圈养雌性马麝性活跃度与行为的关系

2000年6月~2001年2月,对甘肃兴隆山保护区麝场性活跃程度不同的雌麝行为进行了研究,结果表明,由于对圈养环境的敏感度及育幼投资的不同,性活跃雌麝在非交配季节的站立凝视行为持续时间为(109.50±24.56)s,显著地多于性不活跃雌麝(56.58±15.60)s(P<0.05);在交配季节,性活跃雌麝的站立凝视行为持续时间为(103.15±14.48)s,也同样地显著多于性不活跃雌麝(48.00±27.60)s(P<0.05)。性不活跃雌麝在交配季节和非交配季节的环境探究均显著多于性活跃雌麝,而且前者在交配季节的冲突行为也显著较多,推测可能与圈养环境下的刻板行为发育有关。此外,性活跃雌麝在交配季节通过蹭尾行为的表达加强了信息标记。在驯养实践中,雌麝站立凝视持续时间的相对长短可以作为种麝遴选的参考标准。     

野生麋鹿发情后期行为比较

2009年8～9月,以大丰野生麋鹿群为研究对象,探讨野生麋鹿在发情后期的行为习性变化。结果显示：1）在发情后期,躺卧、站立、走动、采食4种行为,在群主与单身汉以及雌鹿个体之间差异不显著（P〉0.05）;2）发情后期,群主采食时间增加,尽管时间发生频率上不及单身汉、雌鹿高,但是在时间-频率分布上显得高度相似,差异不显著（P〉0.05）;3）发情后期的单身汉和雌鹿的主要统计的各种行为频率总量及时间-频率分布上没有显著差异。研究表明在发情后期,大丰野生麋鹿行为表达正在向休情期渐渐过渡,能够主动适应自然环境变化,具有了在关键生理阶段的自我调节功能。     

Stable fighting strategies to maintain social ranks in captive male Alpine musk deer (Moschus sifanicus)

This study was conducted at the Xinglongshan Musk Deer Farm of China from July to September 2008. Results showed that captive male musk deer exhibit aggressive dominance behavior, by which a stable social ranking is established. Generally, there were three types of aggression in agonistic interactions among males: attacking, displacing and threatening. Threatening was more frequently observed than displacing and attacking. When in conflict with other deer, high‐rank males exhibited significantly more attacking than displacing and threatening. Moreover, no attacking occurred in low‐rank and middle‐rank males, but these individuals initiated significantly more threatening displays than high‐rank individuals. Among musk deer groups with different social ranks, there were no significant differences between threats received by middle‐rank and low‐rank groups, but attacks directed to high‐rank males was significantly lower than displacing and threatening behaviors. On the basis of these results, it is suggested that when a captive male musk deer population is assembled, individuals should be diversified in fighting ability and level of aggression. In particular, deer with higher aggression should not be enclosed with deer with similar tendencies, but should be enclosed with individuals with lower fighting levels. This should maintain stable social structures within captive musk deer groups and improve the overall welfare of captive musk deer.     

围网养麝与圈养麝的比较研究

为提高林麝的科学饲养水平和养麝的经济效益 ,对上海崇明岛东平林场圈养和围网养林麝的行为、驯化程度及死亡率 3项指标进行比较研究。结果表明 ,圈养和围网养麝的行为受人为因素的影响较大 ;圈养林麝的驯化程度高于围网养 (P <0 0 5 ) ;圈养林麝的死亡率高于围网养 (P <0 0 5 )。     

人工围栏内自然生境中华南虎采食行为初步研究

在人工围栏的自然生境中,采用扫描取样法和焦点取样法对梅花山自然保护区＂中国虎园＂内13只华南虎（其中雌虎7只,雄虎6只）的采食行为进行了初步研究。结果表明,华南虎对采食时间、频率等受季节、生理状态、竞争等因素影响;采食行为在人工哺乳和自然哺乳成活的个体之间差异显著。     

林麝养殖中活体取香的方法及步骤

人工养殖林麝活体取香是有效保护林麝野生资源的重要途径。陕西凤县有着悠久的林麝人工养殖历史,在实践经验基础上,就人工养殖林麝活体取香的时间、工具、取香技术与操作方法步骤等方面进行了总结与阐述。     

Efficacy of using vaginal conductivity as an indicator of the optimum time to breed in swine

Two experiments were conducted to test the efficacy of using vaginal conductivity measurements to predict ovulation time in swine. In Exp. 1, 10 normally cycling 6-mo-old purebred Hampshire gilts were tested daily through two estrous cycles in order to characterize conductivity patterns. In all females, onset of behavioral estrus was verified by daily observation in the presence of a sexually active boar. Significant changes in vaginal conductivity by day of the cycle were detected in all females tested, with a high degree of variation among individuals. A 10% increase in conductivity occurred 12 to 24 h after the onset of estrus, which is coincident with the time normally associated with high fertility. In Exp. 2, 46 prepubertal crossbred and purebred Yorkshire gilts and 17 multiparous purebred Yorkshire and Duroc sows were assigned randomly to eight treatment groups. All females were checked twice daily for the onset of estrus and vaginal conductivity readings were taken from approximately 3 d before estrus until breeding. Females were bred by artificial insemination or handmated at times determined either by detection of estrus alone or when a 10% increase in conductivity readings occurred relative to the onset of estrus. Similar conception rates were achieved in animals bred after a 10% change in vaginal conductivity as compared with detection of estrus. These results indicate that vaginal conductivity measurements during estrus provided a reliable basis for determining the time to breed swine. However, there was no advantage associated with the use of vaginal conductivity.     

Accessory corpora lutea formation in pregnant Hokkaido sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis) investigated by examination of ovarian dynamics and steroid hormone concentrations

Generally, sika deer conceive a single fetus, but approximately 80% of pregnant females have two corpora lutea (CLs). The function of the accessory CL (ACL) is unknown; moreover, the process of ACL formation is unclear, and understanding this is necessary to know its role. To elucidate the process of ACL formation, the ovarian dynamics of six adult Hokkaido sika deer females were examined ultrasonographically together with peripheral estradiol-17β and progesterone concentrations. ACLs formed in three females that conceived at the first estrus of the breeding season, but not in those females that conceived at the second estrus. After copulation, postconception ovulation of the dominant follicle of the first wave is induced by an increase in estradiol-17β, which leads to formation of an ACL. A relatively low concentration of progesterone after the first estrus of the breeding season is considered to be responsible for the increase in estradiol-17β after copulation.     

圈养扭角羚繁殖行为观察

记录了南昌动物园l雄1雌2只扭角羚的发情、交配、分娩、哺育等一系列繁殖行为,并与其栖息地野外行为习性进行了比较,为动物园在扭角羚的异地保护中制定科学的管理、营养及展出策略提供了必要的依据。观察结果显示:与野生扭角羚的行为相比,一方面圈养扭角羚基本保持了其野生状态下的繁殖行为习性,如雌性表现出较强的母性行为。但另一方面,圈养扭角羚的群体行为比较单调、呆板,如雄性常有强制性的交配行为发生:圈养扭角羚的觅食行为受到动物园食谱的限制,在营养失衡时容易产生异食癖行为;圈养扭角羚在缺少自然隐蔽空间时,容易产生应激而引发亚健康状态,可导致雌性的繁殖失败。     

小灵猫发情及其鉴定方法探讨

介绍了小灵猫性成熟时期、性周期与性行为 ;总结了小灵猫的发情鉴定方法     

Estradiol and progesterone metabolite concentration in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) feces.

Assays of reproductive hormone metabolites require validation in each animal species. For validation of methodology in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), fecal samples were collected from females that had been injected by blowgun with estradiol, progesterone, or a control substance. Analysis by radioimmunoassay revealed that estradiol and pregnanediol were more abundant fecal metabolites of estrogens and progestins than were estrone or progesterone. Peak excretion rates of estradiol and pregnanediol occurred within 12 and 24 hr of injection, respectively. Ovulation time was estimated by measuring the frequency of occurrence of eight behavior patterns, including copulation. Profiles were compiled for three deer over the course of estrus and early pregnancy for estradiol, estrone, progesterone, and pregnanediol using radioimmunoassay. Pregnanediol was excreted at concentrations about 1,000 times higher than those of the other three fecal steroid metabolites, and pregnanediol differed in concentration during estrus, the luteal phase, and early pregnancy. Consequently, a simpler enzyme immunoassay was adapted and used to measure pregnanediol levels over the course of estrus and early pregnancy for seven deer. Measurement of fecal pregnanediol is useful for monitoring reproductive events in female white-tailed deer.     

Characterization of biological types of cattle (Cycle VII): influence of postpartum interval and estrous cycle length on fertility

Genetic improvement in reproductive efficiency through selection is difficult because many reproductive traits are binomial and have low heritabilities. Before genetic markers can be generated for fertility in cows, greater characterization of reproductive phenotypes is needed to understand the components of the trait. The current study tested the hypotheses that: 1) breeds vary in postpartum interval to estrus (PPIE) and estrous cycle length, 2) a longer estrous cycle immediately before breeding increased pregnancy rates, and 3) a greater number of cycles before breeding increased conception rates. The postpartum interval to estrus, estrous cycle length, and number of cycles before breeding were examined in F1 cows (n = 519) obtained from mating Hereford, Angus, and MARC III cows to Hereford, Angus, Simmental, Limousin, Charolais, Gelbvieh, and Red Angus sires. Cows were classified as having 0, 1, 2, or 3 observed estrous cycles before breeding. All traits analyzed were adjusted to constant BCS. Sire breed of the cow influenced length of the PPIE and number of cycles before the start of breeding (P <0.001). Simmental-sired cows had the shortest PPIE and greatest number of cycles before breeding, whereas Limousin-sired cows had the longest PPIE and least number of cycles before breeding. Cows with a greater number of cycles before breeding did not have greater conception rates than cows that had not exhibited standing estrus before breeding (P = 0.87). In cows that cycled before breeding, the length of the estrous cycle immediately before breeding was influenced by dam breed and BCS (P <0.01). Cows out of Hereford dams had shorter estrous cycles than cows out of MARC III or Angus dams, and estrous cycle length increased as BCS increased. Conception rate decreased as length of the estrous cycle immediately before breeding increased (P = 0.05, -2.2% per d of cycle length). Therefore, previously anestrous cows were just as likely to conceive as cows that had cycled before breeding, and an increased number of observed estrous cycles before breeding did not increase conception rates. There may be an influence of the length of estrous cycle immediately before breeding on conception rates, possibly because a longer estrous cycle results in a persistent follicle with greater potential for a lower quality oocyte. Breed differences in PPIE and estrous cycle length suggest that there are genetic components to these traits.     

家养林麝常见病诊断与防治研究

本文对家养林麝几种常见病的发病规律、临床症状及剖解结果等进行系统观察和分析，并对药物应用效果进行了对比。筛选出作用效果明显的药物种类、使用剂量及配伍方法，提出了行之有效的中草药防治疾病策略，深入剖析了养麝场做好疾病预防工作的关键所在。研究结果显示，通过上述技术研究与应用，林麝成活率由85％左右提高到95％左右，麝群年增长率提高了11％。本研究旨在为生产实践中疾病有效防治提供参考依据。     

断乳方式对仔麝行为和生长性能的影响

为研究断乳方法对断乳仔麝行为和生长性能的影响,采用对比的方法,将12头仔麝分为离圈断乳组和留圈断乳组,观测两种断乳方法对断乳仔麝行为和生长性能的影响,并对留、离圈断乳仔麝各行为反应进行t检测。结果表明:焦躁游走、鸣叫、跑跳等不安行为反应,离圈断乳仔麝比留圈断乳仔麝时间长;日摄食量,离圈断乳仔麝比留圈断乳仔麝少;体重增长,离圈断乳仔麝比留圈断乳仔麝少。直至断乳20 d,留圈断乳仔麝与离圈断乳仔麝体重开始趋近,体重差异不显著(P>0.05)。因此,留圈断乳更适合断乳仔麝的生长。     

林麝生物学特性观察及体况等级评定标准

通过观察圈养林麝精神、毛色、呼吸、粪便、尿液等生物学特性,并结合繁殖和泌香等主要生产性能指标制定林麝体况等级评定标准,为林麝的疾病防治、繁殖和麝香分泌等提供科学依据,对提高人工养麝技术水平和产业可持续发展具有重要的现实意义。     

圈养条件下岩羊的饲养

岩羊具有较强的耐寒性和适应恶劣环境的本领,不怕寒冷,不畏风雪,耐干旱,多在海拔4 000～6 000 m雪线以上的不毛之地生活,喜群居。学者对岩羊的野外行为研究较多,但对岩羊圈养的研究文章不多。2009～2012年,在长春动植物公园岩羊馆内对6只成年岩羊进行观察,在非原产地的平原地区通过圈养的方式对岩羊的饲养、食物组成、防疫、繁殖进行分析总结,为以后岩羊在非原产地的饲养提供了理论基础和实践经验。     

笼养东方白鹳繁殖育幼行为的初步研究

2002年天津动物园东方白鹳自然孵化与育雏首次获得成功。采用目标动物取样法对1对笼养条件下东方白鹳繁殖期筑巢、交配、产卵、孵化和育雏等行为进行了研究,研究结果表明东方白鹳的交配行为多发生在环境安静的早晨和傍晚;亲鸟自然孵化时,每天凉卵次数、时间并不固定,根据外界气温而随时改变;雌雄亲鸟共同承担哺育、护理幼雏的责任,但2个亲鸟不同时喂食,以雌鸟为主;整个孵化期和育雏期亲鸟都有护巢、恋巢和补巢的行为,但补巢以雄鸟为主。     

濒危野生马麝（Moschus sifanicus）的迁地保育及分群驯养

麝类动物（Moschus spp.）雄性个体可分泌麝香,是濒危珍稀资源动物,驯养是濒危麝类动物的迁地保护（ex situ protection）和麝香生产的重要方式。我国从1958年开始麝类驯养,初期的主要驯养麝种为林麝（M.berezovskii）,从1990年开始马麝（M.sifanicus）驯养。论文总结了濒危马麝的分群驯养,归纳了麝场选址、麝场修建、圈舍设计、分圈分群及日常驯养管理等方法体系,对我国麝类驯养、资源保育及麝香生产等提供重要参考。     

圈养大熊猫“妙音”初次发情及假孕的行为研究

选取大熊猫"妙音"发情期及假孕期各6 d,应用瞬间扫描取样法和目标取样法对大熊猫"妙音"的行为进行了研究。大熊猫"妙音"在发情期间的采食行为、活动行为和休息行为均为3种主要行为,且休息行为的时间分配明显要少于正常时期;活动行为明显要多于正常时期,假孕期采食行为和活动行为的时间分配要少于正常时期的采食行为和活动行为,而休息行为则要多于正常时期。发情期和假孕期相比,活动行为和休息行为在时间分配上差异性极其显著。发情期活动行为较多,休息行为较少;假孕期活动行为较少,休息行为较多。通过行为的变化来预判大熊猫是否发情与假孕,进而做下一步的诊断以及修改饲养管理方案,确保大熊猫的健康。     

Onset of puberty and duration of the breeding season in Suffolk, Rambouillet, Finnish Landrace, Dorset and Finn-Dorset ewe lambs

Sixty ewe lambs, 12 each of Suffolk, Dorset, Finnish Landrace, Finn-Dorset and Rambouillet born in January and February were used in a study of puberty and duration of the first breeding season. Ovulation was monitored via progesterone assay of weekly blood samples beginning in July, and estrus via daily checking with vasectomized rams. All 60 ewes ovulated but three, one Dorset and two Rambouillet failed to show estrus although each had five to seven ovulatory cycles. Several ewes showed small progesterone rises, 300 to 500 pg/ml, before first ovulation and six (10%) failed to initiate regular cyclicity following the first ovulation as defined by progesterone greater than 500 pg/ml. Mean number of ovulatory events before the first behavioral estrus ranged from 1.25 for Finnish Landrace to 2.20 for Rambouillet ewe lambs (P less than .1). Rambouillets were older (277 d; P less than .05) at first estrus than Finns (258 d) and Finn-Dorsets (260 d), but differences in age at first ovulation were not significant: Finn-Dorset, 233 d; Dorset, 234 d; Finn, 235 d; Rambouillet, 240 d; Suffolk, 245 d. Most cycles were of normal length, with 91.4% between 14 and 20 d. Repeatability of cycle length within breed group was .38. Suffolks had significantly shorter cycles (16.1 d) than the other four groups (17.0 to 17.4 d). Finnish Landrace and Finn-Dorset ewes continued to cycle much longer than the other groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)