家兔盲肠微生物总DNA的提取

为了全面了解家兔盲肠中的微生物信息，本文采用非培养技术，通过化学、物理裂解和酶解相结合，建立了直接从家兔盲肠内容物中提取总DNA的方法。结果从1g新鲜的盲肠内容物中提取出5．4μg总DNA；所得的DNA能被核酸限制性内切酶降解；经纯化后能用作模板进行PCR扩增。     

微量水蒸气蒸馏法测定家兔盲肠内容物的酸度

对添加木~10和EA_(3867)两种纤维素曲酶饲喂3个月的家兔,按系统取样原则分为两个试验组和1个对照组,每组8～9只。于屠宰后立即采盲肠内容物10g,用微量水蒸气蒸馏法测定其低碳(1～5C)脂肪酸(VFA)的酸度变化。结果,木~10组和EA_(3/67)组两个试验组家兔盲肠内容物酸度均较对照组高。本法具有取样少、设备简单、操作容易的特点,也可用于测定马、牛等家畜的胃、肠内容物和血液的酸度。     

家兔饲料中蛋白质的利用

<正> 家免是一种有较大盲肠的食草动物,盲肠是微生物发酵的场所。象反刍动物一样,家兔可以食入大量的纤维素。盲肠消化过程的效率因盲肠内容物的消耗而得以提高,这个过程叫盲肠营养作用。盲肠营养作用使家兔能在盲肠内合成细菌性蛋白质和氨基酸,以及数量充足的所有B族维生素。蛋白质繁殖期和哺乳期家兔对蛋白质的最佳需要量,比生长期家兔的需要量要多。研究证明,日粮中粗蛋白含量为16%即可满足幼兔生长最快时的需要量。而对繁殖和哺乳家兔来说,日粮中蛋白质的最佳含量应达到18%。生长期家兔的氨基酸需要量不易确定,有关哺乳期需要量的材料也很少。对家免生长来说,赖氨     

林肯霉素诱发家兔小腸结腸炎

一群家兔共210只,发生高度流行性急性腹泻,发病2～3小时内衰竭、死亡。病理剖检主要发现盲肠浆膜布满淤血斑点,粘膜充血、肠内容物水样。组织学检查盲肠粘膜出现炎症变化。从全部家兔盲肠内容物均分离出大肠杆菌,厌氧培养梭状芽     

应用扩增性rDNA限制性酶切片段多态性分析技术研究竹鼠盲肠细菌菌群的多样性

本试验应用扩增性rDNA限制性酶切片段多态性分析(ARDRA)技术研究竹鼠盲肠细菌菌群的多样性。利用免培养的分子生物学技术,从竹鼠盲肠内容物中提取细菌的总DNA,用细菌通用引物F27/R1492扩增出细菌16S rDNA的基因,构建16S rDNA基因文库。采用HaeⅢ和HhaⅠ2种限制性内切酶对阳性克隆子的扩增产物进行酶切,挑选不同的操作分类单元(OTU)测序,通过Blast在线比对,分析竹鼠盲肠细菌菌群的多样性。结果表明:竹鼠盲肠中的细菌菌群大部分是未培养或未知的菌株,在分类学上具有潜在意义的被选菌株,而且存在可能和脂肪代谢有关的微生物群体。同时也有乳酸菌属、芽孢杆菌属、梭形杆菌属和多黏类芽孢杆菌属的分布。从结果中看出,芽孢杆菌属、梭形杆菌属和2个未知菌株的克隆数都大于20个,是优势菌株。     

提取家蚕肠道微生物总DNA的2种方法的比较研究

为寻找提取家蚕中肠道微生物总DNA的方法,比较研究了2种方法:①直接提取家蚕中肠道内容物的总DNA,再选择性研究其中来源于微生物的DNA;②先分离家蚕中肠道的微生物,再提取其总DNA.结果表明,方法②所得到的DNA数量较少,但纯度较高;方法①的数量多,种类齐,但杂质多.2种方法分别适合于不同的研究目的.     

生长育肥猪后肠纤维分解菌的数量及微生物发酵作用

本试验采用严格厌氧微生物学方法 ,对生长肥育猪的盲肠、结肠和直肠内容物中总厌氧菌和纤维分解菌的数量、纤维素酶活性、氨态氮和VFA含量进行了测定。结果表明 ,盲肠和直肠内容物中纤维分解菌的数量显著高于结肠(P<0.01) ;盲肠内容物中羧甲基纤维素酶活性最高 ,其次是结肠 ,直肠最低(P<0.05) ;直肠和盲肠的氨态氮浓度显著高于结肠(P<0.05) ;盲肠、结肠和直肠的总VFA含量分别为82.79、154.47和143.80mmol/L ;乙酸的摩尔百分比为盲肠>结肠>直肠 ;丙酸的摩尔百分比无明显改变 ;丁酸的摩尔百分比为盲肠<结肠<直肠(P>0.05)。本试验证明 ,饲喂玉米—豆粕型日粮的生长肥育猪后肠中存在相当数量的纤维分解菌 ,盲肠、结肠和直肠内容物中纤维分解菌的数量分别占可培养微生物区系的8.6 %、3.1 %和22.1 %。后肠微生物发酵类型为乙酸发酵型。     

乳糖饲料对沙门氏杆菌生长繁殖的影响

一批肉用大雏鸡泄殖腔内接种鼠伤寒沙门氏杆菌(St)然后观察乳糖饲料是否影响St在盲肠内的生长繁殖。本试验分:空白对照鸡;经口接种从成鸡盲肠内容物中分离出的厌氧培养物(AC);接种AC并给予乳糖饲料三组。在饲喂10天、15天时测得,乳糖饲料能显著降低盲肠内容物中的St数量(每克内容物下降2—4个数     

基于16S rDNA测序分析柔嫩艾美耳球虫感染对鸡盲肠菌群的影响

为探究柔嫩艾美耳球虫感染对鸡盲肠菌群的影响,采集对照组和球虫感染组雏鸡盲肠内容物,提取DNA,16S rDNA测序分析鸡盲肠菌群丰度、多样性的变化,采用粪菌移植验证正常鸡肠道菌群对柔嫩艾美耳球虫感染的保护作用。16S rDNA测序结果显示,柔嫩艾美耳球虫感染后盲肠内菌群丰度、多样性显著降低。在门水平上,感染前,两组雏鸡盲肠的优势菌门均为厚壁菌、变形菌、放线菌;感染后厚壁菌门丰度下降,变形菌门、放线菌门的丰度上升,差异显著(P<0.05),感染组出现了拟杆菌门。在属水平上,与对照组相比,感染组鸡盲肠微生物菌群中乳杆菌属、埃希菌-志贺菌属、拟杆菌属、罗姆布茨菌属、棒状杆菌属、肠球菌属、变形杆菌属丰度增加但差异不显著(P>0.05),毛螺菌科未定属、瘤胃球菌属、梭菌UCG-014、瘤胃球菌科未定属丰度显著下降(P<0.05),GCA-900066575丰度降低但差异不显著(P>0.05)。粪菌移植结果显示,与生理盐水移植组相比,盲肠内容物移植组和粪便菌移植组能显著减轻柔嫩艾美耳球虫感染后鸡增重降低的影响,减轻盲肠损伤,卵囊产量显著下降(P<0.05)。盲肠内容物...     

不同ZEA水平对驴肠道微生物、卵巢发育以及粪便移植后小鼠卵巢细胞凋亡的影响研究

试验旨在研究玉米赤霉烯酮（ZEA）对驴肠道微生态的重塑及肠道微生物结构对其卵泡发育的影响。选取24头母驴,随机分成3组,对照组和试验组分别灌服100μL浓度为0、500、1 000μg/（kg·d）的ZEA溶液,连续40 d。饲喂结束后,分别采集驴盲肠内容物以及驴卵巢用于16S rRNA测序及Tunel检测。利用小鼠模型进行驴盲肠内容物对卵巢发育的验证试验,选取30只昆明母鼠,随机分成3组,将饲喂试验中的驴盲肠内容物制成菌液,每天200μL灌胃移植给小鼠,连续40 d,试验结束后采集小鼠卵巢进行卵巢中相关基因和蛋白表达检测及Tunel检测。结果表明：与对照组相比,500μg/（kg·d）和1 000μg/（kg·d）组驴盲肠中厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门菌群丰度降低（P<0.05）,螺旋体门菌群丰度升高（P<0.05）,且卵巢细胞凋亡数量增加（P<0.05）;在小鼠模型中,与对照组相比,驴盲肠内容物灌胃处理组的小鼠其卵巢中炎症反应相关蛋白和凋亡相关蛋白表达量升高（P<0.05）,且卵巢细胞凋亡数量升高（P<0.05）,小鼠卵巢中抗氧化酶蛋白、趋化因子蛋白表达量降低（...     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.