H-FABP基因型对中畜黑猪I系生长性能的影响

利用PCR RFLP技术(限制性内切酶采用HinfⅠ和HaeⅢ)检测了培育品种77头中畜黑猪I系的心肌脂肪酸结合蛋白(H FABP)基因座位的遗传变异,同时对H FABP的不同PCR RFLP基因型对生产性能的影响作了初步统计分析,旨在探讨利用H FABP进行肉质性状辅助选择,是否对生产性能产生不利影响。结果表明,在H FABP基因5′上游和内含子2 区段,均发现HinfⅠRFLP 和HaeⅢRFLP、HinfⅠ* RFLP;结果显示,在HinfⅠRFLP位点上,HH和hh 2种基因型间个体170日龄体重差异显著(P<0.05),除此之外,未发现其它酶切位点的不同基因型个体生长性能之间的显著差异。研究结果为今后开展猪肉质性状和生产性能的分子辅助选育奠定应用基础。     

3品种鹅Myostatin基因3′-调控区SNPs群体遗传学分析

利用已测得的鹅Myostatin基因3′-调控区核苷酸序列设计5对PCR-SSCP引物,对扬州鹅、皖西白鹅以及五龙鹅3品种家鹅该区域内单核苷酸多态性进行了分析,并探索了单核苷酸多态性与生产性能之间的关系。结果表明,检测到A→G（88位）和G→T（353位）2个单碱基突变位点。88位处,E等位基因为优势等位基因,具有EE、EF两种基因型,以扬州鹅杂合子频率最高（0.550）,皖西白鹅30个个体仅有一例EF型;353位处,G为优势等位基因,具有GG、GH和HH 3种基因型,3品种均具有较高的GG基因型频率、较低的HH基因型频率。屠体性能分析发现,EF基因型家鹅具有更高的屠体性能;扬州鹅、皖西白鹅GG型个体的腿肌重和腿肌率显著高于HH型个体（P〈0.05）,五龙鹅腿肌重、腿肌率具有GG型（GH型（HH型的趋势,但差异不显著（P〉0.05）。     

莱芜猪ACSL4和H-FABP基因的多态性及育种应用

选取了106头莱芜猪核心群及部分后备猪,用PCR-RFLP的方法分别检测了酰基辅酶A合成酶长链4（Acly-CoA synthetase long chain family 4,ACSL4）基因的SNP G2645A位点和心脏型脂肪酸结合蛋白（Heart fatty acid-binding protein,H-FABP）基因的HinfⅠ及MspⅠ位点的多态性。结果显示,在ACSL4的SNP G2645A位点共检测到AG和GG 2种基因型,没有检测到AA基因型;G等位基因是优势等位基因;莱芜猪该位点呈高度多态。在H-FABP的HinfⅠ位点共检测到HH、Hh和hh 3种基因型,莱芜猪在该位点呈中度多态。莱芜猪在上述2个位点均处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态。经测序验证,莱芜猪H-FABP基因HinfⅠ位点的多态性是1 324位点T的插入、缺失所造成的。莱芜猪在H-FABP的MspⅠ位点没有多态性。在莱芜猪本品种选育中,可以顺序选择ACSL4G2645A位点GG基因型纯合个体和H-FABP HinfⅠ位点HH基因型纯合个体,提高莱芜猪IMF性状的均一性,将进一步促进莱芜猪种质的保护和利用。     

鹅胴体和羽绒性状的因子分析及遗传评估——鹅胴体和羽绒性状的因子分析(Ⅰ)

测定了皖西白鹅×四川白鹅F1群体123只鹅的33个胴体性状和7个羽绒性状,采用因子分析方法从中提取出12个公共因子,可解释原40个性状82.24%的信息。研究表明,鹅产肉性能由产肉力、净膛率和腿肉率3个因子组成,可解释原40个性状的36.53%的信息量;肉质特性由脂肪酸品质、产脂力和肌肉水损失3个公共因子组成,可解释原40个性状的18.34%的信息量;羽绒特性由产毛力、绒品质和绒亲水性3个公共因子组成,可解释原40个性状的15.75%的信息量;辅助性能由羽型、心功能和消化力3个公共因子组成,可解释原40个性状的11.61%的信息量。     

3品种鹅Myostatin基因3''''-调控区SNPs群体遗传学分析

利用已测得的鹅Myostatin基因3'-调控区核苷酸序列设计5对PCR-SSCP引物,对扬州鹅、皖西白鹅以及五龙鹅3品种家鹅该区域内单核苷酸多态性进行了分析,并探索了单核苷酸多态性与生产性能之间的关系.结果表明,检测到A→G(88位)和G→T(353位)2个单碱基突变位点.88位处,E等位基因为优势等位基因,具有EE、EF两种基因型,以扬州鹅杂合子频率最高(0.550),皖西白鹅30个个体仅有一例EF型;353位处,G为优势等位基因,具有GG、GH和HH 3种基因型,3品种均具有较高的GG基因型频率、较低的HH基因型频率.屠体性能分析发现,EF基因型家鹅具有更高的屠体性能;扬州鹅、皖西白鹅GG型个体的腿肌重和腿肌率显著高于HH型个体(P＜0.05),五龙鹅腿肌重、腿肌率具有GG型＞GH型＞HH型的趋势,但差异不显著(P＞0.05).     

鸽黑素皮质素受体4基因多态性与生长性状及体组成的相关研究

通过比对GenBank中鸡、鹅黑素皮质素受体4（MC4R,melanocortin receptor）基因DNA序列,找出保守序列设计引物,克隆了鸽的MC4R基因编码区985bp序列,与鹅、鸡、短尾猊、北极狐和犬类的同源性分别为94%、94%、91%、84%和84%。利用PCR-SSCP技术和DNA测序方法检测两群体鸽MC4R基因编码区序列的单核苷酸多态性,共检测出两个多态位点,最小二乘分析表明,T933C基因型对肉鸽群体活重、屠体重、全净膛有显著影响（P＜0.05）,对野生鸽群体生长性状无影响（P＞0.2）,多重比较显示,该位点AA基因型个体的活重、屠体重、全净膛显著高于BB基因型个体（P＜0.05）。MC4R基因可能是影响鸽生长性状和体组成的主效基因或与主效基因相连锁。     

MC4R基因表达及其与鸡屠宰性状的相关分析

根据鸡MC4R mRNA和看家基因β-actin mRNA序列,分别设计1对引物,以半定量RT-PCR法研究不同品种鸡肾上腺中MC4R基因mRNA表达水平,并分析了其与屠宰性状间的相关关系。结果表明,京海黄鸡公鸡MC4R基因在肾上腺中的表达水平显著高于尤溪麻鸡公鸡（P＜0.05）;京海黄鸡公鸡的胴体重、胸肌重、腿肌重与MC4R基因在肾上腺中表达水平存在极显著相关（P＜0.01）;尤溪麻鸡公鸡的胴体重与MC4R基因在肾上腺中表达水平存在极显著相关（P＜0.01）,胸肌重、腿肌重与MC4R基因在肾上腺中表达水平存在显著相关（P＜0.05）。     

MC4R基因主效位点在中外猪种中的遗传多样性及其与生长肥育性状的关联性分析

采用PCR-TaqI-RFLP技术,检测了9个中国地方猪种、3个外来猪种和1个培育猪种的612个个体及白色杜洛克×二花脸资源家系418头F2个体在MC4R基因D298N主效位点的遗传变异,统计分析了MC4R基因型与日增重、腹脂率及肩、胸、腰、臀部膘厚等生长肥育性状的关联性。结果表明:(1)G等位基因在中国地方猪种、长白和杜洛克中呈高频分布,而大白和南昌白猪具有高频率的A等位基因;(2)GG基因型个体的胸、腰、臀部膘厚较AA基因型和AG基因型个体厚,GG基因型个体的240日龄重、至240日龄平均日增重大于AA基因型个体,GG基因型个体的腹脂率高于AA基因型个体,差异显著。试验结果进一步验证了MC4R基因对猪生长肥育性状的影响效应。     

五龙鹅肝和腹脂生长的配合力分析

利用五龙鹅与四川白鹅、皖西白鹅、太湖鹅四个主要白鹅品种,设计包括纯繁在内的15个交配组合,测定了70日龄鹅肝脏重和腹脂重的一般配合力,特殊配合力,正反交效应,纯繁效应和母体效应.70日龄肝重最小二乘均数为五龙鹅63.0 g,四川白鹅82.9 g,皖西白鹅76.5 g,太湖鹅65.1 g.五龙鹅×皖白西鹅的杂交类型在肝重性状上具有2.3 g的特殊配合力,相应的杂种优势率为2.7%.腹脂重性状在六个杂交类型中都没有表现出正向的杂种优势.     

安徽水禽羽绒的理化特性

我们对安徽省主要水禽品种——皖西白鹅、巢湖白鹅、雁鹅以及分布于各地的小白鹅和巢湖麻鸭、皖南山地麻鸭的羽绒理化特性进行了研究。测定了各品种羽毛与体重以及各部位羽毛的相对比例、绒朵的直径和片绒长度、羽绒羽枝的直径及其自然水分含量、蓬松率、透明度、耗氧指数、pH值、残脂率等与出口规格质量有密切关系的若干理化性状。结果表明,安徽优良水禽品种皖西白鹅不仅产绒量高,而且羽绒质量也具有明显的优势。     

Salmonella in pork cuttings in supermarkets and butchers' shops in Denmark in 2002 and 2006

The prevalence of Salmonella in fresh pork cuttings in Denmark in the years 2002 and 2006 was investigated at retail and compared with the retail supply pattern. A total of 1025 and 3473 samples were taken in 2002 from butcher's shops and supermarkets, respectively. The corresponding numbers in 2006 were 259 from butchers' shops and 628 from supermarkets. In 2002, 1.2% of all samples were positive for Salmonella; butchers' shops and supermarkets had 1.8% and 1.0% positive samples, respectively. The overall prevalence in 2006 was 4.2%, with prevalence of 8.1% and 2.6% for butchers' shops and supermarkets, respectively. Hence, increases around 3- to 5-fold were found. There was neither observed any parallel increase in Salmonella positive carcasses in Danish slaughterhouses during the study period, nor were any changes in supply routes towards slaughterhouses with higher prevalence observed, which could explain the apparent increase. We hypothesize that hygiene levels and ability to avoid cross-contamination and prevent growth of the organism, in the meat processing chain after slaughter were the most likely responsible factors. Results from this study indicate that the hygiene performance, particularly at retail, has a significant impact on the occurrence of Salmonella. This implies that there is no direct link between slaughterhouse Salmonella surveillance data and the level of Salmonella contamination at retail. To improve risk assessment of Salmonella in fresh pork meat, this study underlines the need for comprehensive retail data.     

Helminth and protozoan parasites in dogs and cats in Belgium

This study investigates the level of helminthic and protozoal infestation over the last 10 years in strays, well-cared-for dogs and cats. Determination of the prevalence of infections was based either on faecal examination or on worm counts at necropsy. Of 2324 faecal flotations (NaCl sp.gr. 1.20) of stray dogs, 34.2% had eggs or proglottids of one or more worm species consisting of Toxocara canis (17.4%), Toxascaris leonina (10.1%), Uncinaria stenocephala (11.4%), Trichuris vulpis (7.0%) and cestodes (2.1%). Isospora oocysts were observed in 5.2% of the dogs. The data on the distribution of the various worm species in the positive dogs indicate that T. canis eggs were by far the most common (50.9%). Necropsy data from 212 infected dogs indicate that 38.9% were infected with T. canis and 33.7% with T. leonina. The overall prevalence of worm infestation of 246 well-cared-for kennel dogs, based on worm egg counts by the McMaster technique, was 36.1%. Of 30 feline faecal samples examined by flotation, 83.3% were positive for parasites, including Toxocara cati (60%), Ancylostoma tubaeformae (36.6%), Taenia (Hydatigera) taeniaeformis (20%) and coccidia (30%). Toxocara cati was the most frequently found worm species at the necropsy of 25 cats (52%). Toxoplasma was not observed.     

Sanguinarine metabolism and pharmacokinetics study in vitro and in vivo

Sanguinarine (SA) is a benzo[c] phenanthridine alkaloid which has a variety of pharmacological properties. However, very little was known about the pharmacokinetics of SA and its metabolite dihydrosanguinarine (DHSA) in pigs. The purpose of this work was to study the intestinal metabolism of SA in vitro and in vivo. Reductive metabolite DHSA was detected during incubation of SA with intestinal mucosa microsomes, cytosol, and gut flora. After oral (p.o.) administration of SA, the result showed SA might be reduced to DHSA in pig intestine. After i.m. administration, SA and DHSA rapidly increased to reach their peak concentrations (C_max, 30.16 ± 5.85, 5.61 ± 0.73 ng/ml, respectively) at 0.25 hr. Both compounds were completely eliminated from the plasma after 24 hr. After single oral administration, SA and DHSA rapidly increased to reach their C_max (3.41 ± 0.36, 2.41 ± 0.24 ng/ml, respectively) at 2.75 ± 0.27 hr. The half-life (T_1/2) values were 2.33 ± 0.11 hr and 2.20 ± 0.12 hr for SA and DHSA, respectively. After multiple oral administration, the average steady-state concentrations (C_ss) of SA and DHSA were 3.03 ± 0.39 and 1.42 ± 0.20 ng/ml. The accumulation indexes for SA and DHSA were 1.21 and 1.11. The work reported here provides important information on the metabolism sites and pharmacokinetic character of SA. It explains the reasons for low toxicity of SA, which is useful for the evaluation of its performance.     

Chlortetracycline in swine-bioavailability and pharmacokinetics in fasted and fed pigs

Chlortetracycline hydrochloride was administered intra-arterially (11 mg/kg) and as an oral drench (33 mg/kg) to ten 21.0-31.5-kg pigs. Five of the pigs were fasted 18 h prior to dosing and five of the pigs were fed ad libitum prior to dosing. The mean volume of distribution determined by area-under-the-curve calculations for the fasted pigs (0.967 +/- 0.210 l/kg) was significantly less (P less than 0.05) than the mean volume of distribution for the fed pigs (1.39 +/- 0.31 l/kg). Mean total body clearance of the drug was also significantly less (P less than 0.05) in the fasted pigs (0.165 +/- 0.055 l/kg/h) as compared to the fed pigs (0.307 +/- 0.053 l/kg/h). The elimination constants (beta) were not found to be statistically different (P less than 0.05): 0.1811 +/- 0.0057 for the fasted pigs; 0.2260 +/- 0.0461 for the fed pigs. The bioavailability for both groups was similar; 19.12 +/- 8.3% for the fasted pigs and 17.88 +/- 5.3% for the fed pigs. In a second experiment three groups of six pigs which weighed 34.5-44.1 kg were fed a corn-soy diet ad libitum. The rations were fortified with chlortetracycline at 100, 400 or 1000 mg chlortetracycline hydrochloride/kg feed. Chlortetracycline concentrations were determined in plasma samples collected over a 6-day period. Plasma chlortetracycline concentrations reach a plateau within 24 h after initial access to the trial diets and were highly correlated with the dose of the drug consumed (r2 = 0.97).     

2005年国内蛋、肉鸡市场分析回顾及2006年走势预测

2005年如果没有年底的禽流感疫情,对于我国蛋鸡、肉鸡生产来说应该是一个非常完美的丰收年,是哪些因素导致了2005年蛋鸡市场如此好的行情?2006年我国家禽市场又将走向何方?……作者对以上热点问题进行了深入分析研究,供读者参考。     

Pharmacokinetics of penicillin-G in ewes and cows in late pregnancy and in early lactation

Concentrations of penicillin-G in serum were determined after single intravenous doses of potassium penicillin-G (10 mg/kg body wt) to ewes and cows in late pregnancy and in early lactation. Penicillin-G in serum was analysed by a microbiological method and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by model-independent methods. Serum concentrations were lower in early lactation than in late pregnancy in both ewes and cows. The differences were statistically significant at most sampling times in ewes but only during the first hour in cows.
Weight corrected values of clearance and volume of distribution were significantly higher in early lactation than in late pregnancy in both ewes and cows. Mean residence time and elimination-half life were shorter in lactating than in pregnant ewes, however for the latter parameter the difference was not statistically significant. Neither of these parameters changed in cows.
It is concluded that in both ewes and cows pharmacokinetic parameters of penicillin-G are altered from late pregnancy to early lactation but that these changes have little practical impact and do not call for a revised dosage regime of the studied drug.     

Bartonella and Babesia infections in cattle and their ticks in Taiwan

Bartonella and Babesia infections and the association with cattle breed and age as well as tick species infesting selected cattle herds in Taiwan were investigated. Blood samples were collected from 518 dairy cows and 59 beef cattle on 14 farms and 415 ticks were collected from these animals or in a field. Bartonella and Babesia species were isolated and/or detected in the cattle blood samples and from a selected subset (n = 254) of the ticks either by culture or DNA extraction, PCR testing and DNA sequence analysis. Bartonella bovis was isolated from a dairy cow and was detected in 25 (42.4%) beef cattle and 40 (15.7%) tick DNA samples. This is the first isolation of B. bovis from cattle in Asia and detection of a wide variety of Bartonella species in Rhipicephalus microplus. Babesia spp. were detected only on one farm from dairy cows either infected by Babesia bovis (n = 10, 1.9%) or B. bigemina (n = 3, 0.6%).     

Fibronectin Concentrations in Pleural and Abdominal Effusions in Dogs and Cats

A commercial nephelometric test kit for human fibronectin (FN) was found suitable for the estimation if fibronectin concentration in body effusions of cats and dogs. The FN measurements were set in relation to the FN concentration of plasma pools in cats and dogs. A discrimination line of 31.5% completely separated malignant from cardiogenic pleural effusions in cats. For the diagnosis of a malignant pleural effusion, sensitivity was 100% and specificity was 57%. Pleuritis also resulted in high FN concentrations. The FN concentration in malignant pleural effusions in dogs differed significantly ( P < .02) from that in cardiogenic effusions. There were no clinically useful differences in the FN concentration in peritoneal effusions in cats and dogs. The FN/albumin ratio was significantly higher ( P < .02) in dogs with neoplastic abdominal effusion than in those with congestive heart failure.