动物攻击行为的研究进展

在动物界同一种群动物个体之间经常会发生互相攻击的行为。随着行为遗传学的研究,结果发现,攻击行为是一个多因素调控、彼此相互作用的复杂过程;遗传对动物攻击行为具有独立作用,同时,遗传与环境在动物攻击行为的发生发展中存在着交互作用。作者主要就遗传与环境对动物攻击行为的影响作一综述。     

鸡攻击行为及其影响因素研究进展

动物攻击行为是一类为竞争空间产生的打斗行为,受众多因素的影响.在家禽生产中,鸡的攻击行为会导致鸡的死亡率增加、料肉比下降,造成生产上的损失.因此,如何减少鸡的攻击行为对提高养禽业经济效益具有重大意义.本研究对影响鸡攻击行为的因素(饮食、光照、饲养方式、群体大小、饲养密度、公母混养、性别、年龄和生长时期、遗传等)进行系统阐述.     

鸡的攻击行为及其影响因素

鸡的攻击行为包括追逐、啄斗、华尔兹行为、威胁、抓和对打等。为了减少因鸡的攻击行为致死而造成产品及经济的损失,本文将从其产生原因展开,详细介绍其影响因素(包括饮食、光照、饲养方式等方面),并从中总结出能够降低鸡攻击行为的措施。     

犬行为异常的种类及其表现

正一、攻击行为犬的攻击行为是对人和其他动物威胁最大的行为问题。攻击是直接针对其他生命体,使其受到伤害、限制活动或导致死亡的行为。从表现和原因上分析,攻击行为包括攻击型、防卫型和捕食型。攻击型指因想要得到其他个体资源而表现的行为,包括争夺社会地位或统治地位的行为、公犬间和母犬间的攻击行为;防卫型可理解为由受害者对另一个体采取的行为,包括因恐惧、守卫领地、保护、应激(与疼痛或受挫有关)以及     

动物种群性比失调及其影响因素

为了了解动物种群性比失调现象及其影响因素,从生态环境、资源竞争、动物自身适应性、人为干预、营养因素及现代生物技术手段等方面对动物种群出生性别比例的影响因素进行了阐述,旨在为壮大野生动物种群及保护野生动物资源指出努力方向。     

和谐取食训练在山魈饲养管理中的应用

和谐取食训练是建立在定位训练基础上,对群体动物进行改善社群关系的一种训练,是灵长类最重要的群养技巧。它的理论是首先承认首领动物在种群内的统领地位。在首领动物的默认下,属于从属地位的动物拥有了采食的机会,因而首领动物会变得更有忍耐性和耐心,同时当攻击行为减少时,从属动物会逐渐消除心理上的恐惧,为改善社群关系提供有力的保证。笔者从2014年4月开始对杭州动物园的2只山魈(1♂1♀)进行和谐取食训练,经过1 a多的训练,效果显著,雌性的精神状态明显比训练前放松,毛色变亮,体型也有所增长。甲时没有观察到追打驱赶等行为,休息时会非常平和地坐在雄性周围,且常有理毛、交配等社交行为的发生。     

猪混群攻击行为研究进展

自20世纪70年代以来,猪的混群攻击一直是动物福利研究的一个重要课题。文章综述了减少攻击行为的研究现状,包括最近在育种、猪早期社交、激素和营养等方面有效地对付攻击行为的最新研究进展。     

饲养管理体系对家兔生理与行为的影响

随着畜牧业的健康发展,对动物福利研究也逐步深入,尤其是不同饲养管理制度或环境条件引起的应激因素,包括饲养模式、空间大小、群体规模以及人为因素干预等,对家兔行为和生理上造成的潜在影响。文章对饲养条件、气候因素、社会因素等环境改变引起的生理应激和心理应激对家兔行为与生理和生产性能的影响,以及可提高动物福利的可行措施进行了总结归纳。     

被动式电子标签在监测高原鼢鼠种群生态变化中的应用

地下啮齿动物种群生态学研究经常需要对动物个体进行标记,而传统的剪耳、剪趾标记法会造成动物伤害、影响动物行为等,与动物福利相悖。利用PIT标签于2014年秋季在祁连山东段标记高原鼢鼠30只,研究高原鼢鼠种群密度及越冬后体重、体长和尾长变化。结果表明,样地内高原鼢鼠估算种群密度为44只/hm2;越冬后高原鼢鼠平均体重为222.07g,显著高于越冬前平均体重193.74g,平均体长为19.4cm,显著高于越冬前平均体长18cm;雌性与雄性的体重增长率无显著性差异(P0.05)。被动式电子标签同时可适用于地下啮齿动物的种群生态学研究,是地下啮齿动物种群生态学研究中的一项新型技术手段。     

中国驯鹿资源状况及其保护对策

驯鹿(Rangifer tarandus)是我国重要的具有浓郁民族特色的动物,同时也是我国鄂温克族人民独有的经济动物,具有较高的经济价值、观赏价值和学术研究价值。受栖息地、种群和管理等因素的影响,中国驯鹿种群发展持续不前。笔者通过实地调查,详细掌握了我国驯鹿种群的现状,对造成我国驯鹿种群发展缓慢的原因进行了归纳分析,并提出了相应的保护策略。     

群养猪的争斗行为与福利问题

争斗行为是在养猪生产中常见的行为问题之一，在不同猪群中都有发生。争斗行为存在着个体差异，在不同生产环境下表现的强度和频度也不一样。过度的争斗会给动物造成应激，使动物的福利恶化，同时造成生产损失。因此，在对群养动物进行福利评价时，应该把争斗行为作为福利评价的重要指标之一。     

Aggressive behavior

This article considers the major fighting-related activities of the most common food animals. Instead of being seen as a largely pathologic phenomenon born solely of frustration and pain, aggressive behavior is now regarded as a natural part of an animal's behavioral equipment for survival and reproduction. There is a need, spurred by consideration for both productivity and animal well-being, to understand the fundamentals of the aggressive behavior of domestic species so that one can accommodate for this behavior in systems of livestock management.     

现代肉鸡生产中的福利问题

本文阐述了动物福利的定义及评价、描述方法,深入地分析了生产以及运输过程中肉鸡的福利状况及研究进展,其中包括遗传选育、环境与营养、饲养管理、攻击行为、限制饲喂、氨的浓度、抓鸡、转运过程及屠宰时的应激等影响肉鸡福利的因素,并提出了相应的改善措施。     

Differences in serotonin serum concentration between aggressive English cocker spaniels and aggressive dogs of other breeds

Aggression is one of the most common behavioral problems in dogs and may have important negative effects on public health, human–animal bond, and animal welfare. There is ample evidence showing a negative correlation between serum serotonin concentration and aggressive behavior in a variety of species, including the domestic dogs. This negative correlation is particularly pronounced in dogs that show impulsive aggression. Data obtained in some previous studies suggest that the English cocker spaniel (ECS) is more likely to show impulsive aggression than other breeds. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze possible differences in serum serotonin levels between aggressive ECS and aggressive dogs of other breeds. Nineteen ECSs presented for aggression at the Animal Behavior Service (School of Veterinary Science, Barcelona, Spain) were evaluated and compared with 20 aggressive dogs of other breeds attended at the same center. Serum serotonin levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Statistical analysis was done using the SPSS 15.0 for Windows. Aggressive ECSs had significantly (P < 0.001) lower levels of serum serotonin than aggressive dogs of other breeds (318.6 ± 67.1 and 852.77 ± 100.58 ng/mL, respectively). Variances were not significantly different between ECSs and other breeds (standard deviation = 449.84 ng/mL vs. 292.47 ng/mL, P > 0.05). This finding may explain why ECSs are more likely to show impulsive aggression than other breeds, and suggests that the ECS could be a good model to study the neurophysiologic mechanisms underlying impulsive aggression.     

原鸡行为特征研究进展

原鸡(Gallus gallus)隶属于鸡形目(Galliformes)雉科(Phasianidae)原鸡属(Gallus),是家鸡的祖先,现为国家二级保护野生动物。介绍了原鸡的地理分布和种群数量,从采食行为、休息行为、繁殖行为、攻击行为、应激行为等方面综述了原鸡的行为谱特征,以期为原鸡的人工饲养和种群保护利用提供技术指导和理论依据。     

Effect of prepubertal versus postpubertal castration on sexual and aggressive behavior in male horses

Males horses castrated prepubertally occasionally display stallion-like sexual and aggressive behavior as adults. A retrospective survey of 140 horse owners was undertaken to compare the effectiveness of prepubertal versus postpubertal castration on objectionable sexual and aggressive behavior. Of 94 geldings that had been castrated prepubertally (before 2 years of age), 20% to 30% displayed stallion-like sexual behavior and aggression toward horses, and 5% were aggressive toward people in a stallion-like manner. This occurrence of problem behavior was not significantly different from the occurrence of these behavioral patterns in 46 geldings that had been castrated as stallions (over 3 years of age). When castration was examined as a therapeutic measure to eliminate sexual and aggressive behavior in stallions in which the behavior had become objectionable, it was found that the operation was effective on sexual behavior and aggression toward people in 60% to 70% of horses and on aggression toward horses in 40% of horses.     

Inability to predict sexual and aggressive behaviors by plasma concentrations of testosterone and luteinizing hormone in Hereford bulls

The relationships between sexual and aggressive behaviors and levels of plasma testosterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) were examined in Hereford bulls at 18 and 24 mo of age. Concentrations of hormones in bulls during periods of sexual rest (13 blood samples collected from each animal during a 24-h period) were compared with individual differences in sexual and aggressive behaviors when exposed to restrained females, either individually or in groups. Nearly all correlation coefficients were low and nonsignificant. It was concluded that individual differences in sexual performance and aggressive behavior cannot be predicted based on circulating levels of testosterone and LH in bulls during periods of sexual rest.     

Behavior genetics.

The influence of hereditary and environmental factors is indispensable as the foundation on which the temperament of an animal is formed. Genetic research on animal temperament has experienced a turning point in recent years as a result of the development of molecular biology. In the near future, it may be possible to explain the formation process of animal temperament as the two fields share their research. We look forward to applying these research results to the development of new genetic treatment methods for problem behavior and training programs suited to the individual.     

Measuring intestinal blood flow in group-housed weaner pigs using Physiogear™ I: A pilot study

The objective of this study was to determine whether intestinal blood flow can be measured adequately in group-housed animals using the recently developed Physiogear™ I wireless flowmeter. We used the weaner pig as one of many possible animal models. Four 7-kg piglets were instrumented with a 3-mm flowprobe around the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and SMA flow was measured pre- and post-weaning. During measurements, behavior was recorded. The piglets did not show any abnormal behavior and were not restrained by the flowmeter. Severe reductions (> 75%) in SMA flow coincided with nursing (pre-weaning) and aggressive behavior (post-weaning) and were only short-lived. Our results demonstrate that the Physiogear™ I flowmeter can be used to measure flow in group-housed animals without any human contact, providing the opportunity to relate flow measurements to undisturbed animal behavior.