引发对种子萌发和幼苗生长特性的影响

以紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)种子为材料,以水、PEG-6000溶液(-0.6 MPa)、KNO3溶液(2%)、GA3溶液(100μmol·L-1)和CaCl2溶液(2%)为引发剂,研究各引发处理后的种子在不同温度、盐分和水分胁迫下的萌发和幼苗生长特性。结果表明,1)除引发显著提高低水势下以及KNO3引发显著促进高盐下的萌发率外(P0.05),引发对紫花苜蓿在所有温度、盐分和水势下的萌发率均没有显著影响(P0.05)。2)除CaCl2引发在10和15℃及PEG引发在高盐胁迫下的平均萌发时间没有影响外(P0.05),引发均显著缩短了紫花苜蓿的平均萌发时间(P0.05)。3)引发对紫花苜蓿在不同温度、盐分和水势胁迫下的根和苗生长的影响不同:水引发显著促进紫花苜蓿在10℃下根的生长,但在其它条件下对根的生长无显著作用。水引发显著促进了紫花苜蓿在10℃和高盐胁迫下苗的生长。但除水引发外,所有引发处理均显著促进了紫花苜蓿在低水势下苗的生长,其中以KNO3引发效果最好(P0.05)。     

紫花苜蓿和黄花苜蓿种子萌发期对PEG模拟干旱胁迫的响应

为了探知紫花苜蓿和黄花苜蓿种子萌发期对逆境胁迫的适应能力,采用8个不同浓度的聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)溶液模拟干旱条件,研究了紫花苜蓿和黄花苜蓿种子萌发和幼苗生长对干旱的响应,评价了二者的抗旱性。结果表明,在非干旱和干旱条件下,紫花苜蓿的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、根长、苗长均高于黄花苜蓿。轻度干旱(PEG 4%)可促进两种苜蓿的种子萌发;中度干旱(PEG 8%~12%)对两种苜蓿的种子萌发和幼苗生长产生显著抑制作用;重度干旱(PEG 16%~20%)抑制作用更强。黄花苜蓿受抑制程度大于紫花苜蓿。极端干旱条件(PEG 24%~32%)下,两种苜蓿的种子完全受到抑制,不能萌发,但种子活力依然存在。复水至水分条件适宜时,仍能萌发。参考隶属函数法采用多个相对指标的综合评价结果表明紫花苜蓿种子萌发期的抗旱性高于黄花苜蓿。     

2,4-表油菜素内酯对盐胁迫下紫花苜蓿种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为明确外源2,4-表油菜素内酯(24-epibrassinolide,EBR)对盐胁迫下紫花苜蓿幼苗伤害的缓解作用,以中苜3号和陇中苜蓿为材料,在150mmol/L NaCl胁迫下,研究不同浓度EBR处理对紫花苜蓿种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:(1)150mmol/L NaCl胁迫显著抑制了苜蓿种子萌发、幼苗生长及根系活力,降低了幼苗的地上、地下生物量;(2)外源EBR可有效的缓解NaCl胁迫对苜蓿种子萌发、幼苗生长及根系活力的抑制作用,并具有明显的浓度效应;(3)综合发芽试验、幼苗生长试验,在150mmol/L NaCl胁迫下,10-1μmol/L EBR处理显著地提高了苜蓿种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数和胚芽长、胚根长、萌发期幼苗干重,并显著增加了苜蓿幼苗的叶片数、茎粗、株高、主根长、侧根数和地上、地下生物量,提高了苜蓿萌发期、幼苗期的根系活力水平,对盐胁迫下苜蓿幼苗的缓解效果最好。说明外源EBR能够促进NaCl胁迫下紫花苜蓿种子的萌发及幼苗的生长发育,EBR在诱导植物抗盐性上具有积极作用。     

两种诱变处理对紫花苜蓿种子萌发及植株生理生化特性的影响

为了研究诱变处理对紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)种子萌发及植株生理特性的影响,以紫花苜蓿Wega7F种子为供试材料,经~(60)Co-γ和甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)两种诱变处理后,测定种子萌发、幼苗生长及植株生理指标。结果表明,不同剂量~(60)Co-γ射线处理对苜蓿萌发率、发芽指数、幼苗生长的影响不同,低剂量(150Gy)提高了发芽率、发芽指数及幼苗生长,高剂量(300和450Gy)抑制萌发率和幼苗生长。EMS处理均抑制苜蓿种子的萌发及幼苗生长。在低剂量条件下,~(60)Co-γ射线处理对株高有促进作用,高剂量会抑制植株生长;EMS处理则抑制苜蓿株高生长。两种诱变处理均促进苜蓿分枝,且低剂量处理下均有利于提高苜蓿单株鲜草产量。在~(60)Co-γ辐射和0.4%EMS处理下,叶绿素含量提高,其他处理叶绿素含量均降低。诱变提高了苜蓿叶片的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,对3种酶活性的影响程度表现为PODCATSOD。本研究结果表明,150Gy ~(60)Co-γ对苜蓿产量及株高影响显著,为苜蓿生产应用提供了一定利用价值;EMS处理更有利于增强苜蓿分枝能力,有利于苜蓿在观赏方面的提高及改良。     

温度、光照和水分对飞扬草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

为明确热带常见杂草飞扬草(Euphorbia hirta)的种子萌发特性,本研究运用培养皿滤纸法和盆栽法,分别研究温度、光照和水分条件对飞扬草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,飞扬草种子在20~40℃范围内均可萌发,其中30℃为种子萌发的最适温度(萌发率和萌发指数均最大),25℃时幼苗生长最好(根长/苗长为1.031)。恒温条件(25℃)下,光照8~24h时的种子萌发率无显著差异(平均值94.07%)、光/暗0h/24h时萌发率降至52%(P0.05),萌发指数随光照时间缩短先增大后降低,光/暗16h/8h时最大(93.93),0h/24h最低(30.59);有光照时幼苗的根长均显著大于苗长,无光照时苗长显著大于根长(P0.05)。变温条件(光/暗,35℃/25℃)下,光照时长对飞扬草种子萌发率和幼苗苗长无显著影响(P0.05),随光照时长缩短萌发指数和幼苗根长均显著减低(P0.05)。综合各指标,12~16h光照为飞扬草种子萌发和幼苗生长的最佳光照条件。25℃、光/暗12h/12h条件下,飞扬草在土壤最大持水量60%时的种子出苗率达39%、幼苗根长苗长比为1.10∶1。     

NaCl胁迫对紫花苜蓿种子萌发,幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

以紫花苜蓿种子为材料,利用培养皿开展种子发芽试验,研究不同浓度NaCl胁迫下种子的萌发及幼苗生长情况.结果 表明:NaCl胁迫显著抑制紫花苜蓿种子萌发及幼苗的生长,对根的生长抑制性大于苗和全株;NaCl胁迫下,苜蓿幼苗体内保护性物质(超氧化歧化酶、脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白等)降低了丙二醛的水平.因此,苜蓿可通过自身生理调节作用,减轻NaCl胁迫对其的伤害.     

陇东苹果园土壤浸提液对黑麦草和紫花苜蓿种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

果园生草是一种新型土壤管理模式,草地成功建植是该模式建立的基础。苹果园土壤的特异性可能影响草类种子萌发及幼苗生长,从而影响草地建植。本研究分析了陇东苹果园不同土层的土壤浸提液对黑麦草(Lolium perenne)和紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,结果表明,苹果园土壤浸提液提高了黑麦草种子萌发数,但减小了紫花苜蓿种子萌发数,但对二者种子萌发率没有影响;与无落叶相比,落叶残留时土壤浸提液加快了种子萌发,并有提高种子萌发率的趋势。土壤浸提液抑制了黑麦草和紫花苜蓿幼苗胚根的生长,减少了幼苗单株鲜重;但有落叶残留时的土壤浸提液相对于无落叶的土壤浸提液处理减小了对黑麦草和紫花苜蓿幼苗胚根生长的抑制作用。因此,苹果园土壤可通过抑制草类植物幼苗生长而非种子萌发来影响草地建植;从幼苗生长受抑制程度来看,苹果园生草选择黑麦草等禾本科牧草更适合。     

硅对紫花苜蓿种子萌发及幼苗生长发育的影响

在盆栽条件下证实了硅能够促进紫花苜蓿生长的基础上,研究了水培条件下硅对紫花苜蓿种子萌发和幼苗生长发育的影响。结果表明,硅对紫花苜蓿种子初始萌发时间和最终发芽率没有影响,但硅处理明显缩短了紫花苜蓿种子萌发所需时间,显著增加了发芽指数,种子活力和发芽势(P<0.05),说明硅不能改变紫花苜蓿种子品质的优劣,但能提高其活力。硅对紫花苜蓿幼苗茎叶和根系生长的影响并不一致,表现为硅处理紫花苜蓿幼苗茎长显著大于对照处理紫花苜蓿幼苗茎长(P<0.05),而硅处理紫花苜蓿幼苗根长和对照幼苗根长差异不显著。硅处理紫花苜蓿幼苗生物量显著大于对照处理紫花苜蓿生物量(P<0.05)。紫花苜蓿种子发芽指数,发芽势、幼苗根茎长度和生物量对硅的响应不存在浓度剂量效应。研究表明,硅至少直接参与了紫花苜蓿种子萌发和幼苗生长的生理生化过程,而且紫花苜蓿对硅的需求量相对较少。     

4种环境因子对芒种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为研究芒(Miscanthus sinensis)种子的萌发特性,探究了不同温度、光照时间、土壤含水量和播种深度对芒种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,1)25℃为芒种子的最适萌发温度,低于10℃时,抑制其种子萌发及幼苗生长;2)光照时间对芒种子萌发率无影响,但对萌发指数、活力指数及幼苗生长有显著(P0.05)影响,光照12h为最适光照时间;3)芒种子最适宜的土壤含水量为10%,土壤含水量25%时,芒种子萌发受到显著(P0.05)抑制;4)播种深度对芒种子出苗与建植影响较大,3mm播种深度最为适宜。综上所述,本研究为芒进行温室育苗与大田建植提供了科学依据。     

水引发对紫花苜蓿种子萌发及其生理活动的影响

采用4个紫花苜蓿品种三得利、阿尔冈金、新疆大叶和陇东种子,研究了控制加水引发对紫花苜蓿种子萌发及几个生理指标的影响.结果表明,引发显著缩短了所有供试紫花苜蓿品种种子达最终发芽率50%的萌发时间(P<0.01),提高种子发芽指数,但对最终的发芽率和硬实率无显著影响.引发显著降低了所有参试品种种子可溶性糖含量、种子水浸8 h时电导率(P<0.05),增加了所有参试品种种子脯氨酸含量;引发种子丙二醛含量虽然略低于未引发种子,但差异不显著.这说明紫花苜蓿种子水引发不仅能够加快种子萌发速率,提高萌发一致性,而且能够修复生物膜、增强细胞结构稳定性并增强种子抗逆性.     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.