高效液相色谱法测定磺胺氯达嗪钠含量

建立高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定磺胺氯达嗪钠的含量。色谱柱为Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18柱(150mm×1.6mm,5μm),流动相为0.1%磷酸溶液-甲醇(85∶15),流速为1.0mL/min,柱温为25℃,检测波长为270nm。磺胺氯达嗪钠对照品质量浓度在40～200μg/mL范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,线性回归方程A=23.34C-10.58,r=0.9999(n=5);平均回收率为99.7%,RSD=0.32%(n=5)。HPLC法快速、简便,专属性强,重现性好,准确度高,可用于磺胺氯达嗪钠原粉的含量测定。     

注射用氨苄西林钠氯唑西林钠含量测定

建立反相高效液相色谱法测定注射用氨苄西林钠氯唑西林钠中氨苄西林钠和氯唑西林钠的含量。方法:采用奥泰公司C18色谱柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),磷酸盐缓冲液磷酸-甲醇-磷酸(85:15:0.01),检测波长为225nm,流速为1.0ml/min,柱温为30℃。氨苄西林钠在20~160μg·m L-1,氯唑西林钠在25-200μg·m L-1范围内呈良好的线性关系。氨苄西林钠和氯唑西林钠平均回收率分别为99.56%、99.63%。结论:本法简便、准确,可用于注射用氨苄西林钠氯唑西林钠中氨苄西林钠和氯唑西林钠的含量测定。     

磺胺氯吡嗪钠二甲氧苄啶溶液质量标准研究

研究磺胺氯吡嗪钠二甲氧苄啶溶液的质量标准。以高效液相色谱法测定溶液中磺胺氯吡嗪钠和二甲氧苄啶含量,采用Sino Chrom ODS-BP色谱柱,以磷酸二氢钾溶液∶甲醇为流动相,磺胺氯吡嗪钠和二甲氧苄啶在0.5-100.0μg/m L和0.3-45.0μg/m L范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率分别为99.9%和99.1%。该研究建立的色谱条件可同时检测2种成分,简便快捷。     

高效液相色谱法测定双氯芬酸钠注射液的含量

目的:建立双氯芬酸钠注射液含量测定的高效液相色谱方法。方法:采用Ultimate LP-C_(18)-H色谱柱(5μm,4.6 mm×250 mm),甲醇-4%冰醋酸溶液(70∶30)为流动相,流速为1.0 mL/min,柱温30℃,检测波长为276 nm,采用外标法进行定量。结果:双氯芬酸钠的线性范围为5.03~503.40μg/m L,回归方程为Area=20.942×Amt1-54.805(n=5),相关系数大于0.999。从高(120%)、中(100%)和低(80%)3个添加水平的检测结果可以看出,双氯芬酸钠的回收率为98.17%~103.21%。结论:本方法可用于测定双氯芬酸钠注射液中双氯芬酸钠的含量。     

盐酸多西环素溶液含量测定方法研究

为测定盐酸多西环素溶液中盐酸多西环素含量,采用色谱柱Xtimate C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),流动相为醋酸盐缓冲液(0.25 mol/L醋酸铵溶液-0.1 mol/L乙二胺四醋酸二钠-三乙胺(100∶10∶1),醋酸或氨水调节p H值至8.8)-乙腈(85∶15),流速为1.0 m L/min,柱温为35℃,检测波长为280 nm,进样量为20μL的高效液相色谱方法。结果显示:盐酸多西环素溶液主成分与相关杂质分离良好,空白辅料对测定无干扰;在0.06～0.20 mg/m L范围内线性关系良好,线性回归方程y=36105x+6.4566(R~2=0.9999),含量测定平均回收率为99.64%,相对标准偏差为0.49%。表明建立的方法专属性、准确度、重复性均良好,可用于盐酸多西环素溶液含量的测定。     

HPLC法测定醋酸氯己定子宫灌注液的含量

建立了测定醋酸氯己定含量的高效液相色谱法。以C18(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm)为色谱柱,0.02 mol/L磷酸二氢钾溶液(pH2.6)-乙腈(70∶30)为流动相,流速1 mL/min,检测波长254 nm。结果显示,醋酸氯己定在0.5～198μg/mL浓度范围内,浓度对峰面积的线性关系良好(r=0.999 98),平均回收率为96.40%(n=9)。实验表明,该方法灵敏、准确,可以较好地控制醋酸氯己定子宫灌注剂的质量。     

氟苯尼考注射液中非法添加多西环素检查方法的建立

为建立氟苯尼考注射液中非法添加多西环素高效液相检查方法,研究使用C18(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm)色谱柱,以醋酸盐缓冲液[0.25 mol/L醋酸铵溶液-0.1 mol/L乙二胺四醋酸二钠-三乙胺(100∶10∶1),调节p H值至8.8]-乙腈(85∶15)为流动相,采用二极管阵列检测器,波长采集范围为200~400 nm,记录色谱图波长为269 nm,流速为1 m L/min,进样量为10μL。结果表明,多西环素进样浓度在0.015~0.96 mg/m L范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r=1.0000);平均回收率为99.4%(n=9),RSD为0.3%。本方法简便、准确、可行,适用于氟苯尼考注射液中非法添加多西环素的检测。     

高效液相色谱法测定盐酸林可霉素注射液的含量

建立盐酸林可霉素注射液含量测定的高效液相色谱法。色谱柱:C_(18)色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),流动相:0.05 mol/L硼砂溶液(用85%磷酸溶液调节pH值至5.0)∶甲醇∶乙腈=67∶33∶2(V/V),流速:1 mL/min,检测波长:214 nm,进样量:10μL,柱温:30℃。盐酸林可霉素浓度在0.1-2 mg/m L范围内峰面积与浓度的线性关系良好(R~2=0.999 9)。此法简便、快捷、灵敏度高、重现性好。     

HPLC-DAD法检测马波沙星片中马波沙星氧化物的研究

建立并验证了高效液相色谱法测定马波沙星片中马波沙星氧化物含量的方法。试验采用十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),以辛烷磺酸钠磷酸盐缓冲液-甲醇-四氢呋喃(65∶32∶3)为流动相,流速1.0 m L/min,柱温30℃,检测波长为210～400 nm。试验结果表明:马波沙星氧化物在0.5～100μg/m L范国内线性良好,R^2=0.9997,平均回收率为95.9%(n=9),RSD≤1.5%。方法检测限为0.2μg/m L,专属性好,可用于马波沙星片的质量控制。     

芪板青颗粒质量控制研究

为建立芪板青颗粒中绿原酸、咖啡酸和黄芪甲苷含量测定的方法。测定绿原酸和咖啡酸采用Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18 250 mm×4.6 mm 5μm色谱柱,流动相为0.05%磷酸溶液-乙腈(92∶8,V∶V),进样量10μL,柱温30℃,流速为1.0 m L/min,在190 nm～400 nm范围进行扫描,记录327 nm色谱图;测定黄芪甲苷采用Waters symmetry C18 5μm 4.6 mm×250 mm色谱柱,进样量10μL,漂移管温度35℃,雾化器温度35℃,气流速度1.2 L/min,流动相为水-乙腈(65∶35,V∶V),柱温30℃,流速1.0 m L/min。绿原酸在3.611～72.23μg/m L范围内线性关系良好,r为0.99999,平均加样回收率97.1%;咖啡酸在3.060～61.20μg/m L范围内线性关系良好,r为0.99999,平均加样回收率96.2%;黄芪甲苷在1.0～10μg范围线性关系良好,r为0.9997,平均加样回收率为98.0%。该方法定性、定量准确,适用于芪板青颗粒含量测定。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.