生长期肉鸡玉米和玉米干酒糟及其可溶物的代谢能和净能评定

本研究采用禽用开放式呼吸测热装置进行能量代谢试验,共2个试验,分别测定玉米和玉米干酒糟及其可溶物(DDGS)的代谢能和净能。试验1和试验2各选用25～28日龄ROSS308雄鸡180只,采用近似拉丁方设计,配制2种基础饲粮和4种待测饲粮,每种饲粮6个重复,每个重复10只鸡。试验1中待测玉米(玉米吉粳511、吉农823)以40%比例替代玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮。试验2中待测玉米DDGS(中粮玉米DDGS、吉燃玉米DDGS)以30%比例替代玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮中能量部分。试验1和试验2各分3期,每期31 d,每期试验中使用雄性鸡雏60只,随机分为3组,每组20只,试验鸡第1～21天在鸡舍内分组饲养,第21天称重后从每组中选择4只试验鸡,分别放入呼吸测热装置的代谢室内,测定气体交换和排泄物总量,适应3d、呼吸测热3 d、绝食测热3 d,呼吸测热的同时进行消化代谢试验。结果表明:1)试验1中,玉米待测饲粮的表观代谢能、代谢能摄入量、沉积能及净能显著高于基础饲粮(P0.05);平均日增重、产热量、绝食产热量、呼吸熵及净能/表观代谢能未受待测饲粮的影响(P0.05)。2)试验2中,玉米DDGS待测饲粮的平均日采食量、代谢能摄入量及产热量显著高于基础饲粮(P0.05);待测饲粮的表观代谢能、沉积能、净能及净能/表观代谢能显著低于基础饲粮(P0.05);平均日增重、绝食产热量、呼吸熵未受待测饲粮的影响(P0.05)。干物质基础的玉米吉粳511、吉农823对于ROSS 308雄鸡(25～28日龄)的表观代谢能分别为13.79和13.64 MJ/kg,净能分别为10.77和10.57 MJ/kg。干物质基础的中粮玉米DDGS、吉燃DDGS对于ROSS 308雄鸡(25～28日龄)表观代谢能分别为10.37和10.74 MJ/kg,净能分别为6.43和6.57 MJ/kg。     

不同日龄肉鸡日粮中米糠粕的有效能及能量利用率分析

试验旨在通过间接测热法结合套算法评价2种米糠粕原料在不同日龄阶段AA肉鸡饲粮中有效能及其能量利用效率差异。试验采取完全随机设计，分为3种试验饲粮，即玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮、2种米糠粕试验饲粮（米糠粕原料按20%比例替代基础饲粮能量部分）。14～17日龄，选取72只AA肉鸡，随机分为3个处理，每个处理6个重复，每个重复4只鸡；28～31日龄，选取36只AA肉鸡，随机分为3个处理，每个处理6个重复，每个重复2只鸡。试验周期为7 d（预试期3 d，转入呼吸测热室适应1 d，正试期3 d）。结果表明：AA肉鸡14～17日龄，2种米糠粕原料的表观代谢能值分别为8.73、8.23 MJ/kg DM，氮校正表观代谢能值分别为8.52、8.10 MJ/kg DM，净能值分别为6.37、5.98 MJ/kg DM，净能/表观代谢能分别为72.85%、72.58%;AA肉鸡28～31日龄，2种米糠粕原料的表观代谢能值分别为8.53、9.90 MJ/kg DM，氮校正表观代谢能值分别为7.85、9.18 MJ/kg DM，净能值分别为6.21、7.28 MJ/kg DM，净能/表观代谢能分别为72.76%和7...     

产蛋高峰期吉林芦花鸡与海兰褐鸡饲粮净能效率比较研究

本研究使用禽用开放回流式呼吸测热装置开展能量代谢试验,在相同饲养环境及饲粮条件下,探究不同品种蛋鸡饲粮净能转化效率的差异。试验共选用产蛋高峰期吉林芦花鸡和海兰褐鸡各60只,采用2×2析因设计,在同一鸡舍内,采用相同的玉米-豆粕型试验饲粮进行饲喂。试验预试期7 d,正试期58 d。正试期的第20天和第40天在2组试验鸡中分别选择9只鸡,称重后随机放入呼吸测热装置的6个代谢室内,每3个代谢室测试1个品种,每个代谢室内3只,连续测定2次。代谢室内测定气体交换和排泄物共9 d,其中适应期3 d、呼吸测热3 d、绝食测热3 d,呼吸测热的同时进行消化代谢试验。结果表明:在体重和采食量差异不显著(P0.05)的情况下,吉林芦花鸡的产蛋率和平均蛋重显著低于海兰褐鸡(P0.05);吉林芦花鸡的表观代谢能、采食产热量和绝食产热量均显著高于海兰褐鸡(P0.05),这导致了吉林芦花鸡的沉积能、表观代谢能转化为净能的效率(净能/表观代谢能)显著低于海兰褐鸡(P0.05),净能/表观代谢能值分别为:海兰褐鸡72.21%和71.13%,吉林芦花鸡68.54%和66.31%。结果提示,在同一饲粮营养水平及环境条件下,由于芦花鸡较高的体产热导致了净能转化效率显著低于海兰褐鸡。     

间接测热法和回归法估测棉籽粕和玉米蛋白粉在蛋鸡中的代谢能和净能值

本研究旨在通过间接测热法和回归法估测蛋鸡棉籽粕和玉米蛋白粉的代谢能(ME)和净能(NE)值。试验选用504只32周龄体重一致的健康矮小型粉壳蛋鸡,随机分为7个处理,每个处理2个重复,每个重复36只鸡。对照组饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮,试验组分别饲喂棉籽粕或玉米蛋白粉按不同比例(5%、10%和20%)替代基础饲粮组成的试验饲粮。测定每1种饲粮的NE值时,将2组的蛋鸡预试7 d后,分别安排到2个相同的呼吸室中测定其3 d内采食饲粮过程中的产热量(HP);当基础饲粮的测定期结束后,测定蛋鸡绝食后1～72 h的HP。绝食代谢产热可用来估测蛋鸡的维持净能需要(NEm),通过析因法计算蛋鸡对饲粮的NE摄入量,并建立饲粮ME和NE值与待测原料替代比例之间的回归方程,从而推测出其ME和NE值。结果发现:蛋鸡在绝食第3天的HP和呼吸熵值极显著低于第2天(P<0.01);随着饲粮中棉籽粕或玉米蛋白粉替代比例的提高,蛋鸡采食单位重量饲粮后的热增耗逐渐提高;饲粮的有效能值[表观代谢能(AME)、氮校正表观代谢能(AMEn)和NE]随玉米蛋白粉替代比例的提高而逐渐升高,但随棉籽粕替代比例的提高而逐渐降低;根据饲粮有效能值与待测原料替代比例之间的关系建立线性回归方程后,得到棉籽粕的AME和AMEn值分别为10.61和9.45 MJ/kg DM,玉米蛋白粉的AME和AMEn值分别为17.62和15.80 MJ/kg DM,其中棉籽粕替代组饲粮NE=-2.321X1+8.676(R2=0.739 3),玉米蛋白粉替代组饲粮NE=3.210X2+8.880(R2=0.889 4),式中X1和X2分别代表饲粮中棉籽粕和玉米蛋白粉的替代比例。因此,在(20±1)℃的环境温度下,当矮小型粉壳蛋鸡处于产蛋高峰期时,棉籽粕和玉米蛋白粉的NE估测值分别为6.35和12.09 M J/kg DM,NE/AM E分别为59.91%和68.60%。     

替代法评定玉米及其副产物对成年麒麟母鸡的营养价值

本试验旨在利用替代法评定玉米及其副产物对麒麟母鸡的营养价值,为麒麟鸡精准营养提供基础资料。选用80日龄健康、体重相近[(1.40±0.2)kg]的麒麟母鸡32只,随机分成4组,每组设8个重复,分别饲喂基础饲粮、玉米饲粮(20%的玉米+80%基础饲粮)、喷浆玉米皮饲粮(20%喷浆玉米皮+80%基础饲粮)和玉米胚芽粕饲粮(20%玉米胚芽粕+80%基础饲粮),试验采用全收粪法。预试期3 d,正试期4 d。结果表明:玉米,喷浆玉米皮和玉米胚芽粕的表观代谢能、氮校正表观代谢能及干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、粗脂肪(EE)、粗灰分(Ash)、钙(Ca)、能量(GE)等养分的代谢率分别为15.10 MJ/kg、14.98 MJ/kg、95.16%、43.71%、45.98%、32.38%、51.07%、91.74%;11.01 MJ/kg、10.98 MJ/kg、62.76%、56.65%、80.26%、89.64%、44.23%、61.82%;10.83 MJ/kg、10.89 MJ/kg、65.02%、92.46%、84.15%、89.56%、47.82%、64.79%。玉米表观代谢能、氮校正表观代谢能和能量表观代谢率高于喷浆玉米皮和玉米胚芽粕(P0.05),CP、EE、Ash的表观代谢率均低于喷浆玉米皮和玉米胚芽粕(P0.05)。     

玉米DDGS在肉仔鸡中代谢能的评定

选用体重相近的22日龄健康肉仔鸡64只,采用二氧化钛为外源指示剂进行代谢试验,应用待测原料替代一定比例基础日粮的套算法测定,其中玉米DDGS替代比例为30%,以评定玉米DDGS在肉仔鸡中的氮校正表观代谢能。试验结果表明,玉米DDGS在肉仔鸡中的表观代谢能为12.81±1.37 MJ/kg,氮校正表观代谢能为12.33±1.25 MJ/kg;以干物质计,玉米DDGS在肉仔鸡中的表观代谢能为14.05 MJ/kg,氮校正表观代谢能为13.52 MJ/kg;玉米DDGS在肉仔鸡中能量的表观代谢率为66.45%±17.38%;氮校正能量的表观代谢率为63.95%±15.94%。     

生物秸秆对肉鸡表观代谢能的影响及替代玉米适宜比例的研究

本试验旨在研究肉鸡对生物秸秆的表观代谢能及其替代玉米的适宜比例.生物秸秆代谢能的测定试验选择24只42日龄健康的爱拔益加(AA)肉鸡,随机分为3个处理,每个处理8只鸡.处理1饲喂含8％生物秸秆的基础饲粮,处理2饲喂以30％的生物秸秆代替基础饲粮中能量饲料和蛋白质饲料的饲粮,处理3采用强饲法进行测定.生物秸秆代替玉米的试验选择150只42日龄健康的AA肉鸡,随机分为5个处理,每个处理5个重复,每个重复6只鸡.对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别在基础饲粮中用4％、8％、12％生物秸秆代替玉米(代谢能按照差量法计算结果12.46 MJ/kg计)及8％生物秸秆代替玉米(代谢能按照强饲法计算结果5.30 MJ/kg计,添加豆油,使其代谢能水平与对照组相同).结果表明:1)基础饲粮的代谢能为12.63 MJ/kg,采用差量法推算出肉鸡对生物秸秆的表观代谢能为12.46 MJ/kg,而采用套算法和强饲法测定生物秸秆的表观代谢能分别为4.38和5.30 MJ/kg.2)与对照组相比,4％和8％的生物秸秆代替玉米组中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维的代谢率显著升高(P＜0.05),而12％的生物秸秆代替玉米组表观能量的代谢率显著降低(P＜0.05).由此得出,套算法和强饲法低估了生物秸秆的表观代谢能,而差量法更能准确反映生物秸秆的表观代谢能;在肉鸡饲粮中生物秸秆可以替代4％ ～8％的玉米.     

饲用鸭油对猪的营养价值评定

试验选用16头体重35 kg的三元杂交(杜洛克×长白×大约克)生长公猪,按照单因子设计随机分为2个处理,每个处理8只,分别饲喂基础饲粮和鸭油饲粮(在基础饲粮中添加4%的鸭油),预饲期7 d,正试期4 d,收集正试期的排泄物,测定饲料和粪便中能值和干物质消化率。试验结果:基础饲粮和鸭油饲粮的干物质消化率分别为88.45%、88.68%,总能利用率和蛋白利用率分别为:87.15%、87.89%和88.10%、89.17%,差异均不显著(P>0.05);基础饲粮和鸭油饲粮的表观消化能和表观代谢能分别为13.69、14.57 MJ/kg和11.58、12.49 MJ/kg,差异显著(P<0.05);鸭油的表观消化能和表观代谢能分别为35.75、34.43 MJ/kg,体现了鸭油在猪料中应用的强大潜力,为鸭油的开发及广泛应用提供了依据。     

8～11周龄东兰乌鸡适宜代谢能和粗蛋白水平研究

为了研究饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白水平对8～11周龄东兰乌鸡生产性能、营养物质表观消化率和血清生化指标的影响,试验选取810只8周龄东兰乌鸡并随机分成9个处理组,每个处理设3个重复,每个重复30只鸡,进行营养代谢试验。饲粮设置3个代谢能水平(11. 39 MJ/kg、11. 97 MJ/kg、12. 55 MJ/kg)、3个粗蛋白水平(15%、17%、19%),共9种饲粮,每组试验鸡随机分配一种饲粮,试验为期4周。结果表明:饲粮代谢能和蛋白质水平对8～11周龄东兰乌鸡平均日采食量影响不显著(P0. 05),对平均日增重、料重比、代谢能表观消化率、粗蛋白表观消化率、尿酸含量、总蛋白含量和白蛋白含量影响明显。综合试验结果:以平均日增重和血清尿酸含量为指标,8～11周龄东兰乌鸡适宜代谢能和粗蛋白水平分别为11. 97 MJ/kg和17%;以料重比和营养物质表观消化率为指标,8～11周龄东兰乌鸡适宜代谢能和粗蛋白水平分别为12. 55 MJ/kg和19%。     

杜湖杂交F1代母羊妊娠期能量和蛋白质维持需要量

本研究旨在确定杜泊羊×湖羊(杜湖)杂交F1代母羊妊娠期能量和蛋白质维持需要量,为该杂交组合肉羊饲粮配制提供较为合理的能量和蛋白质需要标准。分为饲养试验、消化代谢试验和呼吸测热试验。选取15只月龄(9月龄)、体重[(43.34±1.37)kg]相近的母羊,经同期发情、自由交配后随机分为自由采食组、70%自由采食量、50%自由采食量组,每组5只母羊。在妊娠期40、100、130 d分别采用全收粪法收集粪尿,同时进行呼吸测热试验,计算得到母羊在不同妊娠时期氮、能量的表观代谢参数,依据消化代谢试验和呼吸测热试验结果分别利用沉积氮和食入氮、产热量的对数和代谢能采食量建立异速回归方程,最终得到该杂交组合在妊娠期40、100、130 d时维持净氮、维持净能、维持代谢能需要量。结果表明:1)氮表观消化率在妊娠40、100、130 d时分别为56.16%~62.24%、60.43%~65.47%、58.79%~62.01%。2)总能表观消化率在妊娠40、100、130 d时分别为51.18%~64.25%、60.86%~66.17%、63.20%~67.36%。3)在母羊妊娠40、100、130 d时维持净氮分别为287.9、301.3、430.7 mg/(kg W0.75·d);维持净能分别为194.01、244.59、256.08 k J/(kg W0.75·d);维持代谢能分别为283.18、412.26、468.56 k J/(kg W0.75·d)。本研究最终得到了杜湖杂交F1代母羊妊娠期能量、蛋白质需要量指标,包括维持净能、维持代谢能、维持净氮。     

饲粮添加大豆卵磷脂乳化剂对肉鸡生长性能、养分利用率和血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究在2种能量水平饲粮中添加大豆卵磷脂乳化剂对肉鸡生长性能、养分利用率和血清生化指标的影响。试验采用2×2因子完全随机区组试验设计,将960只1日龄科宝500白羽肉公鸡随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复40只鸡。各组试验鸡分别饲喂2个能量水平和2个乳化剂添加水平组成的试验饲粮,其中代谢能分别为12.13和11.92 MJ/kg(1～21日龄)、12.96和12.65 MJ/kg(22～49日龄),乳化剂添加水平分别为0和265 mg/kg(1～21日龄)、0和400 mg/kg(22～49日龄)。试验测定肉鸡生长性能,能量、干物质、粗蛋白质和粗脂肪表观利用率,以及血糖、血脂和胆汁酸含量。结果表明:肉鸡采食正常能量饲粮前期(1～21日龄)平均日增重极显著高于低能量饲粮(P<0.01),肉鸡全期(1～49日龄)采食添加乳化剂的低能量饲粮料重比能达到正常能量饲粮水平;饲粮添加乳化剂有提高平均日增重和饲粮粗脂肪和能量表观利用率的趋势,可促进胆汁分泌,能显著降低前期及全期料重比(P<0.05)。结果显示,降低饲粮能量显著降低1～21日龄肉鸡平均日增重,提高1～21日龄和1～49日龄料重比;饲粮添加乳化剂能够改善饲料利用率,特别是在1～21日龄肉鸡低能量饲粮中效果更明显。     

直接法和回归法测定玉米青贮对肉牛有效能值的研究

旨在应用直接法和回归法测定肉牛玉米青贮的消化能、代谢能和净能值,并探讨精料回归法用于估测肉牛单一粗饲料原料能值的可行性。试验选取12头体况良好、体重相近[(259±14.08)kg]的生长期公牛,随机分为3组,每组4头牛。分两期试验进行,试验一按试验牛自由采食量的95%、80%和60%3个水平饲喂全玉米青贮日粮;试验二在固定玉米青贮投喂量的基础上,各组分别按青贮饲喂量的15%、25%和50%(干物质基础)添加精料补充料。试验每期14d,其中前10d为预饲期,后4d为正试期。正试期消化代谢和呼吸代谢试验同期进行,测定玉米青贮对肉牛能量代谢规律。结果表明:1)肉牛对全玉米青贮日粮的各种营养物质消化率和能量消化率及代谢率随饲喂水平的提高总体逐渐降低;肉牛能量采食量(总能、消化能、代谢能和净能)随饲喂水平的提高逐渐升高,组间差异显著(P0.05)。2)玉米青贮对肉牛的消化能、代谢能和净能值随着饲喂水平的提高呈下降趋势,各有效能值变化范围分别为10.58~11.48 MJ/kg,8.33~9.44 MJ/kg和5.20~6.21 MJ/kg。3)添加精料补充料显著提高了肉牛对日粮的干物质采食量和粗蛋白消化率(P0.05),而洗涤纤维消化率精料添加比例组间差异不明显(P0.05);随着精料添加比例的增加,肉牛对日粮的能量采食量(总能、消化能、代谢能和净能)和能量消化率及代谢率逐渐上升,消化能代谢率各组之间无显著差异(P0.05)。4)根据试验日粮有效能值与精料添加量之间的关系建立线性回归方程后,外推估测得玉米青贮的消化能、代谢能和净能值分别为10.53 MJ/kg、8.29 MJ/kg和5.35MJ/kg,与95%饲喂水平组直接测定结果(10.58 MJ/kg、8.33 MJ/kg和5.20 MJ/kg)差异不显著(P0.05)。综上所述,回归法测定玉米青贮对肉牛的有效能值与直接法测定结果差异不明显,精料回归法可以用于估测肉牛单一粗饲料的有效能值。     

猪脱酚棉籽蛋白能量及粗蛋白质消化率的比较评定

研究旨在评定猪对脱酚棉籽消化能和粗蛋白表观消化率,并比较脱酚棉籽蛋白(DCP)与豆粕(SBM)之间差异。选用体重(36.2±1.6)kg的杜×长×大三元杂交猪6头,采用套算法、双3×3拉丁方试验设计,试验日粮分别为脱酚棉籽蛋白日粮、豆粕日粮和基础日粮,每个拉丁方阶段包括5 d预饲期、5 d正式期,整个试验共30 d。结果表明,脱酚棉籽蛋白、豆粕消化能含量分别为12.41 MJ/kg、13.62 MJ/kg。脱酚棉籽蛋白、豆粕中粗蛋白表观消率化分别为73.35%、82.05%,表观可消化粗蛋白含量分别为37.92%、35.45%。脱酚棉籽蛋白是新型蛋白质原料,其消化能含量为豆粕的91.11%,粗蛋白表观消率化为豆粕的89.39%,可消化粗蛋白含量为豆粕的106.99%。脱酚棉籽蛋白在猪饲料中的应用具有广阔的前景。     

Net energy content of five fiber‐rich ingredients fed to pregnant sows

The present study was conducted to determine the net energy (NE) values and energy efficiency of wheat bran (WB), sugar beet pulp (SBP), corn gluten feed (CGF), soybean hulls (SBH), and defatted rice bran (DFRB) fed to pregnant sows. Thirty‐six multiparous pregnant sows were randomly assigned to six dietary treatments with six replicates per treatment. Each period lasted for 21 days including 14 days for adaptation. On day 15, sows were moved into respiration chambers for heat production (HP) measurement and provided feed at 544 kJ/kg BW^0.75/day. On day 20, sows were fasted to measure the fasting heat production (FHP). Experimental diets included corn‐soybean meal basal diet and five diets containing 29.20% WB, SBP, CGF, SBH, and DFRB, respectively. Results showed that inclusion of WB, SBP, CGF, SBH, and DFRB to basal diet decreased (p < 0.05) the apparent total tract digestibility of energy and nutrients. The average adjusted total HP and FHP were 418 kJ/kg BW^0.75/day and 326 kJ/kg BW^0.75/day, respectively. The average NE:ME ratio of experiment diets was 82.5%. In conclusion, the NE values of WB, SBP, CGF, SBH, and DFRB were 9.05, 8.59, 8.37, 7.64, and 7.93 MJ/kg DM, respectively.     

回归分析法评价4种麦类饲料原料的肉鸡有效能值

本试验旨在评价大麦、黑小麦、小麦和黑麦4种麦类饲料原料在肉鸡上的有效能值,以期优化现有配方数据库,逐步实现饲粮营养的精准供给。采用回归分析法,试验分2批进行,试验1评价大麦和黑小麦的肉鸡回肠消化能(IDE)、代谢能(ME)、氮校正代谢能(MEn),试验2评价小麦和黑麦的肉鸡IDE、ME、MEn。每个批次试验均选用320只1日龄雄性罗斯708肉鸡为试验动物,将其随机分为5个组,每组设8个重复,每个重复8只鸡。1~20日龄为预试期,饲喂基础饲粮;21~28日龄为试验期,分别饲喂基础饲粮和试验饲粮。试验1的5个组21~28日龄所喂饲粮如下:基础饲粮、含250 g/kg大麦的饲粮、含500 g/kg大麦的饲粮、含250 g/kg黑小麦的饲粮、含500 g/kg黑小麦的饲粮。试验2的5个组21~28日龄所喂饲粮如下:基础饲粮、含250 g/kg小麦的饲粮、含500 g/kg小麦的饲粮、含250 g/kg黑麦的饲粮、含500 g/kg黑麦的饲粮。结果表明:在饲粮中添加大麦、黑小麦、小麦和黑麦对肉鸡生长性能均无显著影响(P>0.05)。大麦替代量与干物质、能量的回肠消化率以及干物质、氮、能量的全肠道代谢率,以及IDE、ME、MEn存在极显著的线性降低关系(P<0.01);黑小麦替代量与氮全肠道代谢率、IDE、ME、MEn存在极显著的线性降低关系(P<0.01),且与干物质、能量回肠消化率、IDE存在显著或极显著的二次曲线关系(P<0.05或P<0.01);小麦替代量与干物质、氮、能量、氮校正能量的全肠道代谢率显著或极显著的线性降低关系(P<0.05或P<0.01),且与干物质、能量的回肠消化率和IDE存在显著或极显著的二次曲线关系(P<0.05或P<0.01);黑麦替代量与干物质、能量的回肠消化率以及干物质、氮的全肠道代谢率存在显著或极显著线性降低关系(P<0.05或P<0.01);且与干物质、能量的回肠消化率和干物质、氮、能量、氮校正代谢能的全肠道代谢率以及IDE、ME、MEn存在显著或极显著的二次曲线关系(P<0.05或P<0.01)。通过回归分析得出大麦的肉鸡IDE、ME和MEn分别为9.31、10.50、10.29 MJ/kg,黑小麦分别为10.99、11.80、11.43 MJ/kg,小麦分别为10.59、11.81、11.28 MJ/kg,黑麦分别为11.97、12.56、11.83 MJ/kg。     

不同氧化程度猪油有效能值的测定

本试验旨在通过测定不同氧化程度猪油的消化能(DE)和代谢能(ME)值,为其在饲料中的应用提供基础数据。试验选取平均体重为(36.38±1.03)kg的杜×长×大三元杂交去势公猪8头,按照有重复的4×4拉丁方设计,饲喂4种饲粮,分别为基础饲粮、在基础饲粮中添加10%过氧化值(POV)为0.44 mmol/kg的新鲜猪油的试验饲粮(FL组)、在基础饲粮中添加10%POV为29.64 mmol/kg的氧化猪油的试验饲粮(OL_1组)以及在基础饲粮中添加10%POV为55.79 mmol/kg的氧化猪油的试验饲粮(OL_2组)。试验共分为4期,每期10 d,其中预试期5 d,正试期5 d。结果表明:与FL组猪油相比,OL_1和OL_2组猪油的DE值分别降低了4.62%(P0.05)和9.45%(P0.01),ME值分别降低了3.80%(P0.05)和9.63%(P0.01),能量表观消化率分别降低了4.06%(P0.05)和7.91%(P0.05),能量表观代谢率分别降低了3.23%(P0.05)和8.12%(P0.05)。由此得出,猪油氧化后会降低其DE和ME值,并降低能量的表观消化率和表观代谢率,且氧化程度越高,上述指标降幅越大。     

Determination of net energy content of soybean oil fed to growing pigs using indirect calorimetry

The objectives of this experiment were: (i) to determine the net energy (NE) of soybean oil (SBO) fed to growing pigs using indirect calorimetry (IC); and (ii) to evaluate the effects of inclusion rate of SBO on heat production, oxidative status and nutrient digestibility in growing pigs. Eighteen growing barrows were allotted to three diets based on completely randomized design with six replicate pigs (period) per diet. Diets included a corn‐soybean meal basal diet and two test diets containing 5% or 10% SBO at the expense of corn and soybean meal. During each period, pigs were individually housed in metabolism crates for 14 days, including 7 days to adapt to feed, metabolism crate and environmental conditions. On day 8, pigs were transferred to the open‐circuit respiration chambers for measurement of daily O₂ consumption and CO₂ and CH₄ production. During this time, pigs were fed one of the three diets at 2.4 MJ metabolizable energy/kg body weight (BW)^0.6/day. Total feces and urine were collected and daily total heat production (THP) was measured from days 9 to 13 and fasted on day 14 to evaluate their fasting heat production (FHP). The results show that trends of decreased apparent total tract digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (linear, P = 0.09) and acid detergent fiber (linear, P = 0.07) were observed as the content of dietary lipids increased. The average THP for the three diets were 1326, 1208 and 1193 kJ/kg BW^0.6/day, respectively. The FHP of pigs averaged 843 kJ/kg BW^0.6/day and was not affected by diet characteristics. A reduction of the respiratory quotients in the fed state as the inclusion level of SBO increased was observed. In conclusion, the NE values of SBO we determined by indirect calorimetry were 33.45 and 34.05 MJ/kg dry matter under two inclusion levels. THP could be largely reduced when SBO is added in the feed, but the THP of SBO included at 5% in a corn‐soybean meal diet is not different from the THP of SBO included at 10%.     

Net energy of oat bran,wheat bran,and palm kernel expellers fed to growing pigs using indirect calorimetry

The objectives of this experiment were to (a) determine the effects of fiber increase in diets on heat production (HP), (b) determine the net energy (NE) of oat bran (OB), wheat bran (WB), and palm kernel expellers (PKE) fed to growing pigs using indirect calorimetry (IC). Twenty‐four growing barrows (29.2 ± 2.6 kg) were randomly allotted to one of four diets with six replicate pigs per diet. Diets included a corn‐soybean meal basal diet and three test diets containing 30% OB, WB or PKE, respectively. During each period, pigs were individually housed in metabolism crates for 20 days, including 14 days to adapt to the diets. On day (d) 15, pigs were transferred to the open‐circuit respiration chambers for determination of daily total HP and were fed one of the four diets at 2.3MJ ME/kg body weight (BW)^0.6/day. Total feces and urine were collected for the determination of digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) and daily total HP was measured from d 15 to d 19 and fasted on day 20 for the measurement of fasting heat production (FHP). The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), and organic matter (OM) were greater (p < 0.01) in pigs fed the basal diet compared with those fed the test diets. The ATTD of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) was lower (p < 0.01) in pigs fed the WB diet compared with those fed the basal, OB, or PKE diets. The ATTD of ether extract (EE) in pigs fed the PKE diet was greater (p < 0.01) compared with those fed the other diets. The average total HP and FHP in pigs fed the four diets were 1261 and 787 kJ/kg BW^0.6/d, respectively, and were not significantly affected by diet characteristics. The NE:ME ratio for diets ranged from 78.1 to 80.9%. The NE contents of OB, WB, and PKE were 10.93, 7.47, and 8.71 MJ/kg DM, respectively.     

Determination of the energy value of corn distillers dried grains with solubles containing different oil levels when fed to growing pigs

This experiment used indirect calorimetry to determine the net energy (NE) content of five corn distillers dried grains with solubles (corn DDGS) containing different oil levels and to compare the NE obtained using indirect calorimetry with that calculated using previously published prediction equations. There were two samples of high‐oil DDGS, one sample of medium‐oil DDGS and two samples of low‐oil DDGS. Twelve barrows (initial BW of 32.8 ± 2.0 kg) were used in a repeated 3 × 6 Youden square design with three periods and six diets. The diets were comprised of a corn–soybean meal basal diet and five diets containing 29.25% of one of the corn DDGS added at the expense of corn and soybean meal. During each period, the pigs were individually housed in metabolism crates for 16 days which included 7 days for adaption to feed and environmental conditions. On day 8, the pigs were transferred to respiration chambers and fed one of the six diets at 2300 kJ ME/kg BW^0.6/day. Faeces and urine were collected from day 9 to 13 and heat production (HP) was also measured. From day 14 to 15, the pigs were fed 893 kJ ME/kg BW^0.6/day to allow them to adapt from the fed to the fasted state. On the last day of each period (day 16), the pigs were fasted and fasting HP was measured. The digestible energy value was 16.0, 17.1 and 15.3 MJ/kg DM, the metabolizable energy value was 14.6, 15.5 and 13.7 MJ/kg DM and the NE value was 10.7, 11.0 and 9.4 MJ/kg DM, for the high‐oil, medium‐oil and low‐oil corn DDGS, respectively. The NE obtained with indirect calorimetry in the present study did not differ from values calculated using previously published prediction equations.