加米霉素注射液特殊安全性试验研究

通过豚鼠、大白兔的皮肤致敏、皮肤刺激、肌肉刺激、红细胞溶血试验,考察加米霉素注射液的安全性。试验用新西兰大白兔8只进行皮肤刺激,染毒剂量为加米霉素注射液0.5 mL/只(规格:150 mg/mL);用白化豚鼠进行皮肤致敏试验,按0.5 mL/kg剂量,以豚鼠背部左侧皮肤进行染毒;用新西兰大白兔24只,进行肌肉刺激试验,在右侧股四头肌注入6、12、30 mg/kg bw,左侧股四头肌注入同样体积的灭菌0.9%氯化钠溶液作对照;用新西兰大白兔2只,进行红细胞溶血试验,采用体外试管法进行,采心脏血50 mL,制成血细胞悬液,加入受试药物原液温育3 h。结果显示,皮肤刺激试验:受试物加米霉素注射液各个时间点的刺激反应积分均值为0;皮肤致敏试验:受试药物组和阴性对照组豚鼠的皮肤过敏反应率为0;肌肉刺激试验:给予受试物各个时间点的刺激反应积分均值为0;红细胞溶血试验:受试药物及阴性对照在3 h内红细胞全部下沉,上清液体均为澄明,溶液中未见棕红色或红棕色絮状沉淀。试验表明加米霉素注射剂无皮肤刺激性、不出现过敏反应、无肌肉刺激性、无溶血和凝聚作用,临床上可以肌肉注射使用。     

咪唑苯脲注射液特殊安全性试验研究

通过豚鼠、新西兰大白兔的皮肤致敏、皮肤刺激、肌肉刺激、红细胞溶血试验,考察咪唑苯脲注射液的安全性。试验用新西兰大白兔6只进行皮肤刺激,染毒剂量为咪唑苯脲注射液0.5 mL/只(规格:1211.5 mg/mL);用白化豚鼠进行皮肤致敏试验,按0.5 mL/kg剂量,以豚鼠背部左侧皮肤进行染毒;用新西兰大白兔8只,进行肌肉刺激试验,在右侧股四头肌注入0.1、0.2、0.5 mL/kg bw,左侧股四头肌注入同样体积的灭菌0.9%氯化钠溶液作对照;用新西兰大白兔2只,进行红细胞溶血试验,采用体外试管法进行,采心脏血50 mL,制成红细胞悬液,加入受试药物原液温育3 h。结果显示,皮肤刺激试验:受试物咪唑苯脲注射液各个时间点的刺激反应积分均值为0;皮肤致敏试验:受试药物组和阴性对照组豚鼠的皮肤过敏反应率为0;肌肉刺激试验:给予受试物各个时间点的刺激反应积分均值为0;红细胞溶血试验:受试药物及阴性对照在3 h内红细胞全部下沉,上清液体均为澄明,溶液中未见棕红色或红棕色絮状沉淀。试验表明,咪唑苯脲注射剂无皮肤刺激性、不出现过敏反应、无肌肉刺激性、无溶血和凝聚作用,临床上可以肌肉注射使用。     

复方清开灵注射液的安全性研究

为了评价复方清开灵注射液的安全性,试验对小白鼠、豚鼠、大鼠和家兔分别进行了急性毒性试验、全身主动过敏性试验(ASA)、皮肤被动过敏性试验(PCA)、局部血管刺激性试验、肌肉刺激性试验和溶血性试验。结果表明:复方清开灵注射液对小白鼠无明显的急性毒性,对豚鼠无全身过敏性,对大鼠无明显的皮肤过敏性;对家兔耳缘静脉注射给药无明显局部刺激性,对家兔肌肉注射给药无明显肌肉刺激性,对家兔红细胞无体外溶血性。说明复方清开灵注射液安全、可靠,临床使用安全。     

双氯芬酸钠注射液的溶血性及主动全身过敏反应试验

为评价双氯芬酸钠注射液的溶血性及其对豚鼠主动全身过敏反应,采用体外试管法观察试验24 h内药物致溶血与红细胞凝集现象。豚鼠主动全身过敏反应试验通过3次腹腔注射致敏,于末次致敏后第14天及第21天,以2倍致敏剂量肌肉注射进行激发,观察各组动物的过敏反应症状,计算过敏反应发生率。溶血试验结果显示,4℃静置过夜,供试品低剂量组无溶血现象,其余各组均呈完全溶血现象。豚鼠主动全身过敏反应试验筛选出药物的致敏注射剂量为0.062 5 mL/kg·bw,阳性对照药可引起豚鼠发生过敏反应,发生率为33.3%。药物及药物溶剂均未引起豚鼠的过敏反应。表明双氯芬酸钠注射液不会引起豚鼠全身主动过敏反应,但其可导致红细胞溶解,不宜用作静脉注射。     

庆大霉素和林可霉素注射液的毒理学试验研究

为对庆大霉素和林可霉素注射液的安全性进行毒理学评价,采用急性毒性试验、溶血试验、局部血管刺激性试验、肌肉及皮肤刺激试验及豚鼠全身用药的过敏试验,考察庆大霉素和林可霉素注射液制剂的安全性。结果表明,庆大霉素和林可霉素注射液对小鼠肌肉注射的LD50为4.989 mL/kg,0.1~0.5 mL该注射液在4 h内对兔红细胞不产生溶血和凝聚作用;静脉注射部位血管及周围组织均未见充血、水肿、出血和坏死等病理改变,肌肉注射部位充血范围在0.5 cm×1.0 cm以下,4块股四头肌反应级的最高与最低之差等于0,家兔四块股四头肌反应级之和小于10;以相当于临床用量2倍的剂量涂抹皮肤,停药后1、24、48、72 h镜下观察均未见明显异常的病理变化;豚鼠首次致敏后第14天及第21天静脉注射液攻击,在观察期内未见过敏反应。表明庆大霉素和林可霉素注射液在该试验条件下是安全的。     

催奶灵注射液的安全性试验

通过豚鼠的全身主动过敏性试验、家兔的血管和肌肉局部刺激性以及体外溶血性试验,对催奶灵注射液进行了安全性评价。结果表明：本品对豚鼠无明显过敏性反应,静脉和肌肉注射对家兔耳缘静脉和肌肉组织无明显局部刺激,对家兔红细胞无明显体外溶血,各项安全性均较好,可推荐临床使用。     

注射用头孢他啶的安全性试验研究

采用豚鼠和家兔分别进行头孢他啶的全身用过敏性、血管和肌肉局部刺激性及体外溶血性试验,对注射用头孢他啶的使用安全性进行评价.结果表明:本品对豚鼠无明显全身过敏性,静脉注射对家兔耳缘静脉无明显局部刺激性,对家兔肌肉注射给药无明显局部刺激性,对家兔红细胞无明显体外溶血性,即本品的各项安全性均较好,可安全使用.     

注射用头孢呋辛钠的安全性试验研究

通过试验研究对注射用头孢呋辛钠的安全性进行评价。采用豚鼠和家兔分别进行本品的全身用药过敏性、血管和肌肉局部刺激性及家兔红细胞体外溶血性试验研究。结果显示本品对豚鼠无明显全身过敏性、静脉注射对家兔耳缘静脉无明显局部刺激性、对家兔肌肉注射给药无明显局部刺激性、对家兔红细胞无明显体外溶血性。表明本品的各项安全性均良好,为实际应用提供了有力依据。     

加米霉素注射液的溶血性与肌肉刺激性试验研究

研究旨在通过红细胞溶血试验和肌肉刺激性试验评价加米霉素注射液的安全性.采集新西兰兔血制成血细胞悬液,加入不同浓度受试药液温育3 h考察加米霉素注射液的溶血性;选用健康新西兰兔18只随机分为低、中、高剂量组,分别在各剂量组动物左侧股四头肌分别注射0.25、0.50和1.00 mL的加米霉素注射液,另外一侧注射等体积0.9...     

利福昔明混悬乳剂的安全性试验

应用全身过敏性、皮肤刺激性、黏膜刺激性和乳腺刺激性试验,评定了利福昔明混悬乳剂的安全性。结果表明,致敏试验豚鼠均未出现过敏性反应。在皮肤刺激性试验中,单次敷药组家兔皮肤均未见异常变化,多次敷药组虽有1只试验兔皮肤出现了短暂性轻微红斑,但皮肤刺激反应积分平均值仅为0.2。在黏膜刺激性试验中,受试药物组有1只试验兔的阴道黏膜出现轻微的充血现象,阴道黏膜刺激反应积分平均值为0.2。乳腺刺激性试验羊乳房未见异常症状,乳腺组织未见充血、水肿和白细胞浸润等病理变化。综合评价试验结果表明,利福昔明混悬乳剂是一种安全性良好的制剂。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.