人工草地放牧系统优化模式研究

以在云贵高原上建植的人工草地为对象,研究了单播人工牧草的生长动态,采用生物控制论方法组建了人工草地放牧管理的最优控制模型,并根据试验人工草地的观测结果,地实例进行计算与分析,确定出试验区单播人工草地的最优牧草采食量,提出了相应的放牧管理控制对策,为人工草地放牧管理提供了优化模式和定量依据。     

人工草地放牧系统优化模式研究 Ⅰ 人工草地的最大持续产量模型和最优控制方法及应用

文章以云贵高原的人工草地为研究对象，分析了草地资源分布的时空特征及增长动态，运用生物控制论方法组建了牧草资源种群保护性利用的最大持续产量模型，并以试验为例，确定了具体的保护指标与放牧管理措施，研究了单播人工草地的最优控制模型与放牧对策，进行了相应的定量分析。     

暖季放牧犊牦牛对高寒草甸地区人工草地的影响

为更好地了解青藏高原高寒草甸区暖季放牧条件下人工草地牧草的生长特点,为制定合理放牧制度提供依据,于2001~2003年开展了暖季放牧牦牛对多年生人工草地影响的试验。结果表明:放牧2年后轮牧人工草地播种牧草比例为95.27%,连续放牧人工草地为86.15%,无放牧人工草地为58.01%。轮牧人工草地牧草月风干重最高值3 198.8 kg/hm2,连续放牧人工草地为3 023.2 kg/hm2。放牧可以提高人工草地牧草生长率,轮牧人工草地的牧草生长率高于连续放牧人工草地。放牧还影响着第2年播种牧草的生长,轮牧能促进种子出苗数,播种牧草的鲜重,风干重和种子产量分别达到了5 088.88 kg/hm2,3 053.33 kg/hm2和480 kg/hm2,均高于连续放牧人工草地和无放牧草地,轮牧人工草地杂草鲜草产量最低,为193.33 kg/hm2。适宜的放牧是保持人工草地可持续利用的手段之一。     

人工草地肉牛放牧系统夏季留茬高度试验

通过探索不同放牧强度对放牧系统人工草地优质牧草再生产力影响,在朗目山混播放牧草地牧草生长旺盛的6-8月开展了不同留茬高度对人工草地质量,牧草生长,牲畜采食量,牧草利用率等影响试验,结果表明,留茬10-12cm的牧草净产量,利用率,草地质量,牲畜采食量均最佳,是实现放牧系统人工草地合理利用和提高效益的理想留茬高度。     

人工草地放牧技术

人工草地利用。是种草养畜工作的重要环节。合理利用人工草地。才能产生良好的经济、社会和生态效益。怎样利用人工草地才算合理。本文从划区轮牧和四季适时、适度放牧方面进行论述，供南方山区放牧利用人工草地时借鉴。     

耕地上建立放牧型人工草地及其管理利用初探

在耕地上建立放牧型人工草地并进行了观测分析，以探讨其利用方法。结果表明，推迟播种期可减轻一年生杂草的危害，但当年产草量较低；草地建植初期，草地质量较在原有草地上重建的草地差，但通过 放牧或刈割后，草地质量迅速提高；第二年播种牧草长势好，杂草少，成为一片优质高产的放牧型人工草地。     

红池坝人工草地放牧方式和放牧强度的研究

在红池坝人工草地对放牧方式和放牧强度进行比较研究,同时对已给定的载畜量加以验证,以便制定该草地的最适放牧制度。研究结果表明,适于该地区的放牧管理制度是划区轮牧;各个阶段的载畜量与牧草生长速度之间的关系可用数学模型表示为:Y=179.5＋5.48X,在每公顷7.5个绵羊单位的载畜量下进行中度放牧强度可获得草地最大产草量,并保持其稳定。     

放牧草地的产量和质量管理

放牧草地的管理一方面是要最大限度地提高牧草产量，另一方面是要最大限度地提高牧草质量，其最终目标就是提高放牧家畜的生产性能。本文根据最新草地研究进展，讨论了影响放牧草地产量和质量的主要因素，以及为了达到期望的家畜生产性能而应遵循的放牧草地产量和质量管理原则。     

放牧干扰对混播人工草地的影响

放牧干扰对混播人工草地的影响主要表现在草地稳定性、土壤理化性质、草地群落特征和牧草营养等方面。且放牧制度、强度和频率、时间等是决定干扰活动对草地群落稳定性影响程度大小的主要因素,制定适度的放牧制度,有利于混播草地植被和土壤的稳定性。     

人工草地放牧云岭黑山羊效果观测

将云岭黑山羊从山区自然丛放牧条件下引入人工草地放牧饲养，采食习性由引进初期的喜食野生杂草逐步转变为喜食优良播种牧草，发挥了人工草地的巨大优越性；主要体现在成年羊在冬春枯草季节持续增重，从１９９８年１０月－１９９９年３月计６个月平均日增重公羊８０．３６ｇ，母羊４２．０９ｇ；羔羊初生重１．７４ｋｇ，１０５日龄断奶重１２．００ｋｇ，平均日增重９７．６７ｇ。     

基于高寒草地放牧系统次级生产力的优化放牧强度研究

依据小嵩草（Kobresia parva）高寒草甸和垂穗披碱草（Elymus nutans）/星星草（Puccinellia tenuflora）高寒混播人工草地牦牛放牧系统、紫花针茅（Stipa purpurea）高寒草原藏系绵羊放牧系统中草地次级生产力（家畜增重）的试验数据,构建了放牧家畜个体增重与放牧强度之间的模型：Y=a-bX（b>0）,以此为基础确定了单位面积草地次级生产力（家畜增重）与放牧强度之间的数学模型：Y=aX-bX²（b>0）;计算出各放牧系统最大生产力放牧强度：高寒草甸冷季和暖季草场分别是1.68头·hm^-2和2.52头·hm^-2,高寒人工草地牧草生长季为7.23头·hm^-2,高寒草原冷季、暖季和全年连续放牧草场分别是4.33,6.45,2.36只·hm^-2。     

Avian Community Response to Grazing Intensity on Monoculture and Mixed Florida Pastures

Monoculture and mixed pastures in Florida provide habitat for a variety of resident and migratory bird species. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of grazing on vegetation structure and bird species richness and abundance in grazed monoculture and mixed pastures. Study pasture units were subject to four cattle grazing intensities: 0 = nongrazed (control), 15 = low, 20 = medium, or 35 = high animal units (AU) per pasture unit (no cattle, 1.3, 1.0, and 0.6 ha · AU^?1, on monoculture pastures and no cattle, 2.1, 1.6, and 0.9 ha · AU^?1, on mixed pastures). Monoculture pastures displayed a greater decrease in spatial heterogeneity of the vegetative community in the presence of grazing than mixed pastures. An increase in grazing intensity led to declines in total avian species richness and abundance and species richness within short-distance migrant, neotropical migrant, and permanent resident guilds on monoculture pastures. Declines in total species richness and abundance and neotropical migrant guild species richness and abundance were observed on mixed pastures subject to increasing grazing intensity. However, species richness within short-distance migrant and urban guilds and abundance within the grassland guild increased on this pasture type in the presence of grazing. Loss of spatial heterogeneity typically results in a lack of suitable habitat for birds that occupy the extremes of the vegetation structure gradient. This can lead to a loss of species richness and abundance. For the majority of avian guilds, a low grazing intensity of 1.3 ha · AU^?1 and 2.1 ha · AU^?1 on monoculture and mixed pasture, respectively, is recommended to maintain abundance. However, these grazing intensities may result in declines in species richness. Ultimately, if a range of avian species are to be supported on monoculture and mixed pastures, spatial heterogeneity of plant structure and composition must be maintained.     

Grazing Protection Influences Soil Mesofauna in Ungrazed and Grazed Riparian and Upland Pastures

The influence of grazing protection caused by streambank fencing on soil mesofauna density is unknown. Our objective was to determine if grazing protection (ungrazed vs. grazed), location (upland vs. riparian pasture), and seasonal (spring vs. fall) treatment effects associated with streambank fencing had a significant influence on soil mesofauna distribution and density. We collected five intact soil cores (0–5 cm depth) in June and October of 2012 from within four treatments consisting of ungrazed and grazed riparian and upland pastures associated with streambank fencing along an 800-m reach of the Lower Little Bow River in southern Alberta, Canada. Soil mesofauna were extracted and densities of Acari (mites) taxa, Collembola (springtails) taxa, and other mesofauna were determined. Grazing protection resulted in a significant (P ≤ 0.05) negative response of Astigmata mite densities for the upland pasture, and a positive response for Oribatida mites and total Collembola, and Hypogastruridae and Onychiuridae springtails for both pastures. Location and season had a significant influence on Acari and Collembola taxa, but the effects were dependent on interaction effects. We conclude that grazing protection influenced certain soil mesofauna in pastures associated with streambank fencing, and this may influence decomposition of soil organic matter, nutrient cycling, and soil structure in associated pastures.     

Cattle Grazing Distribution and Efficacy of Strategic Mineral Mix Placement in Tropical Brazilian Pastures

A study was conducted in Brazil to identify factors affecting grazing distribution of yearling Nelore cross heifers and to evaluate the efficacy of placement of a salt–mineral mix away from water to improve uniformity of grazing. Two pastures (25 ha and 42 ha) were evaluated for four 15-d sessions. Mineral mix was placed 590 m to 780 m from water during two sessions and at water for two sessions. Stubble heights were measured at the beginning and end of each session in 1-ha subunits of each pasture. Cattle locations were recorded on day 13 and 14 of each session by horseback observers. Heifers avoided areas with a preponderance of forbs and taller grass (P < 0.001). For the first 15 days of the study cattle avoided subunits farther from water. Thereafter, horizontal distance from water had no affect on grazing use (P > 0.10). Stubble height reduction was more uniform (P < 0.05) when the mineral mix was at water compared to away from water. In contrast, heifers spent less time farther from water when mineral mix was placed at water (P = 0.02) based on visual observations. Strategic placement of a salt–mineral mix away from water does not appear to be a reliable tool to improve cattle grazing distribution in humid tropical pastures from 25 ha to 45 ha in size.     

放牧生态系统中的组织物质循环及其在牧场管理中的应用

综述了组织物质循环的理论及其在牧场管理中的应用。放牧过程中牧地草丛内的物流和能流循环是维持放牧生态系统平衡的重要基础,进行牧地草丛中植物组织循环,特别是其生长和萎蔫死亡的动态分析,为草地的有效利用提供了理论依据。文中对于牧地草丛内及刈牧过程中的组织物质循环,连续放牧及间断放牧条件下的组织物质循环进行了重点分析论述。建议在中国各类型草地上应用组织物质循环理论开展放牧管理研究,以推动草地管理理论和实践的发展。     

Grassland Community Composition Response to Grazing Intensity Under Different Grazing Regimes

Grazing plays a key role in many ecosystems worldwide and can affect the structure and composition of terrestrial plant communities. Nonetheless, how grazing management, especially grazing regime (yearlong continuous and seasonal grazing), affects the relationship between grazing and vegetation on alpine grasslands has not been extensively studied. Here, we performed a grazing experiment in Gangcha county of Qinghai province of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau to test the effects of different stocking rates and grazing regimes on grassland biomass and plant structure and composition. Six stocking rates (ranging from 0 to 5.62 sheep ha^? 1) were used for continuous grazing, and three grazing intensities (1.72, 2.87, and 5.62 sheep ha^? 1) were used for seasonal grazing (grazed only in the growing season, from June to October) at the study sites. Plant biomass and grass functional community composition were characterized in two different yr (2011 and 2012). Additionally, species richness and plant diversity indexes were estimated to quantify the impacts of grazing on plant community composition. Our results indicated that grazing intensity best explained the plant biomass decrease in low-productivity environments, and different grazing regimes also influenced these results. The shifts in plant community structure and composition in response to increased grazing intensity differed considerably between continuous grazing and seasonal grazing. Seasonal grazing maintained greater amounts of palatable plant species, and fewer undesirable species in plant communities when compared with the composition after continuous grazing. Our results emphasize the importance of grazing regime in regulating the effects of grazing on plant communities and the importance of seasonal grazing for ecosystem maintenance, especially in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. This suggests that periodic resting of grasslands could be a good management strategy to keep palatable species, thereby minimizing undesirable species in the overall species composition.     

Soil Health as a Transformational Change Agent for US Grazing Lands Management

There is rapidly growing national interest in grazing lands’ soil health, which has been motivated by the current soil health renaissance in cropland agriculture. In contrast to intensively managed croplands, soil health for grazing lands, especially rangelands, is tempered by limited scientific evidence clearly illustrating positive feedbacks between soil health and grazing land resilience, or sustainability. Opportunities exist for improving soil health on grazing lands with intensively managed plant communities (e.g., pasture systems) and formerly cultivated or degraded lands. Therefore, the goal of this paper is to provide direction and recommendations for incorporating soil health into grazing management considerations on grazing lands. We argue that the current soil health renaissance should not focus on improvement of soil health on grazing lands where potential is limited but rather forward science-based management for improving grazing lands’ resilience to environmental change via 1) refocusing grazing management on fundamental ecological processes (water and nutrient cycling and energy flow) rather than maximum short-term profit or livestock production; 2) emphasizing goal-based management with adaptive decision making informed by specific objectives incorporating maintenance of soil health at a minimum and directly relevant monitoring attributes; 3) advancing holistic and integrated approaches for soil health that highlight social-ecological-economic interdependencies of these systems, with particular emphasis on human dimensions; 4) building cross-institutional partnerships on grazing lands’ soil health to enhance technical capacities of students, land managers, and natural resource professionals; and 5) creating a cross-region, living laboratory network of case studies involving producers using soil health as part of their grazing land management. Collectively, these efforts could foster transformational changes by strengthening the link between natural resources stewardship and sustainable grazing lands management through management-science partnerships in a social-ecological systems framework.     

高寒地区暖季草场放牧牦牛的生产性能及其土壤养分变化

旨在通过不同放牧强度下高寒小嵩草(Alpine Kobresia parva(Nees)Wang et Tang ex Y.C.Yang)草甸和垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans Griseb.)/星星草(Puccinellia tenuiflora(Griseb.)Scribn.et Merr.)高寒混播草地暖季草场植物初级生产力、土壤养分含量以及牦牛生产性能的研究,为草地合理利用提供有益的依据。结果表明:牦牛个体增重与放牧强度均呈线性关系;高寒小嵩草草甸暖季草场最适放牧强度为1.26头/hm²,垂穗披碱草/星星草混播高寒混播草地暖季草场的最适放牧强度是7.23头/hm²;放牧强度对高寒混播草地速效氮和速效磷的影响不显著,对速效钾的影响显著(P<0.05);随着放牧强度的提高,高寒小嵩草草甸土壤有机质、有机碳、全氮、全磷的含量呈减小趋势;当放牧强度分别达到1.07头/hm²,1.08头/hm²和1.22头/hm²时,0~5 cm,5~10 cm,10~20cm土壤速效氮含量依此达到最小;随着放牧强度的提高,高寒小嵩草草甸禾草和莎草的比例下降,可食杂草和毒杂草比例增加,而高寒混播草地垂穗披碱草的比例降低,星星草和杂类草的比例增加。     

New Approaches and Tools for Grazing Management

Novel concepts and tools to promote progress in grazing science and management need to incorporate heterogeneity and nonlinear scaling of spatially and temporally distributed ecological interactions such as diet selection, defoliation, and plant growth. Traditional grazing management factors are number of animals, species and category of animals, spatial distribution of forage demand, and temporal distribution of forage demand. These traditional methods have been based on a paradigm that is static, assumes equilibrium conditions, and does not consider scaling issues, neither in time nor in space. Three related issues that can contribute to the progress in the understanding and management of grazing systems are spatial heterogeneity, event-driven dynamics, and scaling effects. Spatial heterogeneity of species and defoliation determine pasture stability by modulating competition and response to heterogeneous defoliation. When pasture species are well mixed, livestock are less able to select their preferred diet. When species are separated into larger and more easily identifiable patches, the selected diet approaches the preferred one. Simultaneously, patchiness in pasture components and redistribution of nutrients by grazing can lend global compositional stability to grass–clover pastures. Grazing at high animal density can be studied using the paradigm of event-driven dynamics. Several mechanisms suggest that grazing systems should have allometric spatial and temporal scaling in addition to the well-recognized allometric scaling of food requirements with body mass. Grazing system performance should scale allometrically with pasture size because both resource distribution and animal movements frequently have fractal properties. As pasture size increases, fewer hierarchical levels of grazing behavior are constrained, and the new spatial patterns introduce nonlinearity in the response to pasture size. Operant conditioning of foraging behavior, conditioned aversions, plant spatial pattern, pasture size and shape, timing and duration of grazing periods, and number of animals are discussed as precision tools to manage grazing systems.