鹅源肺炎克雷伯菌分离鉴定及其致病性分析

为了确证辽宁鹅源肺炎克雷伯菌的致病性,无菌采集鹅肺炎发病病例的肝脾和肺脏,应用细菌分离培养、生化试验以及PCR方法对分离出的细菌进行鉴定,选取所鉴定的代表菌株,应用小鼠和雏鹅进行致病性试验,结果确认分离到2株肺炎克雷伯菌。小鼠致病性试验显示发病率为95%,死亡率为90%,死亡小鼠表现脑实质出血、肝脏坏死有出血点、肺脏充血出血等病理变化。雏鹅致病性试验显示发病率为100%,死亡率为85%,死亡雏鹅表现气管黏膜出血、大叶性肺炎等病理变化。近年来,鹅源肺炎克雷伯菌引起鹅肺炎为主的疾病发病率、致死率越来越高,防治困难。本研究对鹅源肺炎克雷伯菌的致病性进行了分析,为进一步建立鹅源肺炎克雷伯菌病的诊断和防治技术提供了依据。     

雏鹅人工感染沙门菌的病理组织学观察

为了研究沙门菌感染雏鹅的主要病理组织学变化。采取腹腔注射沙门菌人工感染7日龄健康雏鹅,对发病雏鹅进行病理剖检,并采取肺脏、肝脏、脾脏和肠道病料制作病理切片,光学显微镜下进行病理组织学观察。受感染雏鹅剖检病变可见皮下、心肌、肺脏、脾脏、肠道、脑膜等多处出血,肝脏坏死,胆囊、脾脏肿大;显微病理组织学变化为肝、脾、肺、肠道等器官出血、细胞变性、坏死,有炎性细胞浸润。结果表明,感染沙门菌雏鹅出现了广泛性的组织损伤,同时伴随着机体各器官明显的炎症反应。     

肉雏鹅源多杀性巴氏杆菌分离鉴定与致病性试验

为了鉴定引起肉雏鹅死亡的病原,无菌采集病死肉雏鹅心血、肺脏、肝脏等病料组织中分离到1株病原菌,通过细菌培养特性、形态学观察、生化试验、Kmt2基因序列测序等方法进行鉴定,分离菌株被鉴定为多杀性巴氏杆菌。采用PCR方法、人工感染致病性试验、K-B药敏纸片法分别对分离菌株进行血清型鉴定、致病性检测及耐药性分析。结果显示,多杀性巴氏杆菌血清型为A型,对14日龄肉雏鹅具有很强的致病性,半数致死量(LD_(50))为5.86×10~6 CFU/mL;分离菌株对对头孢曲松、头孢噻呋、恩诺沙星等6种药物高度敏感;对其他药物有不同的程度耐药性。     

宁夏苦马豆内生真菌的分离与鉴定

为研究苦马豆（Swainsona salsula）中内生真菌的种属分类,对采自宁夏的苦马豆内生真菌进行分离培养和形态观察,对分离菌株的ITS序列进行扩增、测序和系统发育分析。从宁夏苦马豆植株的叶和茎中共分离出4个真菌菌株,编号分别为SS_NXB1、SS_NXF1、SS_NXG2、SS_NXA1,因植株未表现出任何病害症状,故确定其为内生真菌。根据形态特征和ITS序列,确定前3株真菌为枝顶孢属（Acremonium）真菌。因菌株SS_NXA1未产生分生孢子及GenBank数据库中缺少同源菌株的分类信息而未确定其分类地位。     

鸡支气管堵塞病例中霉菌的分离鉴定

为了验证门诊遇到的一例以呼吸困难、张口喘气和呼吸时发出"哨音"为主要临诊症状,以支气管堵塞和肺脏有大小不一的灰白色粟粒状结节为主要病理变化的病鸡是否感染了霉菌,试验采集病死鸡的支气管和肺脏样本,用马铃薯琼脂培养基对霉菌进行常规分离培养,并记录生长特性,再对鸡堵塞支气管中的霉菌进行ITS测序;采用制霉菌素片饮水投服治疗发病鸡群,观察并记录病情的转归情况。结果表明:从该门诊病例中分离到烟曲霉、黄曲霉和米根霉3种霉菌,其ITS测序结果分别与NCBI上相应霉菌菌株序列的同源性达到99%～100%;按照推荐剂量用制霉菌素片进行治疗后,发病鸡群的病情很快被控制且停止死亡。说明张口呼吸和呼吸带"哨音"是霉菌感染的主要症状,而肺脏灰白色粟粒状结节病变是主要的病理变化,霉菌参与了支气管堵塞这一病理变化的形成。     

同时感染雏鹅的两种血清型沙门菌分离鉴定及遗传进化分析

为了解鹅源沙门菌的病原学特性,本研究从一发病雏鹅体内分离到2株细菌,根据培养特性、染色镜检、生化试验、PCR检测及血清学分型结果鉴定,分离菌分别为鼠伤寒沙门菌与印第安纳沙门菌。药敏试验表明,2个沙门菌分离株均为多重耐药菌株,其中鼠伤寒沙门菌耐3种药物(耐药率16.7%),而印第安纳沙门菌耐12种药物(耐药率66.7%);2个分离株均对头孢曲松钠、呋喃唑酮、多粘菌素B及链霉素表现高度敏感。对分离菌株16S r DNA基因进行扩增测序后,与Gen Bank登录的22株不同血清型沙门菌序列进行比较,构建系统进化树,结果显示:2个分离菌株具有较高同源性,与大多数泛嗜性血清型亲缘性较近,而与鸡沙门菌感染密切相关的血清型亲缘性相距较远。本研究为鹅沙门菌病的流行病学调查积累了数据,也为临床防控提供了试验依据。     

一起雏鹅烟曲霉菌病的诊治

雏鹅曲霉素病是由烟曲霉菌为主要病原菌引起的各种禽类都能感染且发病率高,可造成大批死亡的一种以呼吸系统感染为主的真菌病,主要发生于幼龄雏鹅.     

一例雏鹅曲霉菌病的诊治

鹅曲霉菌病又称真菌性肺炎,是由烟霉菌和黄曲霉菌等曲霉菌引起的雏鹅以侵害呼吸器官为主的一种真菌性疾病。该病由其肺及气囊发生炎症和小结节,主要病原体为烟曲霉。     

鹅曲霉菌病的诊治

1流行病学 鹅曲霉菌病是严重危害大鹅养殖的真菌性疾病。其主要病原有烟曲霉菌、黄曲霉菌、黑曲霉菌等。主要危害雏鹅,成鹅则为散发流行。该病全年均可发生,尤以梅雨期和刚收获的季节为甚。各种日龄的鹅均可感染,但5－18日龄幼雏发病率最高,死亡率也很高,以后随日龄的增加会逐渐减少,到1月龄以后基本停止死亡。也有个别情况,     

一例鹅细小病毒感染的诊治

正鹅细小病毒感染是由鹅细小病毒引起的一种高度接触性传染性疾病,主要侵害30日龄以内的雏鹅。根据雏鹅感染的日龄不同,本病可表现为急性型、亚急性型和慢性型。急性型可引起10日龄以内的雏鹅全部死亡。本病有严格的年龄相关性,1周龄以内雏鹅感染死亡率达到100%,2~3周龄的雏鹅发病率虽然很高,但死亡率可能低于10%,而4~5周龄雏鹅感染后,造成的损失可能不大,但如果饲养管理不善,继发其他细菌、真菌或病毒感染,可使最终     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.     

优质肉鸡S3系体重与体尺性状指标的主成分分析

为研究地方优质肉鸡S3系体重和体尺性状之间的内在相关性,12周龄时选取同一饲养条件下的150只鸡(公母各半)进行体重和体尺性状等7个指标的测定。结果表明:S3系公鸡的体重、体斜长、龙骨长、胸角均显著高于母鸡(P0.05);公母鸡体重、体斜长、胸宽、胫围这4项指标变异系数较大,有较大选育空间;体重与体斜长、龙骨长、胸宽、胸角、胫围呈极显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.57、0.52、0.51、0.49和0.47,与胸深、胫长呈显著相关(P0.05),相关系数分别为0.44和0.39;其他各体尺指标间也存在不同程度的正负相关性(P0.05或P0.01);体重和7个体尺性能指标综合成5个复合指标,累计贡献率达92.6355%,其中第l、2、3、4、5主成分分别解释总变异的36.5353%、22.8642%、13.3115%、10.4535%和8.4710%;各主成分的特征根分布较广,经统计计算入选的5个主成分所包含信息的侧重点各有相同,分别都在一定程度上反映了S3鸡的体型特征和生长发育规律,为今后选育出更加符合市场需求的屠宰加工优质型肉鸡指明了的方向。