兔胚胎核移植操作条件的建立

本文对影响家兔胚胎细胞核移植的几个重要因素进行了研究。以不同的融合电场强度对重组胚进行处理，结果表明脉冲参数为１．６５ｋｖ／ｃｍ，脉宽为８５μｓ，脉冲数为１时，融合率达到７７．１％。显著高于其它场强的融合率。当场强增加至２．５０ｋｖ／ｃｍ时，多数重组胚发生溶解。融合液中的离子成份对重组胚的激活有重要影响。以０．３Ｍ甘露醇为融合液时，电激三次的激活率（５０％）显著高于一次（３６％）和二次（２２．２％Ｐ＜０．０５）。当加入１００μｎＣａ２＋时，电激三次后的激活率达到７１．４％，显著高于电激一次（４８％，Ｐ＜０．０１）和二次（６１．３％，Ｐ＜０．０５）。多次电激还可提高重组胚的发育率，当有Ｃａ２＋存在时，三次电激后的囊胚发育率为３１．４％。此外，随着卵母细胞卵龄的增加，重组胚的囊胚发育率下降，而融合胚的碎裂率则增高。当卵龄为ＨＣＧ后２１—２４小时，碎裂率高达５２％。对８－，１６－，３２－细胞期卵裂球的重组胚体外发育能力的研究表明，８－细胞期卵裂球的重组胚之囊胚发育率显著高于１６－及３２－细胞期卵裂的重组胚（３６．４％比２６％、２７．５％，Ｐ＜０．０５）。将部分３２－细胞期卵裂球的重组胚移入受体后，产出了３只核移植     

显微注射Ca^2＋激活小鼠M Ⅱ期卵母细胞

胞质内显微注入Ｃａ＾２＋可以激活小鼠Ｍ Ⅱ期卵母细胞，且随着卵龄的增加，激活率明显升高。卵龄小于１６ｈ（ｈＣＧ注射后）注射Ｃａ＾２＋引起的激活率很低，卵龄超过１８ｈ，激活率达到５０％以上。卵龄小于１６ｈ的卵母细胞，卵内注入超纯水未能激活卵母细胞，而在１８￣１９ｈ卵龄组，注射水的对照组激活率为３５％，但显著或极显著地低于注射Ｃａ＾２＋的试验组。激活前注射ＥＤＴＡ卵母细胞的激活率约为３０％，激活后注射     

兔核移植胚胎的克隆研究

本研究改进了兔受体卵母细胞的去核程序及供体卵裂球的处理方法，并对核移植胚的体外克隆、继代克隆及克隆胚的体内发育进行了试验。结果表明：卵龄对受体卵母细胞的去核具有显著的影响，卵龄为１５～１８ｈ的去核率为１００％（４５／４５），显著高于１３～１４ｈ的４６．６％（７／１５），Ｐ＜０．０１。ＤＮＡ合成抑制剂Ａｐｈｉｄｉｃｏｌｉｎ处理１６－细胞期卵裂球后，重组胚的囊胚发育率５４％（２０／３７）高于未处理组的４５％（１４／３１），Ｐ＜０．０５。从２枚１６－细胞供体胚分别获得来自一个供体胚的９枚和７枚核移植克隆囊胚，囊胚发育率为５１．６（１６／３１）。然而第一次继代核移植胚的囊胚发育率仅为１１．５％（６／５２）。１６－及３２－细胞期卵裂球的重组胚可发育至产仔，共获２窝８只仔兔。其中１只、２只、２只和３只仔兔分别来自４个供体胚。     

饲喂不同蛋白水平日粮的牦牛瘤胃氮代谢与十二指肠各氮组分流量

采用瘘管手术方法对３头生长牦牛在饲喂代谢能ＭＥ均为９．６ＭＪ／ｋｇＤＭ，粗蛋白（ＣＰ）为８％和１２％的日粮时的复胃氮代谢与瘤胃、肠道消化代谢进行研究。试验结果表明，日粮ＣＰ水平升高后，生长牦牛瘤胃氨氮浓度由３．３升至５．９ｍｇ／１００ｍｌ（Ｐ＜０．０１），瘤胃内氮的消失率由１．９％升到２１．１％（Ｐ＜０．０１）。瘤胃微生物蛋白质合成效率基本不变（平均６９．１ｇＣｐ／ｋｇＤＯＭ）；一昼夜进入十二指肠的食糜量及食糜干物质量基本不变；食糜总氮、氨氮及非氨氮量均显著增加（Ｐ＜０．０１），其中非氨氮增加２０％：非氨氮中微生物氮的比例由４５％降至３９％（Ｐ＜０，０５）；日粮ＤＭ，ＯＭ，ＣＰ和ＡＤＦ整体消化率分别提高１２．９％、１３．４％、３４％和２２．３％（Ｐ＜０．０１）。日粮ＣＰ由８％升至１２％后，生长牦牛瘤胃ＴＶＦＡ中乙酸比例由５４％降至４３．５％（Ｐ＜０．０１）．丙酸比例由２４．８％升至２８．４％（Ｐ＜０．０５），丁酸比例也由２１．１％增至２８．５％（Ｐ＜０．０１）。同时Ｃ２／Ｃ３比由２．１９降至１．５４（Ｐ＜０．０１）。     

克伦特罗在猪体内的生物利用度及药物动力学研究

６头体重４７．００±４．５７ｋｇ（Ｘ±Ｓ）的健康长白和大白杂交猪，拉丁方设计试验，按４ｍｇ／ｋｇ静注、肌注和内服克伦特罗，高效液相色谱法检测血浆中药物浓度，ＭＣＰＫＰ药代动力学程序处理药时数据。静注给药的药代动力学参数是：ｔ１／２α０．６２±０．１２ｈ，ｔ１／２β４．８７±１．５６ｈ，Ｖｄ（ａｒｅａ）４．４８±０．５６ｌ／ｋｇ，ＣｌＢ０．６３±０．１１ｌ／ｋｇ／ｈ，ＡＵＣ６．３９±１．２７μｇ／ｍｌ．ｈ。肌注给药的药动学参数是：ｔ１／２Ｋａ０．２２±０．１０ｈ，ｔ１／２α０．５６±０．２１ｈ，ｔ１／２β４．２５±１．１０ｈ，ｔｍａｘ０．６０±０．１３ｈ，Ｃｍａｘ１．２７±０．３５μｇ／ｍｌ，ＡＵＣ５．４８±１．２９μｇ／ｍｌ．ｈ，Ｆ８５．４０±４．６９％。内服给药的药动学参数是：ｔ１／２Ｋａ０．２８±０．１５ｈ，ｔ１／２Ｋｅ３．１５±０．３６ｈ，ｔｍａｘ１．４６±０．１９ｈ，Ｃｍａｘ０．６５±０．１３μｇ／ｍｌ，ＡＵＣ３．９３±０．９９ｍｇ／ｌ．ｈ，Ｆ６１．０２±１０．９０％。肌注给药的生物利用度与内服比较，差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）。     

犬卵母细胞体外成熟的影响因素

采集发情期和间情期犬卵巢,回收大腔（直径大于１ｍｍ）卵泡和不可见卵泡的卵母细胞,在４种成熟液（ＴＣＭ１９９＋２０％ＦＣＳ,ＴＣＭ１９９＋２０％ＦＣＳ＋１０ＩＵ／ｍＬＦＳＨ,ＴＣＭ１９９＋２０％ＥＤＳ和ＴＣＭ１９９＋２０％ＥＤＳ＋１０ＩＵ／ｍＬＦＳＨ）中成熟后进行了受精试验。结果：（１）发情期大于２ｍｍ和１～２ｍｍ的大腔卵泡卵母细胞的体外成熟率（４２．５％,３２．５％）显著高于间情期卵母细胞（２０．４％）,但发情犬不可见卵泡卵母细胞的体外成熟率（２８．９％）与间情期卵母细胞差异不显著;（２）在成熟液中添加促性腺激素,能有效地提高卵母细胞成熟率,不可见卵泡的卵母细胞对促性腺激素的依赖性（３０．０％比７．８％）大于大腔卵泡的卵母细胞（４２．５％比２９．０％）;（３）卵丘扩散与卵母细胞成熟存在相关性;（４）ＥＤＳ可诱导卵丘扩散,但不能有效提高卵母细胞的成熟率;（５）发情期卵巢上的大腔卵泡和不可见卵泡的卵母细胞以及间情期卵巢不可见卵泡的卵母细胞体外培养后,与体外获能的精子进行体外受精,其卵裂率分别为１６．０％（４／２５）,０％（０／４０）和２．５％（１／４０）。     

用屠宰场绵羊卵巢和附睾进行胚胎体外生产的研究

研究了从屠宰场得到的绵羊卵巢可采集的Ａ级卵母细胞数在不同月份的变化规律及运用屠宰场母羊的卵母细胞、公羊的附睾精子生产早期胚胎的可行性。结果表明在我国新疆地区，９、１０两个月份每个卵巢得到的平均Ａ级卵母细胞数显著高于其它月份（Ｐ＜０．０５），是进行绵羊体外受精研究的理想季节。卵巢卵母细胞经成熟培养后与附睾精子体外受精３０ｈ后，入孵卵母细胞在Ｍ１９９＋ＦＣＳ和Ｍ１９９＋ＦＣＳ＋ＣＣｓ培养液中的卵裂率分别为２２．４％和４４．５％；继续培养４～７ｄ，卵裂胚发育为１６－细胞以上的比例分别为６３．２％和８３．９％，差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）。     

不同剂量半胱胺对肉用仔鸡增重及血液生长抑素、生长激素含量的影响

将８０只３０日龄红布罗鸡随机分为４组，半胱胺（ｃｙｓｔｅａｍｉｎｅ，ＣＳ）的添加量分别为０（对照）、１００、１５０、２００ｍｇ／ｋｇ体重。至５８日龄称重、宰杀、颈静脉采血，并用放免法对血液生长抑素（ＳＳ）和生长激素（ＧＨ）含量进行分析。结果：（１）与对照组相比，ＣＳ１００组净增重提高６．２％（Ｐ＜０．０５），其它剂量组增重无明显变化；（２）口服ＣＳ不改变仔鸡采食量，但饲料转化率ＣＳ１００、ＣＳ１５０、ＣＳ２００组分别提高５．７％、３．３％、６．３％；（３）与对照组相比，ＣＳ１００、ＣＳ１５０、ＣＳ２００组的血液ＳＳ含量分别下降７０．７％（Ｐ＜０．０５）、７６．２％（Ｐ＜０．０２５）和７６．１％（Ｐ＜０．０１），但ＧＨ水平只在ＣＳ１００组有明显升高（Ｐ＜０．０５），结果提示ＣＳ对仔鸡的作用同哺乳动物一样也呈现剂量依赖性     

氯化钾对高温下肉仔鸡能量和蛋白质利用的影响

试验用２８日龄艾维茵肉仔鸡１２０只，随机分成四组（１、２、３、４），各组饮水中添加氯化钾（ＫＣｌ），其浓度分别为０、０．１８％、０．２６％、０．３４％。试验鸡会温度控制在３４±１℃，试验期为１周，进行了饲养试验、代谢试验和比较屠宰试验。结果表明：能量的沉积和利用率处理组高于１组，尤其是４组显著高于１组（Ｐ＜０．０１），并高于２、３组（Ｐ＜０．０５）；粗蛋白的沉积及其沉积率处理组高于１组，胴体粗蛋白的沉积和利用率２组高于１、３、４组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。因此，饮水中加入０．３４％ＫＣｌ可提高肉仔鸡在高温下对能量的利用率，０．１８％ＫＣｌ则提高其对粗蛋白的利用率。     

白细胞介素-1α调节仔猪睾丸间质细胞睾酮分泌的机制

本实验利用体外培养的２～３周龄仔猪睾丸间质细胞，研究了ＩＬ１α调节间质细胞睾酮分泌的机制。结果表明，ＩＬ１α能抑制ｈＣＧ刺激间质细胞分泌睾酮，其睾酮产生量随ＩＬ１α剂量增大（０～１００μ／ｍｌ）及刺激时间延长（０～４８ｈ）而下降。用２０μ／ｍｌ和５０μ／ｍｌ的ＩＬ１α刺激４８ｈ，可分别抑制６０％和６５％的睾酮产生。ＩＬ１α同样抑制ｃＡＭＰ（３μｍｏｌ／ｍｌ）诱导的间质细胞睾酮的分泌，但不影响ｈＣＧ与间质细胞膜受体的结合量及ｈＣＧ诱导的第二信使ｃＡＭＰ的增加。说明ＩＬ１α抑制ｈＣＧ促睾酮分泌的作用，其抑制点不在ｈＣＧ与受体的结合及第二信使ｃＡＭＰ的聚集上，而在ｃＡＭＰ产生之后的某个环节。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.