余甘子蛀干害虫——桔斑簇天牛生物学特性研究

通过野外调查和室内饲养对发生在云南保山余甘子Phyllanthus emblica Linn.植株上的桔斑簇天牛Aristobia approximator（Thomson）形态特征和生物学特性进行研究。结果表明，桔斑簇天牛1年发生1代，以卵和1~3龄幼虫在产卵槽底部和蛀食坑道内越冬。越冬期大龄幼虫于翌年3月下旬化蛹，低龄幼虫于5月下旬化蛹，蛹平均历期65~78d。6月上旬至10月上旬为成虫羽化期，6月下旬至8月中旬为羽化高峰期，成虫平均寿命为38~47d。7月上旬至10月上旬为产卵期，树皮厚度为3~5mm之间的产卵量最多，产卵率为96.03%。7月中旬至11月下旬为卵孵化期，卵孵化率为91.80%，卵的平均历期18~25d。10月中旬卵和幼虫进入越冬，10月中旬至11月下旬平均气温在10~15℃时越冬卵孵化率下降为57.30%。越冬期幼虫处于持续蛀食发育状态，幼虫平均历期为225~240d，幼虫大致分为6龄，4~5龄幼虫取食量最大，平均单日蛀道容积为28.26cm3。     

粗狭肋鳃金龟的生物学特性及防治

粗狭肋鳃金龟（Holotrichia scrobiculata Brenske）是蓝莓主要害虫，以幼虫在地下啃食根系为害。为掌握该虫在麻江的发生特点，探讨有效的综合防控措施，采用定期定点调查及室内饲养相结合的方法，对该虫的生物学特性进行了系统研究。结果表明：粗狭肋鳃金龟在贵州省黔东南州麻江县1年发生1代，以蛹越冬；翌年3月下旬至6月下旬成虫羽化出土，5月上旬开始产卵，5月下旬幼虫孵化，12月上旬老熟幼虫开始作蛹室化蛹并在土中越冬。成虫于每晚6点至10点集中出土并转移至壳斗科植物上进行取食或生殖活动，出土高峰期为4月下旬至6月上旬，寿命22.50-24.40 d；晚上20:00-21:00为成虫交配高峰期，交配后4-7天开始产卵，卵期10-20 d，产卵高峰期为6月，单雌产卵量30-50粒，散产；7月为幼虫孵化盛期，幼虫共3龄，历期219-252 d。此外，提出了黑光灯诱杀、人工采虫、冬季深耕翻土等有效的防治方法。     

澳洲坚果新害虫--脊胸露尾甲生物学习性观察

在云南省西双版纳种植区发现为害澳洲坚果的新害虫——脊胸露尾甲,为准确掌握其生物学习性,在室内以澳洲坚果果仁为食对其进行了饲养,并对各虫态的形态、成虫交配习性、产卵习性、卵的孵化率、各虫态的存活率进行了观察。结果表明：脊胸露尾甲的发育经历卵、幼虫、蛹、成虫四个虫态,其中幼虫分为3个龄期,随着龄期的增长,幼虫体长、体宽和头壳宽度逐渐增加。成虫羽化后不会立即交配,交配前期为（4.65±0.04）d,交配时长不等,初次交配时长为（13.78±0.29）min,雄成虫存在争夺交配权的行为。雌成虫产卵前期为（8.65±0.03）d,初次产卵量为(1.94±0.06)粒,在15:00-18:00时间段的产卵量/小时最高;雌成虫对产卵位置具有选择性,背光面的着卵率极显著高于向光面。卵的孵化率随着湿度的增加而不断提高。常规饲养条件下,卵、1龄幼虫、2龄幼虫、3龄幼虫、蛹的存活率分别为(86.50±0.69)%、(83.31±2.99)%、(94.85±0.71)%、(97.09±1.46)%、(98.77±1.23)%。本研究为脊胸露尾甲的生物学及防治提供参考依据。     

邯郸地区鸡卡氏住白细胞虫病季节动态的研究

鸡卡氏住白细胞虫病在邯郸地区的发病季节在6月下旬至10月份，高峰期为8-9月份，阳性感染率高达100%，阳性视野可达498‰-526‰，以后逐渐下降，至12，1，2，3，4，5月份为低潮期，虽然阳性感染率为40%-60%，但阳性视野仅在5‰-22‰之间。通过捕获发病鸡舍的飞虫，进行鉴定分类，确定了荒川库蠓是邯郸地区传播本传播本病的优势种。根据邯郸地区气温变化，荒川库蠓活动的高峰期为7-8月，与发病高峰期基本相符。     

黑绒金龟甲的发生规律研究

采用田间调查及室内饲养观察相结合的方法,研究了黑绒金龟甲(Serica orientalis)在兰州市的生活史、降水量对其田间消长动态的影响以及室内温度对其生长发育、卵孵化的影响。结果表明:25℃条件下,黑绒金龟甲的卵期6~9 d,幼虫3龄,幼虫期为53~86 d,蛹期9~16 d,成虫期长达9个多月,即280 d;黑绒金龟甲在兰州一年发生1代,4月下旬入蛰成虫开始出土,5月中旬~6月下旬成虫交配产卵;5月下旬~7月上旬为幼虫危害时期,7月中旬老熟幼虫开始转入地下化蛹,8月中旬蛹开始羽化,成虫当年不出土,在地下越冬,翌年4月下旬出蛰,黑绒金龟甲卵在18℃以下不能孵化,22~30℃时卵的历期随温度的升高逐渐缩短,32~35℃卵的历期则随温度的升高逐渐延长;其中,30℃时卵的孵化天数最短,为6.6 d;25℃时卵的孵化率最高,为95.00%,35℃时孵化率最低为21.25%。黑绒金龟甲的发生量与降水量有关,在每一个降水高峰期后,黑绒金龟甲的出土量明显增加。     

中国野桑蚕人工饲料育研究初报

为解决野桑蚕作为试验昆虫在室内饲养难的问题,以江苏启东野桑蚕为材料,用家蚕低成本饲料进行了饲育研究。在催青期温度25℃、饲育温度27~25℃以及光照条件1~2龄12 L 12 D、3~5龄15 L 9 D的条件下,野桑蚕人工饲料育的2龄起蚕率为31.3%,幼虫期20~48 d,雌、雄蛹体质量分别为0.45、0.25 g,蛹期17~23 d,雌蛾平均产卵266粒,产滞育卵的母蛾占45.0%。研究结果表明,人工饲料育能够使野桑蚕顺利完成世代发育。     

环境因子对桑螟越冬的影响

本文调查观察了第5、6代桑螟幼虫在不同环境条件下的发育变化,就不同环境条件的成活率,不同环境条件对化蛹羽化的影响进行了调查。结果发现,5龄桑螟成活率总体大于4龄及以下虫龄;处理条件对桑螟发育具有干预影响,其中间隔30d的影响作用更大,化蛹率占存活桑螟的72.73%,羽化率占化蛹量的37.50%;在自然温度、光照条件下,5龄桑螟经过30d后也会有个体继续发育。     

桑粉虱研究初报

室内饲养桑粉虱，感温20℃，卵期平均7．6d；在18.38～19．59℃，幼虫期1龄平均6.2d，2龄3.1d，3龄4．0d，4龄及蛹期8.5d。室内饲养结合田间实验，桑粉虱成虫的单雌产卵量平均为21粒。成虫寿命室内为2～6d，室外有长于8d的。以蛹在落叶、土表和杂草中越冬。     

印楝素乳油对井上蛀果斑螟的生物活性研究

为研究印楝素乳油对井上蛀果斑螟(Assara inouei Yamanaka)的致死效果及对后续虫态发育的影响。在室内条件下，采用饲喂法和浸渍法，研究了0.3%印楝素乳油对井上蛀果斑螟初孵幼虫和老熟幼虫发育、存活，及存活幼虫化蛹、羽化和成虫生殖力的影响。结果表明，0.3%印楝素乳油对井上蛀果斑螟幼虫的生长发育和繁殖均有一定的抑制作用。不同浓度印楝素乳油处理初孵幼虫和老熟幼虫后，其幼虫存活率、化蛹率、羽化率均显著低于对照，且随处理浓度的增加而逐渐降低；其蛹期、成虫产卵前期、寿命与对照无显著差异，而蛹重、产卵期与对照差异显著；成虫单雌产卵量及卵孵化率显著小于对照，产卵抑制率及卵孵化抑制率均随处理浓度的增加而逐渐增大；印楝素对初孵幼虫的抑制作用明显大于老熟幼虫。     

麻点璃眼蜱的鉴定及部分生物学特性研究

1999－2000年3－9月份从甘肃省永靖县的绵羊、山羊体表采集蜱842只（雄虫453只，雌虫389只），经鉴定为麻点璃眼蜱(Hyalomma rufipes).该种蜱对山羊的侵害大于绵羊，，一般寄生于羊后肢内侧，肛门周围和母亲外生殖器周围等无毛或毛稀少、毛毛短的部位。经实验室人工饲养，证明该种蜱为二宿主蜱，饱和血雌虫产卵前的生殖滞育期平均39．5d，产卵期平均22．5d，卵孵化平均27d，幼虫从开始吸血到变为饱血若虫19．5d，饱和血若虫蜕皮约37d；成虫活动季节为3－10月份，5－6月份为高峰期，羊在高峰期的感染率达100％。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.