鱼油对脂多糖刺激仔猪肠道损伤的保护作用

本试验旨在研究鱼油对脂多糖( LPS)刺激仔猪肠道损伤的保护作用.试验选用32头(28±3)日龄、体重为(8.91±0.74) kg的杜洛克×长白×大白仔猪,随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复(栏)2头猪,公母各1头.试验采用2×2因子设计,主因子包括:1)饲粮处理(5％鱼油或5％玉米油);2)免疫应激(注射LPS或...     

饲喂氧化鱼油对新生仔猪肠道黏膜免疫应答的影响及大豆异黄酮的干预作用

本试验旨在通过研究饲喂氧化鱼油对新生仔猪生长性能、肠道黏膜氧化相关指标、免疫因子、氧化和免疫共同相关因子的影响以及添加大豆异黄酮(SI)对其的干预作用,探讨氧化应激对新生仔猪生长、肠道免疫应答的影响机制.试验选用4日龄新生仔猪96头,分成4组,每组6个重复,每个重复4头仔猪,各组饲粮中分别添加5%新鲜鱼油(Ⅰ组)、5%...     

不同脂肪来源对断奶仔猪生长性能和脂类代谢的影响

本试验旨在研究不同脂肪来源对断奶仔猪生长性能及脂类代谢的影响.试验采用单因子设计,选用48头(28±1)日龄杜洛克×长白×大白三元杂交断奶仔猪,随机分为3组,每组16个重复(公母各占1/2),每个重复1头猪.3组试验猪分别饲喂添加10％椰子油、10％鱼油和10％猪油的饲粮.试验分为2个阶段,共28 d.试验第21天所有...     

日粮添加β-甘露聚糖酶对断奶仔猪生长性能和免疫功能的影响

为研究β-甘露聚糖酶对断奶仔猪生长性能和免疫功能的影响,本试验选择72头体重为(7.12±0.32)kg"杜×长×大"断奶仔猪,分为3个处理,每个处理4个重复,每个重复6头猪。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1组饲喂基础日粮+0.4%β-甘露聚糖酶,试验2组饲喂基础日粮+250 mg/kg 4%黄霉素。结果表明,与对照组相比,试验1组能显著提高断奶仔猪平均日增重3.52%(P0.05),显著降低饲料增重比10.4%(P0.05),各生长性能指标与试验2组无显著差异;与试验2组相比,试验1组断奶仔猪猪瘟抗体阻断率显著提高(P0.05)。由此可见,日粮添加β-甘露聚糖酶有利于改善仔猪免疫功能,提高生长性能。     

对比不同脂肪、蛋白来源对保育猪生长性能的影响

试验主要研究不同来源的脂肪和蛋白组成对保育仔猪生长性能的影响。试验选择272头体重为(9.0±0.5)kg的保育仔猪,随机分为4个组,每组4个重复,每个重复17头,试验1组饲喂5%鱼粉+2%豆油,试验2组饲喂2%鱼粉+3%蝇蛆蛋白粉+2%鱼油,试验3组饲喂2%鱼粉+3%鸡血浆蛋白粉+2%鱼油,试验4组饲喂2%鱼粉+3%蝇蛆蛋白粉+2%棕榈油。试验结果表明:(1)试验3组的平均日增重与试验1组相比能够提高6.27%,差异显著(P0.05);试验2组和试验4组平均日增重分别比试验1组分别提高4.31%、2.89%,但差异不显著(P0.05);(2)试验2组、试验3组、试验4组分别与试验1组相比,均能降低料重比;(3)使用鸡血浆蛋白粉和蝇蛆蛋白粉代替部分鱼粉均能提高仔猪生长性能及降低增重成本。     

酸化剂对断奶仔猪生长性能及腹泻的影响

试验选用 72头 2 8日龄断奶的三元杂交 (杜×长×大 )仔猪 ,平均体质量 (6 .8± 0 .3)kg。研究玉米 -豆粕型基础日粮中添加不同水平酸化剂对断奶仔猪生长性能及腹泻的影响。采用完全随机设计 ,分 3个处理 ,每个处理 6个重复 (圈 ) ,每个重复 4头猪 ,公母各半混合饲养。饲养期 2 8d ,自由采食及饮水。处理 1为无酸化剂对照组、处理 2为添加 0 .3%酸化剂组、处理 3为添加 0 .6 %酸化剂组。试验结果表明 :酸化剂降低断奶仔猪胃内容物的pH ,降低病原微生物感染是快速的 ,对仔猪的生理效应需要一个渐进的过程 ,在试验的 4周才显著提高断奶仔猪日增重 (P <0 .0 5 )、增加采食量 (P <0 .0 1)、改善饲料转化效率 (P <0 .0 5 )。     

低蛋白日粮添加不同比例ω-6:ω-3脂肪酸对保育猪生长性能和免疫反应的影响

本试验研究低蛋白玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加不同ω-6∶ω-3比例对断奶仔猪生长性能和免疫反应的影响。240头断奶仔猪随机分为5个日粮处理组,每个处理6个重复,每个重复8头。其中,处理1为正对照组(高蛋白饲粮组,动物蛋白型+5%的玉米油);处理2为负对照组(低蛋白日粮组,玉米-豆粕型+5%玉米油),其余3个处理组低蛋白基础日粮添加梯度水平鱼油来替代玉米油:处理3(玉米-豆粕型+3.75%玉米油+1.25%鱼油)、处理4(玉米-豆粕型+2.5%玉米油+2.5%鱼油)和处理5(玉米-豆粕型+5%鱼油),其中ω-6∶ω-3比例分别为5∶1, 3∶1和1∶1的比例。试验饲喂处理日粮分两个阶段分别为7天和14天,随后是第三阶段饲喂同一日粮21天。在第6天和第20天时,每个处理选12头猪分别用1mL生理盐水溶解0.5mg卵清蛋白和0.5 mg奎宁佐剂进行免疫敏化,并测量皮肤褶皱厚度的变化。在第21天,每一重复栏选择4头猪进行LPS(30 mg大肠杆菌LPS/kg BW)免疫应激处理,并监测3小时内直肠温度的变化。第一阶段,高蛋白日粮处理猪只在平均日增重、平均日采食量和料重比显著高于除第五处理组外其它低蛋白水平日粮处理组(P 0.05)。在第21天,与注射生理盐水相比,注射LPS与在第1, 2, 3小时使直肠温度升高(P 0.001);其中和其它低蛋白组相比,鱼油添加组猪只在第2小时直肠温度有所降低(P 0.05)。于第22天,低蛋白处理2猪只血清结合珠蛋白浓度要高于其它鱼油添加组(P 0.05),并随着鱼油添加水平增加而降低。于34天时,卵清蛋白的注射能引起血清抗卵清蛋白的免疫球蛋白反应,并随着鱼油添加水平增加而降低。第40天,皮内注射卵清蛋白6小时后,猪只发生过敏率最低为处理4组(P 0.05)。因此,早期保育猪阶段是对低蛋白水平日粮最为敏感的阶段,添加2.5%的鱼油(ω-6∶ω-3为3∶1)能提高生长性能;但理想的ω-6:ω-3脂肪酸比例可能与因不同免疫反应而有所差异。     

饲粮中添加鱼油对母猪繁殖性能和仔猪生长性能的影响

通过两次试验研究了在母猪妊娠后期(103d)和泌乳期饲粮中添加鱼油对母猪繁殖性能和仔猪生长性能的影响。试验1和试验2分别选择20头妊娠后期(103d)健康长×大杂交经产母猪,随机分成2组,每组设10个重复栏,每栏1头母猪,仔猪21d断奶。试验1在基础饲粮中分别添加0或5%的鱼油。结果显示,与对照组相比,添加5%鱼油组:1)母猪的失重、背膘损失分别降低了39.13%和15.63%,母猪发情间隔缩短0.3d。2)显著提高了仔猪的育成率(P<0.05)、仔猪的成活率(P=0.12)和21d的平均日增重(P=0.09)。为了进一步探讨鱼油的添加量和脂肪的种类对母猪繁殖性能和仔猪生长性能的影响,试验2在基础饲粮中分别添加7%猪油或7%的鱼油。结果显示,与添加7%的猪油相比,添加7%的鱼油组:1)显著降低了泌乳期母猪背膘损失(P<0.10),改善了泌乳期母猪体况,并且发情间隔缩短0.3d。2)显著提高了仔猪21d平均日增重(P<0.05)和断奶仔猪育成率(P=0.10),仔猪21日龄窝增重和21d平均个体重分别提高了15.07%和7.45%,但差异不显著。3)对仔猪初生个体重分布和育成率用χ2检验进一步分析发现,添加7%鱼油可显著降低初生体重≤1200g较小仔猪的比例(P<0.05),显著提高初生个体重≤1500g仔猪的育成率(P<0.05),尤其是对初生个体重≤900g弱仔的育成率提高了31%。这表明,在妊娠后期和泌乳期添加鱼油可改善母猪的繁殖性能,提高哺乳仔猪的生长性能,并在一定程度上有利于提高仔猪的成活率和断奶育成率,其中鱼油以7%的添加量效果最好。     

中草药饲料添加剂对保育猪生长性能、肠道菌群及免疫功能的影响

试验旨在研究中药草添加剂(五倍子提取物)对保育猪生长性能、肠道菌群及免疫功能的影响.选取150头(7.31±0.12) kg的日龄相近的"杜×长×大"三元杂交断奶仔猪,随机分为5组,每组3个重复,每个重复10头仔猪.5组分别为对照组(基础日粮)、氧化锌组(基础日粮+1000 mg/kg氧化锌)、中草药1组(基础日粮+2...     

谷氨酉先胺对断奶仔猪生产性能和血液生化指标的影响

试验选取 2 1日龄的杜×长×大三元断奶仔猪 6 6头 ,随机分为 2组 ,每组 3个重复 ,每个重复 9～ 13只 ,研究日粮中添加 1%的谷氨酰胺对断奶仔猪生长性能和血液生化指标的影响。结果表明 ,添加 1%的谷氨酰胺可使断奶仔猪 2 1～ 35日龄阶段平均日增重比对照组提高 19.2 %(P <0 .0 5 ) ,平均日采食量提高 16 .3% (P <0 .0 5 ) ,血清碱性磷酸酶含量提高 74 .3% (P <0 .0 5 ) ,血清尿素氮含量降低 35 .4 % (P <0 .0 5 ) ,腹泻率明显降低。添加 1%的谷氨酰胺还可使断奶仔猪2 1～ 4 9日龄阶段平均日增重提高 11.5 % (P <0 .0 5 ) ,35～ 4 9日龄阶段血清尿素氮含量降低 4 3.7%(P <0 .0 5 )。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.