。1　试验材料与设备1 1　原料　新鲜铁苋菜采集于湖南省邵阳市郊区。1 2　培养基　细菌培养用牛肉…     

三种迎春花提取物体外抗菌活性的研究

为了观察三种不同提取方法得到的迎春花提取物的体外抗菌活性,试验采用管碟法对其进行了研究。结果表明:迎春花的水提取物和醇提取物具有良好的抗菌活性,而迎春花的石油醚提取物未见明显的抗菌活性。说明采用水提和醇提的方法可以获得迎春花中的抗菌活性成分。     

甘肃沙枣多糖提取工艺研究

采用热水浸提、醇沉法提取沙枣多糖,对沙枣多糖提取工艺进行了研究。选择料液比、浸提温度和浸提时间作为单因素进行梯度实验,确定其提取备件范围,再通过正交试验进一步确定沙枣多糖最佳提取工艺条件。结果表明,沙枣多糖的最佳提取工艺为：浸提温度为85℃、固液比为1：60、浸提时间为2h,在此条件下提取得甘肃沙枣多糖含量为4．98％。     

微波辅助提取正交优化葵花壳中绿原酸及抗氧化活性研究

研究微波辅助提取葵花壳中绿原酸工艺条件,以葵花壳为原料,绿原酸的提取率为指标,在单因素基础上,采用正交优化工艺,结果表明最佳工艺条件为微波温度60℃,微波功率300 W,pH为6,乙醇质量分数60%,料液比1∶20(g/mL),在此最佳工艺条件下,葵花壳中绿原酸提取率为5.86 mg/g。各单因素对葵花壳中绿原酸提取率的影响顺序依次为微波温度、料液比、乙醇质量分数、微波功率和pH。然后通过对提取物进行抗氧化性试验,结果证明:葵花壳中绿原酸有较强的抗氧化活性。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.